Enzyme Inhibitors: Potential Therapeutic Approaches, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Pharmaceuticals (ISSN 1424-8247). This special issue belongs to the section "Medicinal Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 August 2026 | Viewed by 1490

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Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: medicinal chemistry; enzymology; biochemistry; COX inhibitors; LOX inhibitors; HIV-1 RT inhibitors; HIV-1 integrase inhibitors; PTP1b inhibitors; HIV-1 protease inhibitors; anti-inflammatory; antidiabetic; antiviral; antibacterial; antifungal; food-derived antigens; anti-Neu5Gc
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Due to its involvement in all biochemical processes, enzymes constitute a major drug target occupying the second position after receptors. Several pathologic disorders have been related to enzyme dysregulation. Although there are cases in which enzyme administration is needed to counteract the lack or reduced activity of an enzyme, the main therapeutic approaches involve the administration of small molecules that moderate enzyme activity, with enzyme inhibition being the most common target. Inhibitors of human enzymes are used in the treatment of many common diseases, such as inflammation, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia and are among the medications for the treatment of diabetes. Moreover, bacterial, fungal and viral enzymes are the targets of most antimicrobial and antiviral drugs. In addition to the continued increasing of the catalogue of enzymes that constitute drug targets, the research for novel inhibitors for known enzyme targets continues, aiming to develop agents with less side effects or novel drugs appropriate for resistant strains. Although competitive inhibitors are by far the most common type of inhibitors among the approved drugs or drugs under research, the development of inhibitors with non-competitive, uncompetitive, or mixed modes of inhibitory action attract scientific interest in special occasions. As inhibitors mimicking substrates and targeting the active site may more often exhibit low specificity, interacting with a variety of isoenzymes or enzymes acting on the same substrates, allosteric inhibitors may be preferred when allosteric sites exist. Moreover, uncompetitive or non-competitive inhibitors could be preferable because of their ability to better act at high substrate concentrations where competitive inhibitors are practically inactive, a situation which may locally occur at a cellular or tissue level.

This Special Issue aims to gather research and review articles on enzymes and enzyme inhibitors with pharmaceutical interest, covering a hot and developing area of medical research.

Prof. Dr. Phaedra Eleftheriou
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • enzymes
  • inhibitors
  • competitive
  • uncompetitive
  • non-competitive
  • drug target
  • pharmaceutical approach
  • disease treatment

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

30 pages, 4316 KB  
Article
Coumarin– and Dipicolylamine–Terpenoid Hybrids as Selective Carbonic Anhydrases IX and XII Inhibitors: Mechanistic Insights and Selective Anti-Cancer Potential
by Venkatesan Saravanan, Andrea Angeli, Francesco Melfi, Nicola Amodio, Ilenia Valentino, Massimo Gentile, Ilaria D’Agostino, Kathiravan Muthukumaradoss, Gokhan Zengin, Davide Moi, Rahime Simsek, Claudiu T. Supuran and Simone Carradori
Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(5), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19050717 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2026
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Abstract
Background: Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs) represent regulators of cell adaptation to hypoxia, pH regulation, and metabolic fitness. Among cancers, multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy sustained by hypoxia-driven metabolic adaptation, extracellular acidification, and redox imbalance. Tight regulation of tumor extracellular pH, [...] Read more.
Background: Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs) represent regulators of cell adaptation to hypoxia, pH regulation, and metabolic fitness. Among cancers, multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy sustained by hypoxia-driven metabolic adaptation, extracellular acidification, and redox imbalance. Tight regulation of tumor extracellular pH, mediated by Carbonic Anhydrases IX and XII, is crucial for myeloma survival, progression, and stemness, making these isoforms attractive therapeutic targets. Methods: We designed and synthesized a library of terpenoid-based hybrids by derivatizing chlorothymol and 4-isopropyl-3-methylphenol with either the natural coumarin umbelliferon or the 2,2′-dipicolylamine (DPA) scaffold. This chemical strategy aimed to selectively inhibit tumor-associated CAs IX/XII through coumarin- or DPA-mediated recognition, while terpenoid fragments were introduced to enhance lipophilicity, membrane permeability, and potential redox-modulating properties. The compounds were tested by a Stopped-Flow assay for CA inhibition, in cell-based assays for antiproliferative properties and by means of several antioxidant assays. Results: The most active compounds, connecting the coumarin core to a terpenoid tail, inhibited the targeted CAs in the nanomolar range, showing up higher selectivity over off-target isoforms (I and II). In studies performed on MM cell lines, selected derivatives reduced viability (IC50 = 15.8–85.4 µM) and displayed favorable selectivity over normal cells. In silico investigations suggested that the compounds were able to interact selectively with the target enzymes. Conclusions: Collectively, these results support a dual-targeting strategy in which selective inhibition of tumor-associated CAs, combined with redox modulation, interferes with adaptive mechanisms of MM cells, providing a rational framework for the development of multifunctional agents against metabolically resilient hematological malignancies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzyme Inhibitors: Potential Therapeutic Approaches, 2nd Edition)
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