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Vaccines
Special Issues
Vaccination-Induced Antibody and B Cell Immune Response
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Vaccination-Induced Antibody and B Cell Immune Response

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines against Tropical and other Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 May 2025 | Viewed by 10579

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Qiao Wang

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Guest Editor
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, No. 131 Dong An Street, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
Interests: hepatitis B virus; SARS-CoV-2 and coronaviruses; infectious diseases; human antibody response; B lymphocyte; broadly neutralizing antibodies

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

Specificity, diversity, and memory are three key characteristics of our adaptive immune system. Confronting a world of infectious diseases, B lymphocytes in our immune system provide essential mechanisms of protection. A highly diversified antibody repertoire constructed by V(D)J recombination in mature B cells, high affinity antibodies evolved within germinal center B cells, broadly neutralizing antibodies abundantly secreted by long-lived plasma cells, and immunosurveillance provided by the patrolling memory B cells in the circulation systematically build up the immune defense against numerous infectious pathogens. During the past few decades, research on B cell immunology has led to a revolution in our understanding of B cell development and immunity against infections and vaccinations. Numerous monoclonal antibodies are also isolated from sorted single B cells to combat infectious diseases. However, we still face many challenges: how can we increase the breadth of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and HIV; how can we extend vaccine efficacy to provide a longer-lasting protection; and how can we identify clinically significant antibodies for the prevention and treatment of viral infections? 

In this Special Issue, we focus on the role of B cells and antibodies against various infectious diseases, monoclonal antibody therapeutics, B cells and antibody responses after vaccination, and also the related B cell development, maturation and apoptosis. We seek contributions of original research and review articles.

Dr. Qiao Wang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 9271 KiB  
Article
Naive and Memory B Cell BCR Repertoires in Individuals Immunized with an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine
by Renato Kaylan Alves de Oliveira França, Pedro Henrique Aragão Barros, Jacyelle Medeiros Silva, Hitallo Guilherme Costa Fontinele, Andrea Queiroz Maranhão and Marcelo de Macedo Brigido
Vaccines 2025, 13(4), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13040393 - 8 Apr 2025
Viewed by 437
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred a global race for a preventive vaccine, with a few becoming available just one year after describing this novel coronavirus disease. Among these are inactivated virus vaccines like CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech), which are used in several countries [...] Read more.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred a global race for a preventive vaccine, with a few becoming available just one year after describing this novel coronavirus disease. Among these are inactivated virus vaccines like CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech), which are used in several countries to reduce the pandemic’s effects. However, its use was associated with low protection, particularly against novel virus variants that quickly appeared in the following months. Vaccines play a crucial role in activating the immune system to combat infections, with Memory B-cells being a key part of this mechanism, eliciting protective neutralizing antibodies. This work focused on studying B-cell memory repertoire after two consecutive doses of CoronaVac. Methodology: Memory B-cells were isolated from five CoronaVac vaccinated and five pre-pandemic individuals and subsequently stimulated in vitro before high-throughput Illumina sequencing of the Heavy Chain Variable repertoire. Results: We observed a shift in the VH repertoire with increased HCDR3 length and enrichment of IGVH 3-23, 3-30, 3-7, 3-72, and 3-74 for IgA BCRs and IGHV 4-39 and 4-59 for IgG BCRs. A high expansion of IgA-specific clonal populations was observed in vaccinated individuals relative to pre-pandemic controls, accompanied by shared IgA variable heavy chain (VH) sequences among memory B cells across different vaccine recipients of IgA clones was also observed in vaccinated individuals compared to pre-pandemic controls, with several IgA VH sharing between memory B cells from different vaccines. Moreover, a high convergence was observed among vaccinees and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody sequences found in the CoV-abDab database. Conclusion: These data show the ability of CoronaVac to elicit antibodies with characteristics similar to those previously identified as neutralizing antibodies, supporting its protective efficacy. Furthermore, this analysis of the immunological repertoire in the context of viral infections reinforces the importance of immunization in generating convergent antibodies for the antiviral response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination-Induced Antibody and B Cell Immune Response)
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15 pages, 1604 KiB  
Article
Re-Evaluation and Retrospective Comparison of Serum Neutralization Induced by Three Different Types of Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines
by Weiyu Jiang, Jianbo Wu, Jiaying He, Anqi Xia, Wei Wu, Yidan Gao, Qianqian Zhang, Xiaofang Peng, Qiaochu Jiang, Song Xue and Qiao Wang
Vaccines 2024, 12(11), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12111204 - 24 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1214
Abstract
Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, three different types of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, namely BBIBP-CorV, WIBP-CorV and CoronaVac, were manufactured and used for vaccination in China. However, as far as we know, no comparison of their induced serum neutralization has been carried out so [...] Read more.
Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, three different types of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, namely BBIBP-CorV, WIBP-CorV and CoronaVac, were manufactured and used for vaccination in China. However, as far as we know, no comparison of their induced serum neutralization has been carried out so far, possibly due to the regional difference in vaccine distribution, the difficulty in undertaking a comprehensive evaluation, and the intention to avoid unnecessary bias in populations for a certain type of inactivated vaccine.Methods: Since all three of these inactivated vaccines are no longer produced and used for vaccination, here, we retrospectively compared the serum neutralizing activities induced by these three different types of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Results: Compared with unvaccinated uninfected control donors, primary inactivated vaccination (232 donors) induced increased serum neutralizing titers against wildtype SARS-CoV-2 in around 70% of donors during the first 100 days. However, the neutralization effect waned quickly after 100 days, and significantly diminished against Delta and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants. Moreover, the newly emerged Omicron variants, such as BA.2.75, BA.4/5, BF.7, BQ.1.1, and XBB, almost fully evaded the induced serum neutralization activity. Conclusions: These three distinct types of inactivated vaccines, namely BBIBP-CorV, WIBP-CorV, and CoronaVac, induced serum neutralization in most vaccinated populations but in a short-term and variant-evaded manner with no significant difference among these inactivated vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination-Induced Antibody and B Cell Immune Response)
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17 pages, 1544 KiB  
Article
Longitudinal Analysis of Humoral and Cellular Immune Response up to 6 Months after SARS-CoV-2 BA.5/BF.7/XBB Breakthrough Infection and BA.5/BF.7-XBB Reinfection
by Xun Wang, Meng Zhang, Kaifeng Wei, Chen Li, Jinghui Yang, Shujun Jiang, Chaoyue Zhao, Xiaoyu Zhao, Rui Qiao, Yuchen Cui, Yanjia Chen, Jiayan Li, Guonan Cai, Changyi Liu, Jizhen Yu, Wenhong Zhang, Faren Xie, Pengfei Wang and Yanliang Zhang
Vaccines 2024, 12(5), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12050464 - 26 Apr 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1968
Abstract
The rapid mutation of SARS-CoV-2 has led to multiple rounds of large-scale breakthrough infection and reinfection worldwide. However, the dynamic changes of humoral and cellular immunity responses to several subvariants after infection remain unclear. In our study, a 6-month longitudinal immune response evaluation [...] Read more.
The rapid mutation of SARS-CoV-2 has led to multiple rounds of large-scale breakthrough infection and reinfection worldwide. However, the dynamic changes of humoral and cellular immunity responses to several subvariants after infection remain unclear. In our study, a 6-month longitudinal immune response evaluation was conducted on 118 sera and 50 PBMC samples from 49 healthy individuals who experienced BA.5/BF.7/XBB breakthrough infection or BA.5/BF.7-XBB reinfection. By studying antibody response, memory B cell, and IFN-γ secreting CD4+/CD8+ T cell response to several SARS-CoV-2 variants, we observed that each component of immune response exhibited distinct kinetics. Either BA.5/BF.7/XBB breakthrough infection or BA.5/BF.7-XBB reinfection induces relatively high level of binding and neutralizing antibody titers against Omicron subvariants at an early time point, which rapidly decreases over time. Most of the individuals at 6 months post-breakthrough infection completely lost their neutralizing activities against BQ.1.1, CH.1.1, BA.2.86, JN.1 and XBB subvariants. Individuals with BA.5/BF.7-XBB reinfection exhibit immune imprinting shifting and recall pre-existing BA.5/BF.7 neutralization antibodies. In the BA.5 breakthrough infection group, the frequency of BA.5 and XBB.1.16-RBD specific memory B cells, resting memory B cells, and intermediate memory B cells gradually increased over time. On the other hand, the frequency of IFN-γ secreting CD4+/CD8+ T cells induced by WT/BA.5/XBB.1.16 spike trimer remains stable over time. Overall, our research indicates that individuals with breakthrough infection have rapidly declining antibody levels but have a relatively stable cellular immunity that can provide some degree of protection from future exposure to new antigens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination-Induced Antibody and B Cell Immune Response)
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15 pages, 2233 KiB  
Article
Adjuvanted Vaccine Induces Functional Antibodies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Filamentous Bacteriophages
by Valery C. Román-Cruz, Shannon M. Miller, Roman A. Schoener, Chase Lukasiewicz, Amelia K. Schmidt, Blair L. DeBuysscher, David Burkhart, Patrick R. Secor and Jay T. Evans
Vaccines 2024, 12(2), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12020115 - 24 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2075
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), a WHO priority 1 pathogen, resulted in approximately 559,000 deaths globally in 2019. Pa has a multitude of host-immune evasion strategies that enhance Pa virulence. Most clinical isolates of Pa are infected by a phage called Pf that [...] Read more.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), a WHO priority 1 pathogen, resulted in approximately 559,000 deaths globally in 2019. Pa has a multitude of host-immune evasion strategies that enhance Pa virulence. Most clinical isolates of Pa are infected by a phage called Pf that has the ability to misdirect the host-immune response and provide structural integrity to biofilms. Previous studies demonstrate that vaccination against the coat protein (CoaB) of Pf4 virions can assist in the clearance of Pa from the dorsal wound model in mice. Here, a consensus peptide was derived from CoaB and conjugated to cross-reacting material 197 (CRM197). This conjugate was adjuvanted with a novel synthetic Toll-like receptor agonist (TLR) 4 agonist, INI-2002, and used to vaccinate mice. Mice vaccinated with CoaB-CRM conjugate and INI-2002 developed high anti-CoaB peptide-specific IgG antibody titers. Direct binding of the peptide-specific antibodies to whole-phage virus particles was demonstrated by ELISA. Furthermore, a functional assay demonstrated that antibodies generated from vaccinated mice disrupted the replicative cycle of Pf phages. The use of an adjuvanted phage vaccine targeting Pa is an innovative vaccine strategy with the potential to become a new tool targeting multi-drug-resistant Pa infections in high-risk populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination-Induced Antibody and B Cell Immune Response)
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Review

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25 pages, 4372 KiB  
Review
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: The Advantage of Mucosal Vaccine Delivery and Local Immunity
by Joshua Tobias, Peter Steinberger, Joy Wilkinson, Gloria Klais, Michael Kundi and Ursula Wiedermann
Vaccines 2024, 12(7), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12070795 - 18 Jul 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3870
Abstract
Immunity against respiratory pathogens is often short-term, and, consequently, there is an unmet need for the effective prevention of such infections. One such infectious disease is coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel Beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that emerged around the [...] Read more.
Immunity against respiratory pathogens is often short-term, and, consequently, there is an unmet need for the effective prevention of such infections. One such infectious disease is coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel Beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that emerged around the end of 2019. The World Health Organization declared the illness a pandemic on 11 March 2020, and since then it has killed or sickened millions of people globally. The development of COVID-19 systemic vaccines, which impressively led to a significant reduction in disease severity, hospitalization, and mortality, contained the pandemic’s expansion. However, these vaccines have not been able to stop the virus from spreading because of the restricted development of mucosal immunity. As a result, breakthrough infections have frequently occurred, and new strains of the virus have been emerging. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 will likely continue to circulate and, like the influenza virus, co-exist with humans. The upper respiratory tract and nasal cavity are the primary sites of SARS-CoV-2 infection and, thus, a mucosal/nasal vaccination to induce a mucosal response and stop the virus’ transmission is warranted. In this review, we present the status of the systemic vaccines, both the approved mucosal vaccines and those under evaluation in clinical trials. Furthermore, we present our approach of a B-cell peptide-based vaccination applied by a prime-boost schedule to elicit both systemic and mucosal immunity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination-Induced Antibody and B Cell Immune Response)
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