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Insects, Volume 12, Issue 4

April 2021 - 99 articles

Cover Story: The European Map Butterfly, Araschnia levana, is a favorite model to study the molecular basis and evolutionary ecology of seasonal polyphenism because the daylight length perceived by the caterpillars decides whether the larvae are committed to diapause and overwintering as pupae, resulting in the orange spring phenotype, or whether they entail direct development, resulting in the blackish summer phenotype. Here, we discuss how A. levana butterflies generate different phenotypes from the same genotype under different environmental conditions, which modulate hormonal regulation and transcriptional reprogramming involving control by microRNAs. This polyphenism can be expanded beyond distinct morphological phenotypes to include differences in biomechanical design and immunocompetence. View this paper.
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Articles (99)

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
7,573 Views
22 Pages
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From Phenology and Habitat Preferences to Climate Change: Importance of Citizen Science in Studying Insect Ecology in the Continental Scale with American Red Flat Bark Beetle, Cucujus clavipes, as a Model Species

  • Radomir Jaskuła,
  • Marta Kolanowska,
  • Marek Michalski and
  • Axel Schwerk
Insects2021, 12(4), 369;https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040369

20 April 2021

The American red flat bark beetle, Cucujus clavipes, is a wide distributed saproxylic species divided into two subspecies: ssp. clavipes restricted to eastern regions of North America and ssp. puniceus occurring only in western regions of this contin...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
3,560 Views
16 Pages
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Characterization and Functional Analysis of trehalase Related to Chitin Metabolism in Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

  • Zuo-min Shao,
  • Jian-hao Ding,
  • De-lei Jiang,
  • Zhi-xiang Liu,
  • Yi-jiangcheng Li,
  • Jiao Wang,
  • Jun Wang,
  • Sheng Sheng and
  • Fu-an Wu
Insects2021, 12(4), 370;https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040370

20 April 2021

Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (G. pyloalis) is a serious pest on mulberry. Due to the increasing pesticide resistance, the development of new and effective environmental methods to control G. pyloalis is needed. Trehalase is an essential enzyme in trehal...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,610 Views
13 Pages
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Nectar Uptake of a Long-Proboscid Prosoeca Fly (Nemestrinidae)—Proboscis Morphology and Flower Shape

  • Harald W. Krenn,
  • Florian Karolyi,
  • Peter Lampert,
  • Annalie Melin and
  • Jonathan F. Colville
Insects2021, 12(4), 371;https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040371

20 April 2021

Several Prosoeca (Nemestinidae) species use a greatly elongated proboscis to drink nectar from long-tubed flowers. We studied morphological adaptations for nectar uptake of Prosoecamarinusi that were endemic to the Northern Cape of South Africa. Our...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
4,368 Views
11 Pages
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A Peculiar New Genus of Bibionomorpha (Diptera) with Brachycera-Like Modification of Antennae from Mid-Cretaceous Amber of Myanmar

  • Jan Ševčík,
  • John Skartveit,
  • Wiesław Krzemiński and
  • Kornelia Skibińska
Insects2021, 12(4), 364;https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040364

20 April 2021

A new fossil genus of Bibionidae (Diptera: Bibionomorpha), Burmahesperinus gen. nov., from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, is described and illustrated (type species Burmahesperinus antennatus sp. nov., the other two species included are B. conicus...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
5,512 Views
15 Pages
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Reproductive Systems, Transfer and Digestion of Spermatophores in Two Asian Luciolinae Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)

  • Xinhua Fu and
  • Lesley Ballantyne
Insects2021, 12(4), 365;https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040365

20 April 2021

The internal reproductive anatomy of males and females of two Asian Luciolinae fireflies Emeia pseudosauteri (Geisthardt, 2004) and Abscondita chinensis (L., 1767) is described, and the time course for spermatophore transfer and digestion examined. E...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
5,679 Views
28 Pages
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Biological Strategies of Invasive Bark Beetles and Borers Species

  • Denis A. Demidko,
  • Natalia N. Demidko,
  • Pavel V. Mikhaylov and
  • Svetlana M. Sultson
Insects2021, 12(4), 367;https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040367

20 April 2021

The present study attempts to identify the biological characteristics of invasive (high-impact in the secondary area) bark beetles and borers species, contributing to their success in an invaded area. We selected 42 species based on the CABI website...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
11,829 Views
19 Pages
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Cultural Significance of Beetles in Sub-Saharan Africa

  • Arnold van Huis
Insects2021, 12(4), 368;https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040368

20 April 2021

An overview is given of how beetles are utilised, perceived, and experienced in daily life across sub-Saharan Africa. More than 300 people from 27 countries were interviewed and the results were compared with literature findings. Both the adults and...

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  • Communication
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,901 Views
6 Pages
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Culicoides insignis Lutz, 1913 (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Biting Midges in Northeast of Brazil

  • Raisa Rodrigues Santos Rios,
  • Maria Clara Alves Santarém,
  • Karlos Antônio Lisboa Ribeiro Júnior,
  • Breno Araujo de Melo,
  • Sybelle Georgia Mesquita da Silva,
  • Neuriane Cavalcante da Silva,
  • Vitória Regina Viana dos Santos,
  • Jakeline Maria dos Santos,
  • Antônio Euzébio Goulart Santana and
  • Angelina Bossi Fraga
Insects2021, 12(4), 366;https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040366

20 April 2021

The species of the Culicoides genus are hematophagous, and some of them are vectors of important human and animal diseases. This group of insects is distributed worldwide, varying according to local species. Knowledge of the geographic distribution o...

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  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,871 Views
11 Pages
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ERIC and WGS Typing of Paenibacillus larvae in Slovenia: Investigation of ERIC I Outbreaks

  • Alenka Žugelj,
  • Bojan Papić,
  • Irena Zdovc,
  • Urška Zajc,
  • Majda Golob,
  • Jana Avberšek and
  • Darja Kušar
Insects2021, 12(4), 362;https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040362

19 April 2021

Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), a fatal disease of honeybee brood. Here, we obtained 506 P. larvae isolates originating from honey or brood samples and from different geographic regions of Slovenia in the peri...

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