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Vaccines
Special Issues
Vaccines Against Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Infections
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Vaccines Against Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Infections

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Influenza Virus Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 October 2026 | Viewed by 2605

Editor

Dr. Santosh Dhakal

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
Interests: virus pathogenesis; immune responses to vaccines; sex differences in immune responses; immune responses during pregnancy; impact of obesity on immune function; vaccine development; optimizing vaccine efficacy and safety

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Respiratory viral infections represent significant global public health challenges, resulting in millions of illnesses and deaths each year. Vaccines are crucial in preventing these infections by eliciting specific immune responses, including mucosal immunity, antibody production, and T-cell responses. Despite significant advancements in vaccine development for respiratory viral infections, several challenges remain. Some of these challenges include addressing the high mutation rates of the viruses, promoting cross-protective and long-lasting immunity, ensuring effective mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract, providing adequate protection for high-risk populations, and minimizing potential adverse effects associated with the vaccines.

This Special Issue aims at highlighting recent advancements in developing and testing vaccines against influenza and other respiratory viral infections. We welcome the submission of original research and review articles which may focus on one or more of the following topics:

  1. Development of vaccines against respiratory viral pathogens.
  2. Exploration of adjuvants or vaccine delivery platforms targeting respiratory viral pathogens.
  3. Evaluation of mechanisms involved in vaccine-induced immune responses, such as mucosal immunity, antibody production, and T-cell responses.
  4. Testing the protective efficacy of vaccines against respiratory viral pathogens.
  5. Assessment of immunogenicity, protective efficacy, and adverse reactions of vaccines in high-risk groups, including the elderly, children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals.
  6. Monitoring side effects, adverse reactions, and long-term safety profiles of vaccines against respiratory viral infections.

Dr. Santosh Dhakal
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • adjuvants
  • influenza
  • mucosal immunity
  • respiratory viral pathogens
  • vaccine effectiveness
  • vaccine safety

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (2 papers)

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13 pages, 291 KB  
Article
Post-Marketing Safety Surveillance of Influenza Vaccines in Anhui Province, China, 2016–2025
by Fanya Meng, Sicheng Wei, Binbing Wang, Xianwei Luo and Jiabing Wu
Vaccines 2026, 14(6), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14060548 - 21 Jun 2026
Viewed by 496
Abstract
Background: China’s influenza vaccine (InfV) has undergone multiple iterations and numerous technological breakthroughs, providing tremendous impetus and solid support for the development of China’s health sector. As the number of vaccinated individuals continues to rise, the importance of ongoing surveillance and evaluation [...] Read more.
Background: China’s influenza vaccine (InfV) has undergone multiple iterations and numerous technological breakthroughs, providing tremendous impetus and solid support for the development of China’s health sector. As the number of vaccinated individuals continues to rise, the importance of ongoing surveillance and evaluation of vaccine safety has become increasingly prominent, forming part of efforts to maintain public trust in the national immunization program and ensure its sustainability. Methods: From 2016 to 2025, data on suspected adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) related to InfV administration were extracted from the Chinese National Immunization Information System (CNIIS). Data on InfV vaccination doses were obtained from the Anhui Provincial Immunization Information Management System. A descriptive statistical method was used to analyze the distribution characteristics of AEFIs, and the chi-square test was applied to evaluate differences in reporting rates. Results: Between 2016 and 2025, a total of 4026 AEFI reports related to InfV were monitored through the CNIIS. The overall reporting rate was 34.40 per 100,000 doses. Specifically, common adverse reactions and rare adverse reactions accounted for 95.88% (3860 cases) and 3.38% (136 cases), with reporting rates of 32.98 per 100,000 doses and 1.16 per 100,000 doses, respectively. Among common adverse reactions, the reporting rates of fever (axillary temperature ≥ 38.6 °C), local redness and swelling at the injection site (diameter > 5.0 cm), and local induration (diameter > 5.0 cm) were 9.62 per 100,000 doses, 1.96 per 100,000 doses, and 1.20 per 100,000 doses, respectively. Among rare adverse reactions, the reporting rates of allergic rash, angioedema, anaphylactic shock, febrile convulsions, anaphylactoid purpura, thrombocytopenic purpura, epilepsy, Guillain–Barré syndrome, and aseptic abscess were 0.98, 0.05, 0.03, 0.03, 0.02, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01, and 0.01 per 100,000 doses, respectively. No cases were reported for subunit inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV, Subunit). Statistically significant differences were observed in the reporting rates of allergic rash across different types of InfV (χ2 = 36.83, p < 0.05), with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3, Split) and trivalent live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (LAIV3) showing the highest reporting rates. Most adverse events following vaccination occurred within 24 h after inoculation. Conclusions: From 2016 to 2025, the overall reporting rate of AEFIs after InfV administration in Anhui Province was within an acceptable range. Common adverse reactions were common, while rare adverse reactions were few, mainly consisting of allergic reactions. These results indicate that InfV has a favorable safety profile, and continuous strengthening of AEFI surveillance for InfV and improvement of surveillance quality are warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines Against Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Infections)
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15 pages, 2261 KB  
Systematic Review
Systematic Review of Safety of MF59-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults
by Matias Edgardo Manzotti, Agustin Bengolea and Hebe Vazquez
Vaccines 2026, 14(4), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14040360 - 17 Apr 2026
Viewed by 1386
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Influenza remains a primary cause of severe illness and death in adults over 60. In this group, immunosenescence and existing health conditions make infections more dangerous and traditional vaccines less effective. The MF59-adjuvanted vaccine was specifically designed to overcome these limitations [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Influenza remains a primary cause of severe illness and death in adults over 60. In this group, immunosenescence and existing health conditions make infections more dangerous and traditional vaccines less effective. The MF59-adjuvanted vaccine was specifically designed to overcome these limitations by enhancing the body’s immune activation and antigen presentation. While the vaccine shows clear benefits, some recent concerns regarding vaccine safety have been raised without supporting scientific evidence. Therefore, this systematic review focuses on providing a comprehensive evaluation of its safety outcomes compared to standard vaccines. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted; two researchers independently assessed the eligibility of the studies, and the risk of bias was assessed using RoB2 and ROBINS tools for randomized clinical trials and observational studies, respectively. Pooled risk estimates were calculated using a random-effects model. Results: Ten RCTs and three non-RCTs meeting the inclusion criteria were included. No significant differences were found for severe systemic outcomes: Guillain–Barré syndrome (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.64–1.80) and encephalitis (RR 1.23, 95% CI 0.85–1.78). For other systemic adverse effects, there were no significant differences between adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted vaccines; only myalgia showed a small but significant increase with adjuvanted vaccines (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.02–1.78) compared with non-adjuvanted vaccines. Conclusions: MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccines have a favorable and well-characterized safety profile in adults aged 60 years and older. Adverse events are predominantly mild and transient, with no evidence of increased risk of serious or immune-mediated outcomes compared with non-adjuvanted vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccines Against Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Infections)
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