Nutrients

Editorial

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4 pages, 219 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases

by Luis Goya and Sonia de Pascual-Teresa

Nutrients 2023, 15(19), 4134; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15194134 - 25 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2328

Abstract

Ever since the French paradox raised the research interest pertaining to the high potential of certain phytochemicals—until then regarded as anti-nutrients—as positive bioactive compounds for health, research on the biological and molecular effects of polyphenols has subsequently been continuously increasing [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

Research

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19 pages, 6159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lonicera Caerulea Juice Alleviates Alcoholic Liver Disease by Regulating Intestinal Flora and the FXR-FGF15 Signaling Pathway

by Baixi Zhang, Lijuan Niu and Xinwen Huang

Nutrients 2023, 15(18), 4025; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15184025 - 17 Sep 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2048

Abstract

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a growing public health issue with high financial, social, and medical costs. Lonicera caerulea, which is rich in polyphenolic compounds, has been shown to exert anti-oxidative and anti–inflammatory effects. This study aimed to explore the effects and [...] Read more.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a growing public health issue with high financial, social, and medical costs. Lonicera caerulea, which is rich in polyphenolic compounds, has been shown to exert anti-oxidative and anti–inflammatory effects. This study aimed to explore the effects and mechanisms of concentrated Lonicera caerulea juice (LCJ) on ALD in mice. ALD was established in mice via gradient alcohol feeding for 30 days. The mice in the experimental group were given LCJ by gavage. The reduction of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) in the serum of mice indicated that LCJ has a liver-protective effect. LCJ improved the expression of AMPK, PPARα, and CPT1b in ALD mice to reduce the liver lipid content. Additionally, LCJ increased the expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15), and fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), which lowers the expression of cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) and lessens bile acid deposition in the liver. In mice, LCJ improved the intestinal barrier by upregulating the expression of mucins and tight junction proteins in the small intestine. Moreover, it accelerated the restoration of microbial homeostasis in both the large and small intestines and increased short–chain fatty acids in the cecum. In conclusion, LCJ alleviates ALD by reducing liver and serum lipid accumulation and modulating the FXR–FGF15 signaling pathway mediated by gut microbes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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13 pages, 826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of APOE Genotype, DHA, and Flavanol Intervention on Brain DHA and Lipidomics Profile in Aged Transgenic Mice

by Anneloes Martinsen, Rasha N. M. Saleh, Raphael Chouinard-Watkins, Richard Bazinet, Glenn Harden, James Dick, Noemi Tejera, Matthew G. Pontifex, David Vauzour and Anne-Marie Minihane

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2032; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092032 - 23 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3583

Abstract

The apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype is predictive of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The brain is highly enriched with the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n3-PUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA’s metabolism is defective in APOE4 carriers. Flavanol intake can play a role in modulating [...] Read more.

The apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype is predictive of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The brain is highly enriched with the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n3-PUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA’s metabolism is defective in APOE4 carriers. Flavanol intake can play a role in modulating DHA levels. However, the impact of flavanol co-supplementation with fish oil on brain DHA uptake, status and partitioning, and according to APOE genotype is currently unknown. Here, using a humanised APOE3 and APOE4 targeted replacement transgenic mouse model, the interactive influence of cocoa flavanols (FLAV) and APOE genotype on the blood and subcortical brain PUFA status following the supplementation of a high fat (HF) enriched with DHA from fish oil (FO) was investigated. DHA levels increased in the blood (p < 0.001) and brain (p = 0.001) following supplementation. Compared to APOE3, a higher red blood cell (RBC) DHA (p < 0.001) was evident in APOE4 mice following FO and FLAV supplementation. Although FO did not increase the percentage of brain DHA in APOE4, a 17.1% (p < 0.05) and 20.0% (p < 0.001) higher DHA level in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) fraction in the HF FO and HF FO FLAV groups, and a 14.5% (p < 0.05) higher DHA level in the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) fraction in the HF FO FLAV group was evident in these animals relative to the HF controls. The addition of FLAV (+/− FO) did not significantly increase the percentage of brain DHA in the group as a whole. However, a higher brain: RBC DHA ratio was evident in APOE3 only (p < 0.05) for HF FLAV versus HF. In conclusion, our data shows only modest effects of FLAV on the brain DHA status, which is limited to APOE3. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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22 pages, 4270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Fermented Artemisia annua L. and Salicornia herbacea L. on Inhibition of Obesity In Vitro and In Mice

by Jeong-Yeon On, Su-Hyun Kim, Jeong-Mee Kim, Sungkwon Park, Ki-Hyun Kim, Choong-Hwan Lee and Soo-Ki Kim

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2022; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092022 - 22 Apr 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3046

Abstract

Plant extracts including secondary metabolites have anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity activities. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-obesity properties of fermented Artemisia annua (AW) and Salicornia herbacea (GW) in vitro and in mice. The metabolite profiling of AW and GW extracts was performed [...] Read more.

Plant extracts including secondary metabolites have anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity activities. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-obesity properties of fermented Artemisia annua (AW) and Salicornia herbacea (GW) in vitro and in mice. The metabolite profiling of AW and GW extracts was performed using UHPLC−LTQ−Orbitrap–MS/MS, and gene expression was analyzed using real-time PCR for adipocyte difference factors. The anti-obesity effects in mice were measured using serum AST, ALT, glucose, TG, and cholesterol levels. Metabolites of the plant extracts after fermentation showed distinct differences with increasing anti-obesity active substances. The efficacy of inhibitory differentiation adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes was better for GW than AW in a concentration-dependent manner. RT-PCR showed that the GW extract significantly reduced the expression of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation (C/EBPα, PPARγ, and Fas). In C57BL/6 mice fed the HFD, the group supplemented with AW and GW showed reduced liver weight, NAS value, and fatty liver by suppressing liver fat accumulation. The GW group significantly reduced ALT, blood glucose, TG, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. This study displayed significant metabolite changes through biotransformation in vitro and the increasing anti-obesity effects of GW and AW in mice. GW may be applicable as functional additives for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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15 pages, 2785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soy Extract, Rich in Hydroxylated Isoflavones, Exhibits Antidiabetic Properties In Vitro and in Drosophila melanogaster In Vivo

by Kai Lüersen, Alexandra Fischer, Ilka Bauer, Patricia Huebbe, Yukiko Uekaji, Keita Chikamoto, Daisuke Nakata, Naoto Hiramatsu, Keiji Terao and Gerald Rimbach

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1392; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061392 - 14 Mar 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2732

Abstract

In the context of the growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), control of postprandial hyperglycemia is crucial for its prevention. Blood glucose levels are determined by various factors including carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes, the incretin system and glucose transporters. Furthermore, inflammatory markers are [...] Read more.

In the context of the growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), control of postprandial hyperglycemia is crucial for its prevention. Blood glucose levels are determined by various factors including carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes, the incretin system and glucose transporters. Furthermore, inflammatory markers are recognized predictors of diabetes outcome. Although there is some evidence that isoflavones may exhibit anti-diabetic properties, little is known about to what extent their corresponding hydroxylated metabolites may affect glucose metabolism. We evaluated the ability of a soy extract before (pre-) and after (post-) fermentation to counteract hyperglycemia in vitro and in Drosophila melanogaster in vivo. Fermentation with Aspergillus sp. JCM22299 led to an enrichment of hydroxy-isoflavones (HI), including 8-hydroxygenistein, 8-hydroxyglycitein and 8-hydroxydaidzein, accompanied by an enhanced free radical scavenging activity. This HI-rich extract demonstrated inhibitory activity towards α-glucosidase and a reduction of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme activity. Both the pre- and post-fermented extracts significantly inhibited the glucose transport via sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1. Furthermore, the soy extracts reduced c-reactive protein mRNA and secreted protein levels in interleukin-stimulated Hep B3 cells. Finally, supplementation of a high-starch D. melanogaster diet with post-fermented HI-rich extract decreased the triacylglyceride content of female fruit flies, confirming its anti-diabetic properties in an in vivo model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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13 pages, 1437 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Dietary Sources of Anthocyanins and Their Association with Metabolome Biomarkers and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in an Observational Study

by Hamza Mostafa, Tomás Meroño, Antonio Miñarro, Alex Sánchez-Pla, Fabián Lanuza, Raul Zamora-Ros, Agnetha Linn Rostgaard-Hansen, Núria Estanyol-Torres, Marta Cubedo-Culleré, Anne Tjønneland, Rikard Landberg, Jytte Halkjær and Cristina Andres-Lacueva

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051208 - 28 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3475

Abstract

Anthocyanins (ACNs) are (poly)phenols associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk. Associations between dietary intake, microbial metabolism, and cardiometabolic health benefits of ACNs have not been fully characterized. Our aims were to study the association between ACN intake, considering its dietary sources, and plasma metabolites, [...] Read more.

Anthocyanins (ACNs) are (poly)phenols associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk. Associations between dietary intake, microbial metabolism, and cardiometabolic health benefits of ACNs have not been fully characterized. Our aims were to study the association between ACN intake, considering its dietary sources, and plasma metabolites, and to relate them with cardiometabolic risk factors in an observational study. A total of 1351 samples from 624 participants (55% female, mean age: 45 ± 12 years old) enrolled in the DCH-NG MAX study were studied using a targeted metabolomic analysis. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were used to collect dietary data at baseline, six, and twelve months. ACN content of foods was calculated using Phenol Explorer and foods were categorized into food groups. The median intake of total ACNs was 1.6mg/day. Using mixed graphical models, ACNs from different foods showed specific associations with plasma metabolome biomarkers. Combining these results with censored regression analysis, metabolites associated with ACNs intake were: salsolinol sulfate, 4-methylcatechol sulfate, linoleoyl carnitine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and one valerolactone. Salsolinol sulfate and 4-methylcatechol sulfate, both related to the intake of ACNs mainly from berries, were inversely associated with visceral adipose tissue. In conclusion, plasma metabolome biomarkers of dietary ACNs depended on the dietary source and some of them, such as salsolinol sulfate and 4-methylcatechol sulfate may link berry intake with cardiometabolic health benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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16 pages, 1619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grape-Seed Proanthocyanidins Modulate Adipose Tissue Adaptations to Obesity in a Photoperiod-Dependent Manner in Fischer 344 Rats

by Èlia Navarro-Masip, Marina Colom-Pellicer, Francesca Manocchio, Anna Arola-Arnal, Francisca Isabel Bravo, Begoña Muguerza and Gerard Aragonès

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 1037; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041037 - 19 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3034

Abstract

Seasonal rhythms drive metabolic adaptations that influence body weight and adiposity. Adipose tissue is a key regulator of energy homeostasis in the organism, and its healthiness is needed to prevent the major consequences of overweight and obesity. In this context, supplementation with proanthocyanidins [...] Read more.

Seasonal rhythms drive metabolic adaptations that influence body weight and adiposity. Adipose tissue is a key regulator of energy homeostasis in the organism, and its healthiness is needed to prevent the major consequences of overweight and obesity. In this context, supplementation with proanthocyanidins has been postulated as a potential strategy to prevent the alterations caused by obesity. Moreover, the effects of these (poly)phenols on metabolism are photoperiod dependent. In order to describe the impact of grape-seed proanthocyanidins extract (GSPE) on important markers of adipose tissue functionality under an obesogenic environment, we exposed Fischer 344 rats to three different photoperiods and fed them a cafeteria diet for five weeks. Afterwards, we supplemented them with 25 mg GSPE/kg/day for four weeks. Our results revealed that GSPE supplementation prevented excessive body weight gain under a long photoperiod, which could be explained by increased lipolysis in the adipose tissue. Moreover, cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) serum concentrations were restored by GSPE under standard photoperiod. GSPE consumption slightly helped combat the obesity-induced hypertrophy in adipocytes, and adiponectin mRNA levels were upregulated under all photoperiods. Overall, the administration of GSPE helped reduce the impact of obesity in the adipose tissue, depending on the photoperiod at which GSPE was consumed and on the type of adipose depots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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12 pages, 943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Dose–Response Effectiveness of Combined Catechins and Chlorogenic Acids on Postprandial Glycemic Responses in Healthy Men: Results from Two Randomized Studies

by Aya Yanagimoto, Yuji Matsui, Tohru Yamaguchi, Shinichiro Saito, Ryuzo Hanada and Masanobu Hibi

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030777 - 2 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3001

Abstract

Epidemiologic studies show that the risk of diabetes can be reduced by ingesting green tea or coffee. Previous studies have shown that simultaneously taking green tea catechins (GTC) and coffee chlorogenic acid (CCA) alters postprandial gastrointestinal hormones secretion and improves insulin sensitivity. However, [...] Read more.

Epidemiologic studies show that the risk of diabetes can be reduced by ingesting green tea or coffee. Previous studies have shown that simultaneously taking green tea catechins (GTC) and coffee chlorogenic acid (CCA) alters postprandial gastrointestinal hormones secretion and improves insulin sensitivity. However, there is no evidence on the acute effects of GTC and CCA on incretin and blood glucose, and on the respective dose of polyphenols. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, we examined the effective dose of GTC and CCA on postprandial glucose, insulin, and incretin responses to a high-fat and high-carbohydrate cookie meal containing 75 g of glucose in healthy men. Study 1 (n = 18) evaluated two doses of GTC (270 or 540 mg) containing a fixed dose of CCA (270 mg) with 113 mg of caffeine and a placebo (0 mg GTC and 0 mg CCA) with 112 mg of caffeine. Study 2 (n = 18) evaluated two doses of CCA (150 or 300 mg) containing a fixed dose of GTC (540 mg) and a placebo with 99 mg of caffeine. The single combined ingestion of GTC and CCA significantly altered the incretin response and suppressed glucose and insulin levels. These findings suggest that the effective minimum dose is 540 mg of GTC and 150 mg of CCA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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20 pages, 6192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant Capacity and Anti-Oxidative Stress Potential of South American Fabaceae Desmodium tortuosum

by José-Luis Rodríguez, Paola Berrios, Zoyla-Mirella Clavo, Manuel Marin-Bravo, Luis Inostroza-Ruiz, Mariella Ramos-Gonzalez, Miguel Quispe-Solano, Maria S. Fernández-Alfonso, Olga Palomino and Luis Goya

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030746 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3161

Abstract

It has been proposed that oxidative stress is a pathogenic mechanism to induce cytotoxicity and to cause cardiovascular and neuronal diseases. At present, natural compounds such as plant extracts have been used to reduce the cytotoxic effects produced by agents that induce oxidative [...] Read more.

It has been proposed that oxidative stress is a pathogenic mechanism to induce cytotoxicity and to cause cardiovascular and neuronal diseases. At present, natural compounds such as plant extracts have been used to reduce the cytotoxic effects produced by agents that induce oxidative stress. Our study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and cytoprotective capacity of Desmodium tortuosum (D. tortuosum) extract in the co- and pre-treatment in EA.hy926 and SH-SY5Y cell lines subjected to oxidative stress induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH). Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), caspase 3/7 activity, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and molecular expression of oxidative stress biomarkers (SOD2, NRF2 and NFκB1) and cell death (APAF1, BAX, Caspase3) were all evaluated. It was observed that the D. tortuosum extract, in a dose-dependent manner, was able to reduce the oxidative and cytotoxicity effects induced by t-BOOH, even normalized to a dose of 200 µg/mL, which would be due to the high content of phenolic compounds mainly phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids and other antioxidant compounds. Finally, these results are indicators that the extract of D. tortuosum could be a natural alternative against the cytotoxic exposure to stressful and cytotoxic chemical agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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16 pages, 1522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rat Mucosal Immunity following an Intensive Chronic Training and an Exhausting Exercise: Effect of Hesperidin Supplementation

by Patricia Ruiz-Iglesias, Sheila Estruel-Amades, Malén Massot-Cladera, Àngels Franch, Francisco J. Pérez-Cano and Margarida Castell

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010133 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2500

Abstract

Stressful situations such as a high-intensity exercise or exhausting training programs can act as immune disruptors leading to transitory immunodepression status, which can be accompanied by alterations of the gastrointestinal functions. Hesperidin intake has demonstrated ergogenic activity and is able to influence the [...] Read more.

Stressful situations such as a high-intensity exercise or exhausting training programs can act as immune disruptors leading to transitory immunodepression status, which can be accompanied by alterations of the gastrointestinal functions. Hesperidin intake has demonstrated ergogenic activity and is able to influence the intestinal ecosystem and immunity. We aimed to investigate the effect of hesperidin consumption in rats submitted to an intense training and a final exhaustion test, focusing on the functionality of the intestinal immune system and on the cecal microbiota. Rats, supplemented or not with hesperidin, were intensively trained on a treadmill for 5 weeks. Samples were obtained 24 h after a regular training session, and immediately and 24 h after a final exhaustion test. Cecal microbiota and composition and function of mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes and mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) were determined. Results showed that chronic intense exercise followed by an exhausting test induced changes in the intestinal immune compartment such as the distribution and function of MLN lymphocytes. Although the hesperidin supplementation did not prevent these alterations, it was able to enhance IgA synthesis in the intestinal compartment. This could be important in enhancing the immune intestinal barrier in this stressful situation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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13 pages, 1200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Ingesting Both Catechins and Chlorogenic Acids on Glucose, Incretin, and Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial

by Aya Yanagimoto, Yuji Matsui, Tohru Yamaguchi, Masanobu Hibi, Shigeru Kobayashi and Noriko Osaki

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5063; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235063 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5646

Abstract

Epidemiologic studies have revealed that consuming green tea or coffee reduces diabetes risk. We evaluated the effects of the combined consumption of green tea catechins and coffee chlorogenic acids (GTC+CCA) on postprandial glucose, the insulin incretin response, and insulin sensitivity. Eleven healthy men [...] Read more.

Epidemiologic studies have revealed that consuming green tea or coffee reduces diabetes risk. We evaluated the effects of the combined consumption of green tea catechins and coffee chlorogenic acids (GTC+CCA) on postprandial glucose, the insulin incretin response, and insulin sensitivity. Eleven healthy men were recruited for this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial. The participants consumed a GTC+CCA-enriched beverage (620 mg GTC, 373 mg CCA, and 119 mg caffeine/day) for three weeks; the placebo beverages (PLA) contained no GTC or CCA (PLA: 0 mg GTC, 0 mg CCA, and 119 mg caffeine/day). Postprandial glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) responses were measured at baseline and after treatments. GTC+CCA consumption for three weeks showed a significant treatment-by-time interaction on glucose changes after the ingestion of high-fat and high-carbohydrate meals, however, it did not affect fasting glucose levels. Insulin sensitivity was enhanced by GCT+CCA compared with PLA. GTC+CCA consumption resulted in a significant increase in postprandial GLP-1 and a decrease in GIP compared to PLA. Consuming a combination of GTC and CCA for three weeks significantly improved postprandial glycemic control, GLP-1 response, and postprandial insulin sensitivity in healthy individuals and may be effective in preventing diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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19 pages, 2833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulatory Effect of Chlorogenic Acid and Coffee Extracts on Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Colorectal Cancer Cells

by Hernán Villota, Gloria A. Santa-González, Diego Uribe, Isabel Cristina Henao, Johanna C. Arroyave-Ospina, Carlos J. Barrera-Causil and Johanna Pedroza-Díaz

Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4880; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224880 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3387

Abstract

The Wnt/β-Catenin pathway alterations present in colorectal cancer (CRC) are of special interest in the development of new therapeutic strategies to impact carcinogenesis and the progression of CRC. In this context, different polyphenols present in natural products have been reported to have modulatory [...] Read more.

The Wnt/β-Catenin pathway alterations present in colorectal cancer (CRC) are of special interest in the development of new therapeutic strategies to impact carcinogenesis and the progression of CRC. In this context, different polyphenols present in natural products have been reported to have modulatory effects against the Wnt pathway in CRC. In this study, we evaluate the effect of two polyphenol-rich coffee extracts and chlorogenic acid (CGA) against SW480 and HT-29 CRC cells. This involved the use of MTT and SRB techniques for cell viability; wound healing and invasion assay for the evaluation of the migration and invasion process; T cell factor (TCF) reporter plasmid for the evaluation of transciption factor (TCF) transcriptional activity; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of target genes and confocal fluorescence microscopy for β-Catenin and E-Cadherin protein fluorescence levels; and subcellular localization. Our results showed a potential modulatory effect of the Wnt pathway on CRC cells, and we observed a reduction in the transcriptional activity of β-catenin. All the results were prominent in SW480 cells, where the Wnt pathway deregulation has more relevance and implies a constitutive activation of the signaling pathway. These results establish a starting point for the discovery of a mechanism of action associated with these effects and corroborate the anticancer potential of polyphenols present in coffee, which could be explored as chemopreventive molecules or as adjunctive therapy in CRC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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14 pages, 2418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urinary Metabolomics Study on the Protective Role of Cocoa in Zucker Diabetic Rats via ¹H-NMR-Based Approach

by Elisa Fernández-Millán, Sonia Ramos, David Álvarez-Cilleros, Sara Samino, Nuria Amigó, Xavier Correig, Mónica Chagoyen, Carmen Álvarez and María Ángeles Martín

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4127; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194127 - 4 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2892

Abstract

Cocoa constitutes one of the richest sources of dietary flavonoids with demonstrated anti-diabetic potential. However, the metabolic impact of cocoa intake in a diabetic context remains unexplored. In this study, metabolomics tools have been used to investigate the potential metabolic changes induced by [...] Read more.

Cocoa constitutes one of the richest sources of dietary flavonoids with demonstrated anti-diabetic potential. However, the metabolic impact of cocoa intake in a diabetic context remains unexplored. In this study, metabolomics tools have been used to investigate the potential metabolic changes induced by cocoa in type 2 diabetes (T2D). To this end, male Zucker diabetic fatty rats were fed on standard (ZDF) or 10% cocoa-rich diet (ZDF-C) from week 10 to 20 of life. Cocoa supplementation clearly decreased serum glucose levels, improved glucose metabolism and produced significant changes in the urine metabolome of ZDF animals. Fourteen differential urinary metabolites were identified, with eight of them significantly modified by cocoa. An analysis of pathways revealed that butanoate metabolism and the synthesis and degradation of branched-chain amino acids and ketone bodies are involved in the beneficial impact of cocoa on diabetes. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated major associations between some of these urine metabolites (mainly valine, leucine, and isoleucine) and body weight, glycemia, insulin sensitivity, and glycated hemoglobin levels. Overall, this untargeted metabolomics approach provides a clear metabolic fingerprint associated to chronic cocoa intake that can be used as a marker for the improvement of glucose homeostasis in a diabetic context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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28 pages, 997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Olive Pomace Oil on Cardiovascular Health and Associated Pathologies

by Susana González-Rámila, Beatriz Sarriá, Miguel Ángel Seguido, Joaquín García-Cordero, Laura Bravo-Clemente and Raquel Mateos

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3927; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193927 - 22 Sep 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4420

Abstract

Background: olive pomace oil (OPO) is a nutritionally relevant fat due to its high oleic acid content (C18:1) and the presence of a wide range of minor bioactive components. Although numerous in vitro and preclinical studies have been developed to study some of [...] Read more.

Background: olive pomace oil (OPO) is a nutritionally relevant fat due to its high oleic acid content (C18:1) and the presence of a wide range of minor bioactive components. Although numerous in vitro and preclinical studies have been developed to study some of its characteristic components, the health effect of prolonged OPO consumption is unknown. Methods: a randomised, blinded, cross-over, controlled clinical trial was carried out in 31 normocholesterolemic and 37 hypercholesterolemic subjects. Participants consumed 45 g/day of OPO or sunflower oil (SO) for 4 weeks, each preceded by a 3-week run-in/wash-out phase with corn oil (CO). Results: regular consumption of OPO and SO had no statistically significant effect on any of the markers related to lipid profile, blood pressure, and endothelial function in both groups, except for eNOS levels, which were close to statistical significance due to the effect of oil (OPO and SO) (p = 0.083). A decrease in visceral fat (p = 0.028) in both groups was observed after OPO intake, accompanied by an increment of leptin (p = 0.017) in the hypercholesterolemic group. Conclusion: reducing visceral fat after prolonged OPO intake might contribute to improve cardiometabolic status, with a potentially positive effect on the vascular tone. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm the present results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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18 pages, 2483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustained Consumption of a Decaffeinated Green Coffee Nutraceutical Has Limited Effects on Phenolic Metabolism and Bioavailability in Overweight/Obese Subjects

by Miguel Ángel Seguido, Rosa Maria Tarradas, Susana González-Rámila, Joaquín García-Cordero, Beatriz Sarriá, Laura Bravo-Clemente and Raquel Mateos

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2445; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122445 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2417

Abstract

Knowledge on the bioavailability of coffee (poly)phenols mostly come from single dose postprandial studies. This study aimed at investigating the effects of regularly consuming a green coffee phenolic extract (GCPE) on the bioavailability and metabolism of (poly)phenols. Volunteers with overweight/obesity consumed a decaffeinated [...] Read more.

Knowledge on the bioavailability of coffee (poly)phenols mostly come from single dose postprandial studies. This study aimed at investigating the effects of regularly consuming a green coffee phenolic extract (GCPE) on the bioavailability and metabolism of (poly)phenols. Volunteers with overweight/obesity consumed a decaffeinated GCPE nutraceutical containing 300 mg hydroxycinnamates twice daily for two months. Plasma and urinary pharmacokinetics, and fecal excretion of phenolic metabolites were characterized by LC-MS-QToF at weeks 0 and 8. Fifty-four metabolites were identified in biological fluids. Regular consumption of the nutraceutical produced certain changes: reduced forms of caffeic, ferulic and coumaric acids in urine or 3-(3′-hydroxypenyl)propanoic, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acids in feces significantly increased (p < 0.05) after 8 weeks; in contrast, coumaroylquinic and dihydrocoumaroylquinic acids in urine decreased (p < 0.05) compared to baseline excretion. The sum of intestinal and colonic metabolites increased after sustained consumption of GCPE, without reaching statistical significance, suggesting a small overall effect on (poly)phenols’ bioavailability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

60 pages, 1888 KiB

Open AccessReview

Anti-Diabetic Potential of Polyphenol-Rich Fruits from the Maleae Tribe—A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Animal and Human Trials

by Magdalena Rutkowska and Monika A. Olszewska

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3756; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173756 - 28 Aug 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3047

Abstract

The Maleae tribe consists of over one thousand species, including many well-known polyphenol-containing fruit crops with wide-ranging biological properties, e.g., apples (Malus), chokeberries (Aronia), pears (Pyrus), quinces (Cydonia, Chaenomeles), saskatoon (Amelanchier), loquats [...] Read more.

The Maleae tribe consists of over one thousand species, including many well-known polyphenol-containing fruit crops with wide-ranging biological properties, e.g., apples (Malus), chokeberries (Aronia), pears (Pyrus), quinces (Cydonia, Chaenomeles), saskatoon (Amelanchier), loquats (Eriobotrya), medlars (Mespilus), rowans (Sorbus), and hawthorns (Crataegus). Considering the current interest in the concept of functional foods and the still-insufficient methods of diabetes management, the anti-diabetic potential of fruits has been studied intensively, including those of the Maleae tribe. This paper is the first comprehensive overview of this selected topic, covering articles published from 2000 to 2023 (131 articles in total). The first part of this review focuses on the potential mechanisms of action of fruits investigated so far (46 species), including their effects on tissue-specific glucose transport and the expression or activity of proteins in the insulin signalling pathway. The second part covers the phytocompounds responsible for particular fruits’ activity—primarily polyphenols (e.g., flavonols, dihydrochalcones, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, phenolic acids), but also polysaccharides, triterpenes, and their additive and synergistic effects. In summary, fruits from the Maleae tribe seem promising as functional foods and anti-diabetic agents; however, their prospects for more expansive pro-health application require further research, especially more profound in vivo trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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14 pages, 1638 KiB

Open AccessReview

Overview on the Polyphenol Avenanthramide in Oats (Avena sativa Linn.) as Regulators of PI3K Signaling in the Management of Neurodegenerative Diseases

by Nitu L. Wankhede, Mayur B. Kale, Ashwini K. Bawankule, Manish M. Aglawe, Brijesh G. Taksande, Rashmi V. Trivedi, Milind J. Umekar, Ankush Jamadagni, Prathamesh Walse, Sushruta Koppula and Spandana Rajendra Kopalli

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3751; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173751 - 27 Aug 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3705

Abstract

Avenanthramides (Avns) and their derivatives, a group of polyphenolic compounds found abundantly in oats (Avena sativa Linn.), have emerged as promising candidates for neuroprotection due to their immense antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), characterized by the progressive degeneration of [...] Read more.

Avenanthramides (Avns) and their derivatives, a group of polyphenolic compounds found abundantly in oats (Avena sativa Linn.), have emerged as promising candidates for neuroprotection due to their immense antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), characterized by the progressive degeneration of neurons, present a significant global health burden with limited therapeutic options. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in cell survival, growth, and metabolism, making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. The dysregulation of PI3K signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various NDDs including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Avns have been shown to modulate PI3K/AKT signaling, leading to increased neuronal survival, reduced oxidative stress, and improved cognitive function. This review explores the potential of Avn polyphenols as modulators of the PI3K signaling pathway, focusing on their beneficial effects against NDDs. Further, we outline the need for clinical exploration to elucidate the specific mechanisms of Avn action on the PI3K/AKT pathway and its potential interactions with other signaling cascades involved in neurodegeneration. Based on the available literature, using relevant keywords from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science, our review emphasizes the potential of using Avns as a therapeutic strategy for NDDs and warrants further investigation and clinical exploration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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21 pages, 797 KiB

Open AccessReview

Why Should Pistachio Be a Regular Food in Our Diet?

by Raquel Mateos, María Desamparados Salvador, Giuseppe Fregapane and Luis Goya

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3207; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153207 - 5 Aug 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 10314

Abstract

The pistachio is regarded as a relevant source of biologically active components that, compared to other nuts, possess a healthier nutritional profile with low-fat content composed mainly of monounsaturated fatty acids, a high source of vegetable protein and dietary fibre, remarkable content of [...] Read more.

The pistachio is regarded as a relevant source of biologically active components that, compared to other nuts, possess a healthier nutritional profile with low-fat content composed mainly of monounsaturated fatty acids, a high source of vegetable protein and dietary fibre, remarkable content of minerals, especially potassium, and an excellent source of vitamins, such as vitamins C and E. A rich composition in terms of phytochemicals, such as tocopherols, carotenoids, and, importantly, phenolic compounds, makes pistachio a powerful food to explore its involvement in the prevention of prevalent pathologies. Although pistachio has been less explored than other nuts (walnut, almonds, hazelnut, etc.), many studies provide evidence of its beneficial effects on CVD risk factors beyond the lipid-lowering effect. The present review gathers recent data regarding the most beneficial effects of pistachio on lipid and glucose homeostasis, endothelial function, oxidative stress, and inflammation that essentially convey a protective/preventive effect on the onset of pathological conditions, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, CVD, and cancer. Likewise, the influence of pistachio consumption on gut microbiota is reviewed with promising results. However, population nut consumption does not meet current intake recommendations due to the extended belief that they are fattening products, their high cost, or teething problems, among the most critical barriers, which would be solved with more research and information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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