World Electric Vehicle Journal

Research

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31 pages, 7481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Scheme Comparison Framework for Ultra-Fast Charging Stations with Active Load Management and Energy Storage Under Grid Capacity Constraints

by Qingyu Yin, Lili Li, Jian Zhang, Xiaonan Liu and Boqiang Ren

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(5), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16050250 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 267

Abstract

Grid capacity constraints present a prominent challenge in the construction of ultra-fast charging (UFC) stations. Active load management (ALM) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are currently two primary countermeasures to address this issue. ALM allows UFC stations to install larger-capacity transformers by [...] Read more.

Grid capacity constraints present a prominent challenge in the construction of ultra-fast charging (UFC) stations. Active load management (ALM) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are currently two primary countermeasures to address this issue. ALM allows UFC stations to install larger-capacity transformers by utilizing valley capacity margins to meet the peak charging demand during grid valley periods, while BESSs rely more on energy storage batteries to solve the gap between the transformer capacity and charging demand This paper proposes a four-quadrant classification method and defines four types of schemes for UFC stations to address grid capacity constraints: (1) ALM with a minimal BESS (ALM-Smin), (2) ALM with a maximal BESS (ALM-Smax), (3) passive load management (PLM) with a minimal BESS (PLM-Smin), and (4) PLM with a maximal BESS (PLM-Smax). A generalized comparison framework is established as follows: First, daily charging load profiles are simulated based on preset vehicle demand and predefined charger specifications. Next, transformer capacity, BESS capacity, and daily operational profiles are calculated for each scheme. Finally, a comprehensive economic evaluation is performed using the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and internal rate of return (IRR). A case study of a typical public UFC station in Tianjin, China, validates the effectiveness of the proposed schemes and comparison framework. A sensitivity analysis explored how grid interconnection costs and BESS costs influence decision boundaries between schemes. The study concludes by highlighting its contributions, limitations, and future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fast-Charging Station for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Issues)

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16 pages, 3644 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Recommendation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Driving Situations Based on a Preference Objective Function

by Dayeon Lee, Dong Sik Kim, Beom Jin Chung and Young Mo Chung

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(4), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16040192 - 24 Mar 2025

Viewed by 602

Abstract

As the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) rapidly increases, the expansion of charging infrastructure has become a critical issue. Unlike internal combustion engine vehicles, EV charging is sensitive to factors such as the time and location for charging, depending on the charging speed [...] Read more.

As the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) rapidly increases, the expansion of charging infrastructure has become a critical issue. Unlike internal combustion engine vehicles, EV charging is sensitive to factors such as the time and location for charging, depending on the charging speed and capacity of the battery. Therefore, recommending an appropriate charging station that comprehensively considers not only the user’s preference but also the charging time, waiting time, charging fee rates, and power supply status is crucial for the user’s convenience. Currently, charging station recommendation services suggest suitable charging stations near a designated location and provide information on charging capacity, fee rates, and availability of chargers. Furthermore, research is being conducted on EV charging station recommendations that take into account various charging environments, such as power grid and renewable energy conditions. To solve these optimization problems, a large amount of information about the user’s history and conditions is required. In this paper, we propose a real-time charging station recommendation method based on minimal and simple current information while driving to the destination. We first propose a preference objective function that considers the factors of distance, time, and fees, and then analyze the recommendation results based on both synthetic and real-world charging environments. We also observe the recommendation results for different combinations of the weights for these factors. If we set all the weights equally, we can obtain appropriate recommendations for charging stations that reflect driving distance, trip time, and charging fees in a balanced way. On the other hand, as the number of charging stations in a given area increases, it has been found that gradually increasing the weighting of charging fees is necessary to alleviate the phenomenon of rising fee rates and provide balanced recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fast-Charging Station for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Issues)

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17 pages, 526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On-Road Wireless EV Charging Systems as a Complementary to Fast Charging Stations in Smart Grids

by Fawzi Alorifi, Walied Alfraidi and Mohamed Shalaby

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(2), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16020099 - 12 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1886

Abstract

Electric vehicle (EV) users have the flexibility to fulfill their charging needs using either high-speed charging stations or innovative on-road wireless charging systems, ensuring uninterrupted travel to their destinations. These options present a spectrum of benefits, enhancing convenience and efficiency. The adoption of [...] Read more.

Electric vehicle (EV) users have the flexibility to fulfill their charging needs using either high-speed charging stations or innovative on-road wireless charging systems, ensuring uninterrupted travel to their destinations. These options present a spectrum of benefits, enhancing convenience and efficiency. The adoption of on-road wireless charging as a complementary method influences both the timing and extent of demand at fast-charging stations. This study introduces a comprehensive probabilistic framework to analyze EV arrival rates at fast-charging facilities, incorporating the impact of on-road wireless charging availability. The proposed model utilizes transportation data, including patterns from the US National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), to predict the specific times when EVs would need fast charging. To account for uncertainties in EV user decisions concerning charging preferences, a Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) approach is employed, ensuring a comprehensive analysis of charging behaviors and their potential impact on charging stations. A queuing model is developed to estimate the charging demand for numerous electric vehicles at a charging station, considering both scenarios: on-road EV wireless charging and relying exclusively on fast-charging stations. This study includes an analysis of a case and its simulation results based on a 32-bus distribution system and data from the US National Household Travel Survey (NHTS). The results indicate that integrating on-road EV wireless charging as complementary to fast charging significantly reduces the peak load at the charging station. Additionally, considering the on-road EV wireless charging system, the peak load of the station no longer aligns with the peak load of the power grid, resulting in improved power system capacity and deferred system upgrades. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fast-Charging Station for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Issues)

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18 pages, 1201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

It’s the Social Interaction That Matters: Exploring Residents’ Motivation to Invest in the Community-Shared Charging Post Co-Construction Project

by Junchao Yang and Ziyang Peng

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16010054 - 20 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1071

Abstract

Countries worldwide are increasingly focused on addressing the imbalance between the supply and demand for EV charging infrastructure, with the community-shared charging post (CSCP) co-construction project emerging as a promising solution. The broad participation and investment support of the residents are the keys [...] Read more.

Countries worldwide are increasingly focused on addressing the imbalance between the supply and demand for EV charging infrastructure, with the community-shared charging post (CSCP) co-construction project emerging as a promising solution. The broad participation and investment support of the residents are the keys to the success of the CSCP co-construction project. This study, grounded in the theory of planned behavior (TPB) from social psychology, incorporated factors such as community identity, perceived green value, economic benefit, uncivil behaviors, and perceived risk to construct a structural model explaining community residents’ intention to invest in the CSCP co-construction project. This research confirmed that (1) 85.73% of respondents expressed strong recognition of the CSCP co-construction project, with a mean recognition score of 5.56 out of a possible 7; (2) an individual’s social-related perceptions, including the subjective norms and community identity are the strongest determinant of the intention to invest in the CSCP co-construction project; (3) the willingness to invest in CSCP co-construction project differs significantly between the EV group and the non-EV group. Economic benefit was significant only for the non-EV group, while uncivil behaviors were significant only for the EV group. These results provide valuable guidelines for governments and corporations that are promoting or pursuing sharing community for the residents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fast-Charging Station for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Issues)

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16 pages, 5641 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Research on Battery Electric Vehicles’ DC Fast Charging Noise Emissions: Proposals to Reduce Environmental Noise Caused by Fast Charging Stations

by David Clar-Garcia, Hector Campello-Vicente, Miguel Fabra-Rodriguez and Emilio Velasco-Sanchez

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16010042 - 14 Jan 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2281

Abstract

The potential of electric vehicles (EVs) to support the decarbonization of the transportation sector, crucial for meeting greenhouse gas reduction targets under the Paris Agreement, is obvious. Despite their advantages, the adoption of electric vehicles faces limitations, particularly those related to battery range [...] Read more.

The potential of electric vehicles (EVs) to support the decarbonization of the transportation sector, crucial for meeting greenhouse gas reduction targets under the Paris Agreement, is obvious. Despite their advantages, the adoption of electric vehicles faces limitations, particularly those related to battery range and charging times, which significantly impact the time needed for a trip compared to their combustion engine counterparts. However, recent improvements in fast charging technology have enhanced these aspects, making EVs more suitable for both daily and long-distance trips. EVs can now deal with long trips, with travel times only slightly longer than those of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Fast charging capabilities and infrastructure, such as 350 kW chargers, are essential for making EV travel times comparable to ICE vehicles, with brief stops every 2–3 h. Additionally, EVs help reduce noise pollution in urban areas, especially in noise-saturated environments, contributing to an overall decrease in urban sound levels. However, this research highlights a downside of DC (Direct Current) fast charging stations: high-frequency noise emissions during fast charging, which can disturb nearby residents, especially in urban and residential areas. This noise, a result of the growing fast charging infrastructure, has led to complaints and even operational restrictions for some charging stations. Noise-related disturbances are a significant urban issue. The World Health Organization identifies noise as a key contributor to health burdens in Europe, even when noise annoyance is subjective, influenced by individual factors like sensitivity, genetics, and lifestyle, as well as by the specific environment. This paper analyzes the sound emission of a broad sample of DC fast charging stations from leading EU market brands. The goal is to provide tools that assist manufacturers, installers, and operators of rapid charging stations in mitigating the aforementioned sound emissions in order to align these infrastructures with Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 11 adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fast-Charging Station for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Issues)

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20 pages, 3783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Day-Ahead Two-Stage Bidding Strategy for Multi-Photovoltaic Storage Charging Stations Based on Bidding Space

by Fulu Yan, Lifeng Wei, Jun Yang and Binbin Shi

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16010041 - 14 Jan 2025

Viewed by 825

Abstract

Against the backdrop of a “dual-carbon” strategy, the use of photovoltaic storage charging stations (PSCSs), as an effective way to aggregate and manage electric vehicles, new energy sources, and energy storage, will be an important primary component of the electricity market. The operational [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of a “dual-carbon” strategy, the use of photovoltaic storage charging stations (PSCSs), as an effective way to aggregate and manage electric vehicles, new energy sources, and energy storage, will be an important primary component of the electricity market. The operational characteristics of the aggregated resources within a PSCS determine its bidding space, which has an important influence on its bidding strategy. In this paper, a novel bidding space model is constructed for PSCSs, which dynamically integrates electric vehicles, photovoltaic generation, and energy storage. A two-stage bidding strategy for multiple PSCSs is established, with stage I aiming at achieving the lowest cost for the power purchased by a PSCS to optimize the power generation and power plan and stage II aiming at achieving the lowest cost of the grid operator’s power purchase to optimize the system’s power balance. Thirdly, the two-stage model is transformed into a single-layer, mixed-integer linear programming problem using dyadic theory and Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions, enabling the derivation of the optimal bidding strategy. Finally, the example analysis verifies that the proposed model can achieve a reduction in the PSCS’s day-ahead power purchase cost and flexibly dispatch each resource within the PSCS to maximize revenue, as well as reducing power consumption behavior during peak tariff hours, to enhance the market power of the PSCS in the electricity market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fast-Charging Station for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Issues)

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21 pages, 1066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Analysis of Electric Battery Charging Station Selection—Thailand Inspired

by Adisak Suvittawat and Nutchanon Suvittawat

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(9), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15090418 - 13 Sep 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2123

Abstract

The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates a well-distributed network of charging stations. However, selecting optimal locations for these stations is a complex issue influenced by geographic, demographic, technical, and economic factors. This study aims to fill the gaps in previous research [...] Read more.

The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates a well-distributed network of charging stations. However, selecting optimal locations for these stations is a complex issue influenced by geographic, demographic, technical, and economic factors. This study aims to fill the gaps in previous research by providing a comprehensive analysis of factors influencing the selection of EV battery charging stations. This research focuses on integrating geographic, demographic, technical, and infrastructure considerations to inform strategic placement decisions. A quantitative approach was employed, using questionnaires distributed to 300 entrepreneurs in Thailand’s EV charging station sector. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate the relationships among the influencing factors. The results reveal that technical and infrastructure factors significantly impact economic and financial considerations, which in turn influence the selection of charging stations. Additionally, geographic and demographic factors play a crucial role in shaping economic outcomes and the strategic placement of these stations. A holistic approach that integrates these diverse factors is essential for the strategic deployment of EV charging infrastructure, which supports increased EV adoption and contributes to environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fast-Charging Station for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Issues)

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20 pages, 3111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Charging Load Prediction of Electric Vehicles with Dynamic Traffic Information Based on a Support Vector Machine

by Qipei Zhang, Jixiang Lu, Wenteng Kuang, Lin Wu and Zhaohui Wang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050189 - 28 Apr 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1234

Abstract

This study proposes a charging demand forecasting model for electric vehicles (EVs) that takes into consideration the characteristics of EVs with transportation and mobile load. The model utilizes traffic information to evaluate the influence of traffic systems on driving and charging behavior, specifically [...] Read more.

This study proposes a charging demand forecasting model for electric vehicles (EVs) that takes into consideration the characteristics of EVs with transportation and mobile load. The model utilizes traffic information to evaluate the influence of traffic systems on driving and charging behavior, specifically focusing on the characteristics of EVs with transportation and mobile load. Additionally, it evaluates the effect of widespread charging on the distribution network. An urban traffic network model is constructed based on the multi-intersection features, and a traffic network–distribution network interaction model is determined according to the size of the urban road network. Type classification simplifies the charging and discharging characteristics of EVs, enabling efficient aggregation of EVs. The authors have built a singular EV transportation model and an EV charging queue model is established. The EV charging demand is forecasted and then used as an input in the support vector machine (SVM) model. The final projection value for EV charging load is determined by taking into account many influencing elements. Compared to the real load, the proposed method’s feasibility and effectiveness are confirmed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fast-Charging Station for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Issues)

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12 pages, 8904 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparison of EV Fast Charging Protocols and Impact of Sinusoidal Half-Wave Fast Charging Methods on Lithium-Ion Cells

by Sai Bhargava Althurthi, Kaushik Rajashekara and Tutan Debnath

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15020054 - 6 Feb 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2830

Abstract

In electric vehicle fast charging systems, it is important to minimize the effect of fast charging on the grid and it is also important to operate the charging system at high efficiencies. In order to achieve these objectives, in this paper, a sinusoidal [...] Read more.

In electric vehicle fast charging systems, it is important to minimize the effect of fast charging on the grid and it is also important to operate the charging system at high efficiencies. In order to achieve these objectives, in this paper, a sinusoidal half-wave DC current charging protocol and a sinusoidal half-wave pulsed current charging protocol are proposed for the fast charging of Li-ion batteries. A detailed procedure is presented for implementing the following proposed methods: (a) a pre-defined half-sine wave current function and (b) a pulsed half-sine wave current method. Unlike the conventional full-wave sinusoidal ripple current charging protocols, the proposed study does not utilize any sinusoidal full-wave ripple. The performance of these new charging methods on Ni-Co-Al-type Li-cells is studied and compared with the existing constant current and positive pulsed current charging protocols, which have been discussed in the existing literature. In addition, the changes in the electrochemical impedance spectrograph of each cell are examined to study the effects of the applied charging methods on the internal resistance of the Li cell. Finally, the test results are presented for 250 life cycles of charging at 2C (C: charging rate) and the degradation in cell capacities are compared among the four different methods for the Ni-Co-Al-type Li cell. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fast-Charging Station for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Issues)

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14 pages, 2063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electric Vehicle and Photovoltaic Power Scenario Generation under Extreme High-Temperature Weather

by Xiaofei Li, Chi Li and Chen Jia

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15010011 - 2 Jan 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2451

Abstract

In recent years, with the intensification of global warming, extreme weather has become more frequent, intensifying the uncertainty of new energy output and load power, and seriously affecting the safe operation of power systems. Scene generation is an effective method to solve the [...] Read more.

In recent years, with the intensification of global warming, extreme weather has become more frequent, intensifying the uncertainty of new energy output and load power, and seriously affecting the safe operation of power systems. Scene generation is an effective method to solve the uncertainty problem of stochastic planning of integrated systems of new energy generation. Therefore, this paper proposes a scenario generation and scenario reduction model of photovoltaic (PV) output and electric vehicle (EV) load power under extreme weather based on the copula function. Firstly, the non-parametric kernel density estimation method is used to fit a large number of sample data. The kernel density estimation expressions of PV and EV powers under extreme weather conditions are obtained and the corresponding goodness of fit tests are carried out. Then, a variety of joint distribution models based on the copula function are established to judge the goodness of fit of each model, and the optimal copula function is selected as the joint probability distribution function by combining the Kendall and Spearman correlation coefficients of each model. Finally, the optimal copula joint probability distribution is used to generate PV and EV power scenarios. The data of extremely hot weather in a certain province were selected for an example analysis. The results show that the output scenario obtained conforms to the correlation under this extreme weather, and has higher accuracy in reflecting the actual PV output and load power in this province under this extreme weather, which can provide a reference for reliability analyses of power systems and power grid planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fast-Charging Station for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Issues)

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13 pages, 464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling EV Charging Station Loads Considering On-Road Wireless Charging Capabilities

by Walied Alfraidi, Mohammad Shalaby and Fahad Alaql

World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(11), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14110313 - 19 Nov 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2770

Abstract

Electric vehicle (EV) customers are expected to charge EV batteries at a rapid EV charging station or via on-road wireless EV charging systems when possible, as per their charging needs to successfully complete any remaining trips and reach their destination. When on-road wireless [...] Read more.

Electric vehicle (EV) customers are expected to charge EV batteries at a rapid EV charging station or via on-road wireless EV charging systems when possible, as per their charging needs to successfully complete any remaining trips and reach their destination. When on-road wireless EV charging systems are considered as an alternative charging method for EVs, this can affect the load of a rapid EV charging station in terms of time and magnitude. Hence, this paper presents a probabilistic framework for estimating the arrival rate of EVs at an EV rapid charging station, considering the availability of on-road wireless charging systems as an alternative charging method. The proposed model incorporates an Electric Vehicle Decision Tree that predicts the times when EVs require rapid charging based on realistic transportation data. A Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to capture uncertainties in EV user decisions regarding charging types. A queuing model is then developed to estimate the charging load for multiple EVs at the charging station, with and without the consideration of on-road EV wireless charging systems. A case study and simulation results considering a 32-bus distribution system and the US National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data are presented and discussed to demonstrate the impact of on-road wireless EV charging on the loads of an rapid EV charging station. It is observed that having on-road wireless EV charging as complementary charging to EV charging stations helps to significantly reduce the peak load of the charging station, which improves the power system capacity and defers the need for system upgrades. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fast-Charging Station for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Issues)

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28 pages, 3663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Critical Review of NIO’s Business Model

by Alessandro Pisano, Manuel Saba and Jair Arrieta Baldovino

World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(9), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14090251 - 7 Sep 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 21554

Abstract

The present study reports a critical review of NIO′s business model considering the evolving landscape of the electric vehicle market and servicing. The objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive framework that facilitates the identification of key elements characterizing a company’s [...] Read more.

The present study reports a critical review of NIO′s business model considering the evolving landscape of the electric vehicle market and servicing. The objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive framework that facilitates the identification of key elements characterizing a company’s business model and highlights ongoing transformations crucial for adaptation and survival in a rapidly changing environmental context. Focusing on the case study of NIO, a relatively young Chinese original equipment manufacturer (OEM) specializing in high-tech electric cars, the research delves into the challenging scenario of the Chinese electric vehicle market, which recently faced a bubble in 2023. The market proliferation, supply chain disruptions, and price wars triggered by Tesla have resulted in a survival struggle for numerous automotive startups, leaving larger companies with increasing market shares. Despite facing adversities, NIO managed to secure a promising segment catering to premium-range battery electric vehicles (BEVs), establishing a competitive advantage through differentiation. By pursuing ambitious investments, the company aims to create economies of scope and achieve cost leadership, venturing into new market sectors and vertically integrating the production chain. Given NIO’s agility in adapting to market conditions, aggressive entry into new segments, and a strategic vision for the future, it serves as an excellent candidate for testing and validating the proposed framework. The research sheds light on NIO’s trajectory and offers insights into its potential for sustained growth in the dynamic electric vehicle market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fast-Charging Station for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Issues)

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Review

Jump to: Research

16 pages, 4847 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Comprehensive Review of Electric Charging Stations with a Systemic Approach

by Ricardo Tejeida-Padilla, Edgar Manuel Berdeja-Rocha, Isaías Badillo-Piña, Zeltzin Pérez-Matamoros and Juan Erick Amador-Santiago

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(12), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15120571 - 12 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2641

Abstract

Recently, the operation of electric charging stations has stopped being solely dependent on the state or centralised energy companies, instead depending on the decentralization of decisions made by the operators of these stations, whose goals are to maximise efficiency in the distribution and [...] Read more.

Recently, the operation of electric charging stations has stopped being solely dependent on the state or centralised energy companies, instead depending on the decentralization of decisions made by the operators of these stations, whose goals are to maximise efficiency in the distribution and supply of energy for electric vehicles. Therefore, the operations of charging stations are exposed to increased complexity, leading to a growing need for decision-making based on more reliable and sustainable models. This research presents a review of key aspects, technologies, protocols, and case studies on the current and future trends of electric charging stations. A taxonomy of the technologies applied to charging stations and their applications in elements such as intelligent energy supply, electric vehicles, sustainability, the Industrial Internet of Things, and energy demand management is developed. Thus, this work synthesizes the essential features found in recent research regarding charging stations, aiming for a systemic approach that can lead toward sustainability in electromobility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fast-Charging Station for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Issues)

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22 pages, 2678 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of Optimizing Multi-Energy Multi-Objective Distribution Systems with Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

by Mahesh Kumar, Aneel Kumar, Amir Mahmood Soomro, Mazhar Baloch, Sohaib Tahir Chaudhary and Muzamil Ahmed Shaikh

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(11), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15110523 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1817

Abstract

Electric vehicles worldwide provide numerous key advantages in the energy sector. They are advantageous over fossil fuel vehicles in many aspects: for example, they consume no fuel, are economical, and only require charging the internal batteries, which power the motor for propulsion. Thus, [...] Read more.

Electric vehicles worldwide provide numerous key advantages in the energy sector. They are advantageous over fossil fuel vehicles in many aspects: for example, they consume no fuel, are economical, and only require charging the internal batteries, which power the motor for propulsion. Thus, due to their numerous advantages, research is necessary to improve the technological aspects that can enhance electric vehicles’ overall performance and efficiency. However, electric vehicle charging stations are the key hindrance to their adoption. Charging stations will affect grid stability and may lead to altering different parameters, e.g., power losses and voltage deviation when integrated randomly into the distribution system. The distributed generation, along with charging stations with the best location and size, can be a solution that mitigates the above concerns. Metaheuristic techniques can be used to find the optimal siting and sizing of distributed generations and electric vehicle charging stations. This review provides an exhaustive review of various methods and scientific research previously undertaken to optimize the placement and dimensions of electric vehicle charging stations and distributed generation. We summarize the previous work undertaken over the last five years on the multi-objective placement of distributed generations and electric vehicle charging stations. Key areas have focused on optimization techniques, technical parameters, IEEE networks, simulation tools, distributed generation types, and objective functions. Future development trends and current research have been extensively explored, along with potential future advancement and gaps in knowledge. Therefore, at the conclusion of this review, the optimization of electric vehicle charging stations and distributed generation presents both the practical and theoretical importance of implementing metaheuristic algorithms in real-world scenarios. In the same way, their practical integration will provide the transportation system with a robust and sustainable solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fast-Charging Station for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Issues)

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