Decoding the Host–Microbe Interface in Vaccination: Immune Mechanisms, Microbiota, and Vaccine Responsiveness

Dear Colleagues,

Vaccination remains one of the most effective public health interventions; however, vaccine efficacy and durability vary widely among individuals and populations. Increasing evidence highlights the critical role of the host–microbe interface, including the microbiota, host immune landscape, and microbial-derived signals, in shaping vaccine-induced immune responses. Microbial communities and host–pathogen interactions influence antigen sensing, innate immune activation, adaptive immune priming, and long-term immune memory, ultimately determining vaccine responsiveness and protection.

This Special Issue will bring together cutting-edge research that elucidates the immunological mechanisms governing host–microbe interactions in the context of vaccination. We welcome studies exploring how commensal and pathogenic microbes modulate vaccine efficacy, how innate and adaptive immune pathways integrate microbial cues, and how host factors such as age, inflammation, mucosal immunity, and immune regulation affect vaccine outcomes. Contributions addressing novel vaccine platforms, adjuvants, mucosal vaccines, systems immunology approaches, and translational or clinical insights are particularly encouraged. By highlighting both fundamental and applied research, this Special Issue will advance our understanding of vaccine biology and inform strategies to optimize vaccine design and effectiveness across diverse populations.

Dr. Farha Naz
Dr. Mohd Arish
Guest Editors

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