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Special Issue "Lowering Risk by Increasing Resilience: Selected Papers from 8th International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM 8)"

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A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Hydrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 28286

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Slobodan P. Simonovic

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Guest Editor

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada
Interests: water management; systems analysis; complexity; risk; resilience; hydrology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Subhankar Karmakar

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Guest Editor

Affiliation: Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED) and Interdisciplinary Programme in Climate Studies (IDPCS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
Interests: analysis of hydro-climatic extremes; floodplain hydrology and management; uncertainty modeling and decision science
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Zhang Cheng
E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

1. China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR); Fuxing Road JIA 1, Building A, 1226 Room, Haidian District, Beijing, China;
2. Permanent secretariat of ICFM
Interests: hydrology; water resources; flood management; resilience; eco-hydrology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM), hosted every 3 years, offers a platform to discuss a range of flood-related issues and realize significant change in a multidisciplinary, multisectoral area. The eighth International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM8) under the title “Lowering Risk by Increasing Resilience” was planned for August 17–19, 2020 at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. The main objective of ICFM8 is to provide a unique opportunity to exchange ideas and experiences on a range of issues that affect flood management, particularly the need to build resilience into future planning.

Unfortunately, due to extraordinary circumstances, we had to cancel the in-person ICFM8. However, the ICFM decided to do their best to continue and use as much as possible of the work toward ICFM8. One of our main follow-up activities is the publication of a Water Journal Special Issue (or issues) from submissions to ICFM8.

The Special Issue/s will identify key concerns and significant challenges of the future as currently perceived by researchers, industry, policymakers, and other flood management stakeholders. The main themes to be addressed include: science and technology for flood risk management; handling data and information for flood risk management; flood disaster prevention, mitigation, and adaptation; flood preparedness, response, and recovery; flood decision-making, policy, and governance; and flood resilience.

All conference submissions will be published in the conference book of abstracts, and selected papers will be considered for publication in this Special Issue. All the papers considered for publication in the Special Issue will be subject to the review process according to the journal requirements.

Prof. Dr. Slobodan P. Simonovic
Prof. Dr. Subhankar Karmakar
Prof. Dr. Zhang Cheng
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Flood
Disasters
Risk
Resilience

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Comprehensive Approach for Floodplain Mapping through Identification of Hazard Using Publicly Available Data Sets over Canada

Mohit Prakash Mohanty

and

Slobodan P. Simonovic

Water 2022, 14(14), 2280; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14142280 - 21 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1425

Abstract

Quantifying flood inundation and hazards over large regions is paramount for gaining critical information on flood risk over the vulnerable population and environment. Readily available global data and enhancement in computational simulations have made it easier to simulate flooding at a large scale. This study explores the usability of publicly available datasets in flood inundation and hazard mapping, and ensures the flood-related information reaches the end-users efficiently. Runoff from the North American Regional Reanalysis and other relevant inputs are fed to the CaMa-Flood model to generate flooding patterns for 1 in 100 and 1 in 200-year return period events over Canada. The simulated floodplain maps are overlaid on the property footprints of 34 cities (falling within the top 100 populated cities of Canada) to determine the degree of exposure during 1991, 2001 and 2011. Lastly, Flood Map Viewer—a web-based public tool, is developed to disseminate extensive flood-related information. The development of the tool is motivated by the commitment of the Canadian government to contribute $63 M over the next three years for the development of flood maps, especially in high-flood risk areas. The results from the study indicate that around 80 percent of inundated spots belong to high and very-high hazard classes in a 200-year event, which is roughly 4 percent more than observed during the 100-year event. We notice an increase in the properties exposed to flooding during the last three decades, with a signature rise in Toronto, Montreal and Edmonton. The flood-related information derived from the study can be used along with vulnerability and exposure components to quantify flood risk. This will help develop appropriate pathways for resilience building for long-term sustainable benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lowering Risk by Increasing Resilience: Selected Papers from 8th International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM 8))

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Open AccessArticle

Flood Management Issues in Hilly Regions of Uttarakhand (India) under Changing Climatic Conditions

Mitthan Lal Kansal

and

Sachchidanand Singh

Water 2022, 14(12), 1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121879 - 10 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3496

Abstract

Uttarakhand, an Indian Himalayan state in India, is famous for its natural environment, health rejuvenation, adventure, and a pilgrimage centre for various religions. It is categorised into two major regions, i.e., the Garhwal and the Kumaon, and geographically, the Bhabar and the Terai. Floods, cloudbursts, glacier lake outbursts, and landslides are the major natural hazards that cause the highest number of mortalities and property damage in this state. After becoming a full 27th state of India in 2000, the developmental activities have increased many folds, which has added to such calamities. This study briefly summarises the major incidents of flood damage, describes the fragile geology of this Himalayan state, and identifies the natural as well as the anthropogenic causes of the flood as a disaster. It also highlights the issue of climate change in the state and its adverse impact in the form of extreme precipitation. Besides these, it reviews the challenges involved in flood management and highlights the effective flood risk management plan that may be adopted to alleviate its adverse impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lowering Risk by Increasing Resilience: Selected Papers from 8th International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM 8))

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Open AccessArticle

Uncertain Accelerated Sea-Level Rise, Potential Consequences, and Adaptive Strategies in The Netherlands

Jos van Alphen

Marjolijn Haasnoot

and

Ferdinand Diermanse

Water 2022, 14(10), 1527; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14101527 - 10 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5327

Abstract

Recent observations and publications have presented the possibility of a high and accelerated sea-level rise (SLR) later this century due to ice sheet instability and retreat in Antarctica. Under a high warming scenario, this may result in a sea level in 2100 that is up to 2 m higher than present and 5 m in 2150. The large uncertainties in these projections significantly increase the challenge for investment planning in coastal strategies in densely populated coastal zones such as the Netherlands. In this paper, we present the results of two studies that were carried out within the framework of the Dutch Delta Programme. The first study showed that it is not only the absolute SLR that presents a challenge but also the annual rate of rise. The latter impacts the lifetime of constructions such as barriers and pumping stations. When the rate of sea-level rise increases up to several centimeters per year, the intended lifetime of a flood defense structure may be reduced from a century to several decades. This new challenge requires new technologies, experiments, strategies, and governance. The second study explored different strategies for the long term to adapt to high SLR (>1 m) and assessed the consequences thereof on adaptation and developments in the coming 2–3 decades. We believe that strategic choices have to be made regarding the permanent closure of estuaries, the pumping or periodic storage of high river discharges, agriculture in an increasingly saline coastal area, and the maintenance of the coastline by beach nourishments. These strategic choices have to be complemented by no-regret measures such as spatial reservations for future sand extraction (for beach nourishments) and future expansion of flood defenses, water discharge, and water storage. In addition, it is advised to include flexibility in the design of new infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lowering Risk by Increasing Resilience: Selected Papers from 8th International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM 8))

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Open AccessArticle

Linking Urban Floods to Citizen Science and Low Impact Development in Poorly Gauged Basins under Climate Changes for Dynamic Resilience Evaluation

Maria Clara Fava

Marina Batalini de Macedo

Ana Carolina Sarmento Buarque

Antonio Mauro Saraiva

Alexandre Cláudio Botazzo Delbem

and

Eduardo Mario Mendiondo

Water 2022, 14(9), 1467; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091467 - 04 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1852

Abstract

Cities must develop actions that reduce flood risk in the face of extreme rainfall events. In this study, the dynamic resilience of the Gregorio catchment (São Carlos, Brazil) was assessed. The catchment lacks environmental monitoring and suffers from recurrent floods. The resilience curves were made considering the water depth in the drainage system as the performance index, obtained by simulations with SWMM and HEC-RAS. The calibration of the flood extension was performed using citizen science data. The contribution to increasing the dynamic resilience by implementing decentralized low impact development (LID) practices was also evaluated. For this purpose, bioretention cells were added to the SWMM simulations. The resilience curves were then calculated for the current and future climate scenario, with and without LID, for return periods of 5, 10, 50, and 100 years and duration of 30, 60, and 120 min. Intensity–duration–frequency curves (IDFs) updated by the regional climate model MIROC5 for 2050 and 2100 were used. The results showed a significant improvement in the system’s resilience for light storms and the current period due to LID practice interventions. Efficiencies were reduced for moderate and heavy storms with no significant drops in floodwater depth and resilience regardless of the scenario. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lowering Risk by Increasing Resilience: Selected Papers from 8th International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM 8))

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Open AccessArticle

The Dutch Flood Protection Programme: Taking Innovations to the Next Level

Ellen Tromp

Anouk te Nijenhuis

and

Han Knoeff

Water 2022, 14(9), 1460; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091460 - 03 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1775

Abstract

The Dutch regional water authorities face an enormous task: the strengthening of about 1500 km of dikes and 500 civil-engineering structures before 2050. This immense operation is being funded, prioritised and supported by the Dutch Flood Protection Programme (DFPP), an alliance of regional water authorities and the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management. The work will be executed in nearly 300 projects located throughout the country on the coast, lakes and major rivers. To complete this task on time and within budget, innovation (a better insight into the behaviour of flood defences, new techniques and processes) is believed to be the way forward. In this paper, we look at how the DFPP has encouraged innovations between 2012 and the present. We stress the importance of using a sender–receiver approach to further knowledge transfer and uptake, and we describe how, by using an action research approach, the Dutch Flood Protection Programme is currently adapting its innovation strategy on the basis of lessons learned to improve knowledge uptake. We will address some of the innovations that have been developed over the years and how monitoring knowledge uptake helps to further improve the learning-by-doing approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lowering Risk by Increasing Resilience: Selected Papers from 8th International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM 8))

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Open AccessArticle

Insights into Flood Wave Propagation in Natural Streams as Captured with Acoustic Profilers at an Index-Velocity Gaging Station

Marian Muste

Dongsu Kim

and

Kyungdong Kim

Water 2022, 14(9), 1380; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091380 - 24 Apr 2022

Viewed by 1275

Abstract

Recent advances in instruments are transforming our capabilities to better understand, monitor, and model river systems. The present paper illustrates such capabilities by providing new insights into unsteady flows captured with a Horizontal Acoustic Current Profiler (HADCP) integrated at an operational index-velocity gaging station. The illustrations demonstrate that the high-resolution stage and velocity measurements directly acquired during flood wave propagation reveal the intricate interplay among flow variables that are essential for better supporting judicious decision making for river management, flooding, sediment transport, and stream ecology. The paper confirms that the index-velocity method better captures the unsteady flow dynamics in comparison with the stage-discharge monitoring approach. At a time when the intensity and frequency of floods is continuously increasing, a better understanding of the critical features of flood waves during extreme events and the possibility of capturing more accurately their dynamics in real time is of special socio-economic significance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lowering Risk by Increasing Resilience: Selected Papers from 8th International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM 8))

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Open AccessArticle

Extreme Flood Disasters: Comprehensive Impact and Assessment

Qian Yu

Yanyan Wang

and

Na Li

Water 2022, 14(8), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14081211 - 09 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1719

Abstract

Evaluating extreme flood disasters is a prerequisite for decision making in flood management. Existing extreme flood disaster assessments fail to either consider or evaluate comprehensive impacts from social, economic, and environmental aspects. This study first analyzes the causes of extreme flood disasters and subsequently the potential flood consequences in depth. On the basis of this comprehensive analysis, an extreme flood disaster indicator system is developed by taking into account social, economic, and environmental consequences. To assess the comprehensive impacts, we propose a refined social and economic impact evaluation method and a semi-quantitative environmental impact evaluation method, which are applied to Jingjiang Flood Diversion District (JFDD) located in the Yangtze River Basin, and analyze two extreme flood scenarios. The results show that almost all of the JFDD area is flooded with inundation areas of 901.36 km² and 879.49 km², respectively. The corresponding affected populations are 0.51 million and 0.5 million. The direct economic losses are 18.83 billion and 14.33 billion, respectively. Moreover, 5 potential pollutant sources and 11 protected areas are inundated under two scenarios. Extreme floods have relatively serious impacts on local ecology and the environment. The proposed methodology can provide effective support for decision makers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lowering Risk by Increasing Resilience: Selected Papers from 8th International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM 8))

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Open AccessArticle

Co-Design for Enhancing Flood Resilience in Davao City, Philippines

Mamoru Miyamoto

Daiki Kakinuma

Tomoki Ushiyama

Abdul Wahid Mohamed Rasmy

and

Water 2022, 14(6), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14060978 - 20 Mar 2022

Viewed by 5224

Abstract

Enhancing flood resilience, including the development of social capacity and early warning systems, in addition to structural measures, is one of the key solutions to mitigating flood damage, which will be more intensified in the future due to climate change. This study was conducted to develop a comprehensive methodology for enhancing flood resilience by improving society-wide disaster literacy under the governance formed through the active participation of all levels of stakeholders in Davao City, Philippines. Specifically, the development of the Online Synthesis System for Sustainability and Resilience, which integrates different disciplines, and the fostering of Facilitators, whose role is to interlink the science community and society, were implemented in a co-designing manner by the collective governance body. The development of basin- and barangay-scale hydrological models realized real-time flood forecasting and climate change impact assessment to identify intensified flood risk under the future climate. Co-designed e-learning workshops were held to foster about thirty Facilitators and help them produce twenty-one risk communication plans and workshop designs for fourteen barangays considering geographic, demographic, economic, and social features that they can utilize for public dissemination related to climate change adaptation to the target audiences in society. This paper presents a practical method to enhance flood resilience, demonstrating that the synthesis of science-based knowledge and human resource development can fill the gaps between the science community and society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lowering Risk by Increasing Resilience: Selected Papers from 8th International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM 8))

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Open AccessArticle

Application of the TOPKAPI Model in Flood Forecasting of the Upstream of the Zhenjiang River in China

and

Water 2022, 14(4), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040618 - 17 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 999

Abstract

The lumped hydrological model and empirical model have the problems of low accuracy and short forecasting period in real-time flood forecasting of small- and medium-sized rivers in a mountainous watershed. The sharing of underlying surface data such as high-resolution DEM, land use data, soil data, and the popularization and application of the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, and intelligent calculation methods makes distributed hydrological model an effective method for real-time runoff simulation and prediction. The topographic, kinematic, approximation, and integration (TOPKAPI) model is a distributed hydrological model whose physical mechanism developed gradually in the late 20th century. It has great advantages in real-time flood forecasting in small- and medium-sized watersheds. Based on the data required by the TOPKAPI model, in this study, 26 selected flood events were simulated from 2000 to 2013 at the outlet section of the upper reach of the Zhenjiang River in Guangdong Province, and the effect of application of the model in flood forecasting of small- and medium-sized rivers was evaluated. The results show that the pass rate (considering the peak discharge as the evaluation item) of 18 flood events in the calibration period was 66.67%, and that of 8 flood events in the validation period was 75%, while the mean Nash efficiency coefficient of the selected 26 flood events was 0.789. According to the simulation results, real-time flood forecasting should be closely combined with the dispatching of the small- and medium-sized reservoirs in the basin. The application of the TOPKAPI model can make a scientific and rapid analysis of the flood control situation in the whole basin and provide accurate information and maximum convenience for flood forecasting consultation and decision making. Additionally, it can improve the efficiency of disaster prevention and mitigation work in small- and medium-sized river basins, and has a major significance in enhancing the modernization level of flood forecasting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lowering Risk by Increasing Resilience: Selected Papers from 8th International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM 8))

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Open AccessArticle

Assessing Numerical Model Skill at Simulating Coastal Flooding Using Field Observations of Deposited Debris and Photographic Evidence

and

Water 2022, 14(4), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040589 - 15 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1604

Abstract

Despite the growing range and availability of resources to support coastal flood hazard model development, there is often a scarcity of data to support critical assessment of the performance of community-scale coastal inundation models. Even where long-term tide gauge measurements are available in close proximity to the study area, the records provide little insight into the spatial distribution and limits of overland flooding, or the influence of topographic features and structures on flooding pathways. We present methods to support the assessment of model performance using field observations in lieu of, or supplementary to, conventional water-level records. A high-resolution, numerical coastal flood hazard model was developed to simulate storm surge-driven flooding in the Acadian Peninsula region of New Brunswick, Canada. Owing to the remoteness of the study area from tide gauge stations, model performance was assessed based on a comparison with field measurements of deposited wrack and debris, as well as photographic and video evidence of coastal flooding, for two significant storm surge events in recent history. Our research findings illustrate the value of observational and qualitative data for characterizing coastal flood hazards, lending gravity to the importance of non-conventional data sources, particularly in data-scarce regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lowering Risk by Increasing Resilience: Selected Papers from 8th International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM 8))

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Review

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Open AccessReview

Wastewater System Inflow/Infiltration and Residential Pluvial Flood Damage Mitigation in Canada

Dan Sandink

and

Barbara Robinson

Water 2022, 14(11), 1716; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14111716 - 27 May 2022

Viewed by 2066

Abstract

Pluvial flooding in urban areas is one of the most significant drivers of disaster loss in Canada. Damages during pluvial flood events are associated with overwhelmed urban drainage (stormwater and wastewater) systems. During the period from 2013 to 2021, Canadian property and casualty insurers reported approximately CAD 2 billion in personal property (residential) pluvial sewer backup claims during flood catastrophes. There has been growing interest in managing pluvial urban flood risk, notably through newly funded national programs focused on climate change adaptation. These programs have included the development of new guidelines and standards focused on managing the underlying factors contributing to urban and basement flooding. Inflow and infiltration (I/I) has received limited attention in the pluvial flood literature, however. Informed by significant engagement with practitioners in Canada, this paper provides a review of the issue of I/I into wastewater systems and its relation to pluvial flooding. The paper will address concerns related to private property engagement in I/I and urban pluvial flood reduction programs. Both improved technical standards and administrative support are needed to ensure that wastewater infrastructure is less susceptible to I/I over its lifecycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lowering Risk by Increasing Resilience: Selected Papers from 8th International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM 8))

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