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Vaccines
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Understanding Infectious Disease Vaccinations: Implications for Health and Safety
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Understanding Infectious Disease Vaccinations: Implications for Health and Safety

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2026 | Viewed by 19506

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Interests: mental health; psychopathology; psychometrics; interventions; COVID-19 issues
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In this Special Issue, we aim to examine the perceptions and information on infectious diseases and vaccinations, specifically focusing on the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has led to a fundamental shift in public perception of infectious diseases, emphasizing the critical role of vaccines and public health measures in preventing widespread illness and death. By examining how public knowledge and attitudes have evolved during and after the pandemic, we hope to uncover the underlying factors influencing public understanding and acceptance of vaccines. This Special Issue will explore the role of health communication, misinformation, and cultural beliefs, providing insights into the successes and challenges encountered during COVID-19 vaccination campaigns. We aim to identify strategies for improving public health responses, building vaccine trust, and enhancing preparedness for future infectious disease outbreaks.

We welcome original research articles and reviews in various research areas, including the following:

  1. Public Knowledge and Awareness of Infectious Diseases;
  2. Viewpoints and Perceptions Toward Vaccine Development;
  3. Misinformation and Disinformation in Shaping Attitudes and Behaviors Associated with Vaccination;
  4. Strategies to Improve Vaccine Uptake and Adherence;
  5. Communication Strategies to Address Vaccine Hesitancy and Promote Vaccination.

I look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • vaccination
  • infectious disease
  • health
  • wellbeing
  • knowledge
  • attitudes

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 1009 KB  
Article
Catch-Up Vaccination Intervention and Study of Infant Vaccine Hesitancy in Health District in Palermo (Italy)
by Alessandra Fallucca, Roberto Levita, Giuseppe Vella, Angela Sutera, Domenico Mirabile, Antonino Levita, Walter Mazzucco, Francesco Vitale and Alessandra Casuccio
Vaccines 2026, 14(4), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14040366 - 21 Apr 2026
Viewed by 369
Abstract
Background: Despite the introduction in 2017 of mandatory vaccination for the hexavalent and the measles–mumps–rubella–varicella vaccines, childhood vaccination coverage in Sicily (Italy) remains below the recommended and safety threshold of 95%. A catch-up vaccination intervention was implemented for the pediatric population of the [...] Read more.
Background: Despite the introduction in 2017 of mandatory vaccination for the hexavalent and the measles–mumps–rubella–varicella vaccines, childhood vaccination coverage in Sicily (Italy) remains below the recommended and safety threshold of 95%. A catch-up vaccination intervention was implemented for the pediatric population of the 2022–2023 birth cohorts residing in a health district of Palermo (Bagheria) where in 2024, 24-month coverage for polio and measles was 77.29% and 77.62%, respectively. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a before–after component was conducted between June 2025 and December 2025, with the aim of evaluating the increase in vaccination coverage. A questionnaire was administered to the parents of non-compliant children to investigate the determinants of infant vaccine hesitancy. Results: Collaboration with primary care pediatricians and the organization of active call sessions and extra vaccination sessions resulted in an increase in vaccination coverage of approximately 10–12 percentage points in both birth cohorts. The investigation of the determinants of vaccination adherence showed some significant associations: “perception of infectious disease risk” (OR: 7.91; p = 0.009) and “expectations of a positive outcome from vaccination” (OR: 8.62; p = 0.003). Vaccine information sources such as the internet and media were associated with refusal of catch-up vaccination (OR: 0.47, p < 0.001; and OR: 0.13, p = 0.026, respectively). Conclusions: Despite methodological limitations, such as the self-reported nature of the survey data, the study demonstrated the usefulness of local strategies aimed at vaccination catch-up, representing a valuable example of local public health practice and effectively contributing to improved vaccination coverage in the pediatric population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Infectious Disease Vaccinations: Implications for Health and Safety)
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20 pages, 293 KB  
Article
Evaluating a Behavioral Insights–Informed Social Media Campaign to Increase HPV Vaccination During Routine Immunization in Nigeria
by Sohail Agha, Ifeanyi Nsofor and Wu Zeng
Vaccines 2026, 14(4), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14040328 - 7 Apr 2026
Viewed by 889
Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in Nigeria. In 2023, the Government of Nigeria, with support from Gavi and partners, introduced the single-dose human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine through a phased, school-based campaign. The first phase was [...] Read more.
Background: Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in Nigeria. In 2023, the Government of Nigeria, with support from Gavi and partners, introduced the single-dose human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine through a phased, school-based campaign. The first phase was launched in October 2023 across 16 states, followed by a second phase in May 2024 that expanded coverage to the remaining states and the Federal Capital Territory. This study evaluates the additional impact of a behavioral insights–informed digital intervention, comprising a social media campaign amplified by trained pharmacists serving as local influencers, implemented in 2025 to increase acceptance and uptake of HPV vaccination during routine immunization. Methods: A pre-test/post-test quasi-experimental design with a control group was implemented in three Nigerian states in 2025 to assess the additional impact of a behavioral insights–informed social media campaign designed to strengthen social approval for HPV vaccination, increase awareness of vaccination locations, and reinforce caregivers’ recognition of their adolescent daughters’ desire to be vaccinated. Messages were amplified by trained pharmacists who served as local influencers. Caregivers of adolescent girls aged 9–17 years were recruited online through targeted Facebook and Instagram advertisements during Nigeria’s transition from school-based HPV vaccination campaigns to routine immunization. Caregivers in treatment areas were exposed to geofenced social media advertisements on Facebook and Instagram and pharmacist counseling, while those in control areas were not. Logistic regression models using a difference-in-difference approach estimated the campaign’s effect on HPV vaccination, controlling for caregiver and adolescent characteristics. Additional statistical models assessed the campaign’s impact on caregivers’ motivation and ability—key drivers of behavior according to the Fogg Behavior Model. Results: HPV vaccination increased at a significantly higher rate in the treatment compared to the control area. The adjusted odds of an adolescent girl being vaccinated were 1.48 times higher in the treatment area at follow-up (95% CI: 1.14–1.92). Adjusted marginal effects indicated that exposure to the campaign increased the probability of vaccination by 8.9 percentage points relative to the control group. The rate at which caregivers’ motivation (aOR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.00–1.70) and ability (knowing where to get vaccinated: aOR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.07–1.79; ease of vaccination: aOR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.22–2.06) increased was also higher in the treatment area. There was no relative increase in intervention versus control groups in factual knowledge regarding HPV vaccination. Conclusions: A behavioral insights–informed social media campaign in which pharmacists served as influencers was associated with higher HPV vaccine uptake during routine immunization. The higher rate of vaccination observed in intervention areas was associated with higher rates of caregiver motivation and ability but not with higher rates of caregiver knowledge. These findings are consistent with the potential of behavioral insights–informed digital campaigns to complement routine immunization efforts and improve vaccine uptake in low- and middle-income countries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Infectious Disease Vaccinations: Implications for Health and Safety)
16 pages, 1283 KB  
Article
Socioeconomic Barriers to COVID-19 Booster Vaccination in Southern Italy: A Retrospective Study to Evaluate Association with the Social and Material Vulnerability Index in Apulia
by Nicola Bartolomeo, Letizia Lorusso, Niccolò Maldera and Paolo Trerotoli
Vaccines 2025, 13(12), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13121255 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1040
Abstract
Background: Socioeconomic disparities may affect COVID-19 booster vaccination uptake, potentially undermining public health efforts. This study assessed the association between first booster dose coverage and municipal socioeconomic deprivation in the Apulia region of southern Italy. A secondary objective was to evaluate whether [...] Read more.
Background: Socioeconomic disparities may affect COVID-19 booster vaccination uptake, potentially undermining public health efforts. This study assessed the association between first booster dose coverage and municipal socioeconomic deprivation in the Apulia region of southern Italy. A secondary objective was to evaluate whether SARS-CoV-2 incidence modified this relationship. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study including Apulian residents aged ≥5 years from 1 January 2021, to 31 December 2022. First booster doses were identified using an algorithm based on dose chronology and national guidelines. Vaccination and infection data were retrieved from regional databases. Socioeconomic deprivation was measured using the Social and Material Vulnerability Index (SMVI) developed by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT). Booster coverage was calculated at the municipal level. A multivariable Poisson’s regression model was used to estimate the association between SMVI and booster uptake, adjusting for age group, primary vaccine type, SARS-CoV-2 incidence, and municipal vaccination rates. Analyses were stratified by sex. Results: A total of 2,732,258 individuals received a first booster dose. Booster coverage decreased with increasing SMVI. Among females, a significant reduction was observed in the highest deprivation category (RR > 102 vs. <99: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94–0.97) and it was similar in males (RR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.93–0.96). A significant interaction between age and deprivation was found in both sexes, with a sharper decline in younger individuals. Municipal vaccination rates were positively associated with booster uptake. SARS-CoV-2 incidence was positively associated with uptake only in males. Conclusions: The analysis revealed a significant association between lower socio-cultural level and lower adherence to the first booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. The decline is more pronounced among subjects younger than 50 years with high levels of vulnerability. The findings of this study suggest that to overthrow vaccine hesitancy, knowledge of the social setting allows for targeted communications to the different groups in the population. Further research is needed to define different approaches in the different social groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Infectious Disease Vaccinations: Implications for Health and Safety)
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15 pages, 678 KB  
Article
Local Health Department COVID-19 Vaccination Efforts and Associated Outcomes: Evidence from Jefferson County, Kentucky
by Shaminul H. Shakib, Seyed M. Karimi, J. Daniel McGeeney, Md Yasin Ali Parh, Hamid Zarei, Yuting Chen, Ben Goldman, Dana Novario, Michael Schurfranz, Ciara A. Warren, Demetra Antimisiaris, Bert B. Little, W. Paul McKinney and Angela J. Graham
Vaccines 2025, 13(9), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13090901 - 26 Aug 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1814
Abstract
Background: While disparities in vaccine uptake have been well documented, few studies have evaluated the impact of local vaccine programs on COVID-19 outcomes, namely cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. Objectives: Evaluate the impact of COVID-19 vaccine doses coordinated by the Louisville Metro [...] Read more.
Background: While disparities in vaccine uptake have been well documented, few studies have evaluated the impact of local vaccine programs on COVID-19 outcomes, namely cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. Objectives: Evaluate the impact of COVID-19 vaccine doses coordinated by the Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness (LMPHW) on COVID-19 outcomes by race across ZIP codes from December 2020 to May 2022 in Jefferson County, Kentucky. Methods: Fixed-effects longitudinal models with ZIP codes as ecological time-series units were estimated to measure the association between COVID-19 vaccine doses and outcomes with time lags of one week, two weeks, three weeks, four weeks, and one month. Models were adjusted for time (week or month of the year) and its interaction with ZIP code. Results: In the one-week lag model, significant negative associations were observed between LMPHW-coordinated vaccine doses and COVID-19 outcomes, indicating reductions of 11.6 cases, 0.4 hospitalizations, and 0.3 deaths per 100 doses administered. Vaccine doses were consistently associated with fewer deaths among White residents across all lags, with an average reduction of 0.2 deaths per 100 doses. No significant associations were found for Black residents. Temporal trends also indicated declines in COVID-19 outcomes when LMPHW’s vaccine administration program peaked, between March and May 2021. Conclusions: Timely uptake of COVID-19 vaccines remains critical in avoiding severe outcomes, especially with emerging variants. Racial disparities in vaccine–outcome associations emphasize the potential need for equitable, community-driven vaccine campaigns to improve population health outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Infectious Disease Vaccinations: Implications for Health and Safety)
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12 pages, 704 KB  
Article
Challenges in Integrating Influenza Vaccination Among Older People in National Immunisation Program: A Population-Based, Cross-Sectional Study on Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Acceptance of a Free Annual Program
by Mohd Shaiful Azlan Kassim, Rosnah Sutan, Noor Harzana Harrun, Faiz Daud, Noraliza Noordin Merican, Sheleaswani Inche Zainal Abidin, Ho Bee Kiau, Azniza Muhamad Radzi, Nagammai Thiagarajan, Norhaslinda Ishak, Tay Chai Li, Radziah Abdul Rashid, Sally Suriani Ahip, Nor Hazlin Talib, Saidatul Norbaya Buang, Noor Ani Ahmad, Zamberi Sekawi and Tan Maw Pin
Vaccines 2025, 13(6), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13060636 - 12 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3573
Abstract
Background: Influenza poses a significant threat to the health of Malaysians, particularly among the elderly population. It results in high levels of illness and mortality, becoming a financial burden on the government. Vaccination is widely recognised as the most effective measure for controlling [...] Read more.
Background: Influenza poses a significant threat to the health of Malaysians, particularly among the elderly population. It results in high levels of illness and mortality, becoming a financial burden on the government. Vaccination is widely recognised as the most effective measure for controlling the spread and impact of influenza. Objectives: This study sought to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding influenza and influenza vaccination among older adults attending primary healthcare centres in different states of Malaysia. Additionally, the study assessed the level of acceptance for a proposed free annual influenza vaccination program. Methods: A nationwide survey was conducted involving 672 older people aged 60 and above who visited nine primary healthcare centres in Malaysia. These centres were selected using proportionate to population size (PPS) sampling to ensure representation from each zone. Participants completed a validated self-reported questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the levels of KAP, and a binomial logistic regression model was used to determine the predictors of acceptance for the proposed free annual vaccination program. Results: Most participants displayed a strong understanding of influenza illness (74.0%) and the vaccine (65.9%). Moreover, 76.4% of respondents exhibited a positive attitude towards influenza vaccination. However, the prevalence of good vaccination practices was relatively low, with only 29.2% of participants having a history of previous vaccination, and just 55.2% of these consistently practicing annual vaccination. The group acceptance rate for the proposed free annual influenza vaccination was 62.3%. Significant predictors of acceptance included a history of previous vaccination (good practice) (OR = 6.438, 95% CI = 1.16–35.71, p < 0.001), a positive attitude towards vaccines (OR = 21.98, 95% CI = 5.44–88.87, p = 0.033), and a good level of knowledge about the influenza vaccine (OR = 0.149, 95% CI = 0.03–0.79, p = 0.026). Conclusions: Increasing the uptake of influenza vaccination among the older population in Malaysia remains a significant challenge. It is recommended that a targeted, free annual influenza vaccination program be implemented for high-risk populations, particularly those with comorbidities and those who have shown greater receptiveness. In addition, health education strategies aimed at raising awareness and understanding of influenza should be prioritised. Strengthening epidemiological data collection and establishing systematic monitoring mechanisms are also essential to support these efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Infectious Disease Vaccinations: Implications for Health and Safety)
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12 pages, 977 KB  
Article
Is Brazil Reversing the Decline in Childhood Immunization Coverage in the Post-COVID-19 Era? An Interrupted Time Series Analysis
by Ramon Costa Saavedra, Rita Carvalho-Sauer, Enny S. Paixao, Maria Yury Travassos Ichihara, Maria da Conceição Nascimento Costa and Maria da Glória Teixeira
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050527 - 15 May 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5540
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had significant impacts on healthcare systems, including the disruption of essential services such as childhood immunization. Containment measures, such as social distancing, contributed to reduced adherence to vaccination programs, increasing the risk of re-emerging vaccine-preventable diseases. We aim [...] Read more.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had significant impacts on healthcare systems, including the disruption of essential services such as childhood immunization. Containment measures, such as social distancing, contributed to reduced adherence to vaccination programs, increasing the risk of re-emerging vaccine-preventable diseases. We aim to assess the evolution of childhood vaccination coverage in Brazil from 2010 to 2024, identifying trends before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An interrupted time series (ITS) study was conducted using publicly available aggregated data on vaccination coverage for children under one year of age. Prais–Winsten regression models were applied to estimate trend changes and evaluate the impact of the pandemic on immunization levels. Results: The findings indicate a progressive decline in vaccination coverage between 2010 and 2019, which was intensified in 2020 by the pandemic. The BCG vaccine showed the greatest decline (−24.88%, p < 0.001), while pentavalent and hepatitis B vaccines decreased annually by −3.72% and −2.21%, respectively. From 2021 onwards, a gradual recovery in coverage was observed, with significant increases for BCG (+7.48% per year, p < 0.001), hepatitis B (+7.45%, p = 0.014), and MMR (+6.73%, p = 0.017) vaccines. Discussion: The results highlight a concerning decline in childhood immunization, exacerbated by the pandemic but showing recent signs of recovery. This scenario underscores structural challenges within the National Immunization Program, requiring coordinated efforts to reverse vaccination losses and ensure system resilience in the face of future crises. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Infectious Disease Vaccinations: Implications for Health and Safety)
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16 pages, 3094 KB  
Article
The COVID-19 Vaccination Rollout in Tanzania: The Role of Coordination in Its Success
by Fredrick Rwegerera, Mwendwa Mwenesi, Belinda J. Njiro, Florian Tinuga, Pricilla Kinyunyi, Mary Rose Giattas, Alice Christensen, Ntuli Kapologwe, Adam Meshack, Joseline Ishengoma, Sophia A. Kagoye, Mwinyi I. Msellem, Mwanahamisi Hassan Magwangwala, Fatma Mohammed Kabole, Daniel Ali and Chizoba Wonodi
Vaccines 2025, 13(5), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13050484 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 3008
Abstract
Background: The national rollout of a vaccine is a complex and significant undertaking, made more challenging when the health system is experiencing shock, such as in a pandemic. Tanzania had relative success in its COVID-19 vaccination rollout compared to other African countries. [...] Read more.
Background: The national rollout of a vaccine is a complex and significant undertaking, made more challenging when the health system is experiencing shock, such as in a pandemic. Tanzania had relative success in its COVID-19 vaccination rollout compared to other African countries. Objectives: To better understand factors that contributed to this success, we examined the role of coordination (one of the six immunization system building blocks) on the outcomes of the national vaccine rollout. Methods: We obtained qualitative information from the published literature, COVID-19 vaccination program documents for Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar, and reports from two documentation workshops with national, regional, and district stakeholders from the government, partners, academia, and civil society. Triangulating this information, we describe the COVID-19 vaccination coordination structure, the roles and responsibilities of its members, and the changes in their engagement and activities over the 18 months following the introduction of the COVID-19 vaccine. We also obtained quantitative data from the CHANJOCOVID system to analyze time trends in national COVID-19 vaccine coverage rates for the period August 2021 to December 2022. Results: We found that Tanzania had a multi-level, multi-partner integrated coordination mechanism that provided strategic direction, oversight, and guidance for the vaccination rollout. The coordination structure was initially weak but strengthened over time. Based on the level of coordination activities undertaken, we identified three periods marking different strengths of the coordination mechanisms, these corresponded with different trends in vaccination coverage in the mainland. In the first period (July–December 2021), the coordination mechanism was weak, and vaccine coverage was low, with only 3% of the target population vaccinated on the mainland. In the second period (January–May 2022), when stakeholder engagement was expanded and the coordination mechanism improved, there was a concurrent rise in vaccine coverage from 4% to 25%. In the third period (June–December 2022), coordination was further strengthened, and vaccination strategies were intensified; a corresponding increase in vaccine uptake was observed with coverage reaching 100% of the target population. Conclusions: Qualitative insights from the three time periods suggest a positive association between coordination strength and COVID-19 vaccine coverage. Coordination fostered collaboration, enhanced stakeholder engagement, and facilitated data-driven decision making. This enabled Tanzania to overcome complex challenges and achieve significant progress in vaccination coverage. Strong coordination and effective collaboration among stakeholders are essential mechanisms and processes to optimize vaccine delivery resources and ensure the equitable distribution and uptake of vaccines in Tanzania. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Infectious Disease Vaccinations: Implications for Health and Safety)
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Review

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15 pages, 272 KB  
Review
A Review of Insights on Vaccination Against Respiratory Viral Infections in Africa: Challenges, Efforts, Impacts, and Opportunities for the Future
by Paul Gasana, Noel Gahamanyi, Augustin Nzitakera, Frédéric Farnir, Daniel Desmecht and Leon Mutesa
Vaccines 2025, 13(9), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13090888 - 22 Aug 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1982
Abstract
Background: Respiratory viral infections such as influenza, COVID-19, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are considered as major public health threats in Africa. Despite global advancements in vaccine development, persistent inequities in access, delivery infrastructure, and public trust limit the continent’s capacity to [...] Read more.
Background: Respiratory viral infections such as influenza, COVID-19, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are considered as major public health threats in Africa. Despite global advancements in vaccine development, persistent inequities in access, delivery infrastructure, and public trust limit the continent’s capacity to control these diseases effectively. This review aimed at providing insights on challenges, efforts, impacts, and opportunities for the future related to vaccination against respiratory viral infections in Africa. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes the peer-reviewed literature and global health reports to examine vaccination efforts against respiratory viruses in Africa. The analysis focuses on disease burden, vaccine coverage, barriers to uptake, enabling factors, progress in local vaccine production, and strategies for integrating vaccines into national immunization programs (NIPs). Results: Respiratory vaccines have significantly reduced hospitalizations and mortality among high-risk groups in African countries. Nonetheless, key challenges, including limited cold chain capacity, vaccine hesitancy, donor-reliant supply chains, and under-resourced health systems, continue to undermine vaccine delivery. Successful interventions include community mobilization, use of mobile health technologies, and leveraging existing immunization platforms. Emerging initiatives in local vaccine manufacturing, including Rwanda’s modular mRNA facility and Senegal’s Institut Pasteur, signal a shift toward regional self-reliance. Conclusions: Maximizing the impact of respiratory vaccines in Africa requires a multifaceted strategy: integrating vaccines into NIPs, strengthening domestic production, expanding cold chain and digital infrastructure, and addressing sociocultural barriers through community-driven communication. These efforts are essential to achieving vaccine equity, health resilience, and pandemic preparedness across the continent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Infectious Disease Vaccinations: Implications for Health and Safety)
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