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Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health
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Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Micronutrients and Human Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2021) | Viewed by 69031

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Katarzyna Socha

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with The Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
Interests: impact of diet on the content of minerals in the body in the case of various diseases; health quality of food and food supplements in terms of the concentration of macroelements; microelements and toxic elements; antioxidants and human health
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Zinc (Zn) is one of the most important trace elements in the human body, needed for DNA synthesis, RNA transcription, and cell division and activation. As a component of Cu/Zn–superoxide dismutase, Zn has an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and plays a role in the regulation of the pathogenesis of the inflammation-related diseases. The biological role of copper (Cu) is related to its participation in the structures and functions of many enzymes. The function of Cu in the inflammation process has not been clearly defined. However, of greatest importance is the control of synthesis of oxygen free radicals, resulting from the presence of this element in Cu/Zn–superoxide dismutase. However, excess Cu, with a simultaneous lack of Zn, may predispose to oxidative stress and initiation of the inflammatory process. 

In this Special Issue, we welcome original research and literature reviews in relation to the role of zinc and copper in the human body, in case of various diseases, taking into account nutritional factors.

Dr. Katarzyna Socha
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Zinc
  • Copper
  • Antioxidants
  • Diet
  • Nutrition
  • Diseases

Published Papers (20 papers)

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16 pages, 364 KiB  
Article
The Association between Zinc and Copper Circulating Levels and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults: A Study of Qatar Biobank Data
by Abdelhamid Kerkadi, Dana Samir Alkudsi, Sara Hamad, Hanan Mohamed Alkeldi, Reem Salih and Abdelali Agouni
Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2729; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082729 - 09 Aug 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4007
Abstract
Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors increase the likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In Qatar, 24% of the total deaths are attributed to CVDs. Several nutritional disturbances have been linked to high risk of CVD. Many studies have discussed the effects of zinc (Zn) [...] Read more.
Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors increase the likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In Qatar, 24% of the total deaths are attributed to CVDs. Several nutritional disturbances have been linked to high risk of CVD. Many studies have discussed the effects of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) on CMR factors; however, evidence has been controversial. This investigated the association between CMR factors and the status of Zn and Cu, in addition to Zn/Cu ratio. A total of 575 Qatari men and women aged 18 years and older were obtained from Qatar Biobank. Plasma levels of Zn and Cu were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Anthropometric data and CMR factors were determined using standard methods. Adjusted associations between trace minerals and CMR were estimated by logistic regression. Partial correlation was performed to test the strength of the associations. Zn was not strongly correlated (p-value ˃ 0.01) or significantly associated with CMR factors and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Cu levels correlated positively with body mass index (BMI) (0.23; p ˂ 0.001), pulse rate (PR) (0.18; p ˂ 0.001), total cholesterol (0.13; p = 0.01), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (0.27; p ˂ 0.001); and negatively with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (−0.13; p = 0.01). High plasma Cu significantly decreased the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) (0.121; p ˂ 0.001). Furthermore, Zn/Cu ratio positively correlated with waist circumference (0.13; p = 0.01), systolic blood pressure (0.13; p ˂ 0.01), and DBP (0.14; p ˂ 0.01); and negatively with BMI (−0.19; p ˂ 0.001), PR (−0.17; p ˂ 0.001), and HDL (−0.27; p ˂ 0.001). High Zn/Cu ratio increased the prevalence of low HDL (4.508; p ˂ 0.001) and MetS (5.570; p ˂ 0.01). These findings suggest that high plasma Cu levels are associated with a protective effect on DBP, HDL and MetS and that high plasma Zn/Cu ratio is associated with the risk of having low HDL and MetS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
14 pages, 1173 KiB  
Article
Copper and Zinc Content in Infant Milk Formulae Available on the Polish Market and Contribution to Dietary Intake
by Małgorzata Dobrzyńska, Sławomira Drzymała-Czyż, Karol Jakubowski, Szymon Kurek, Jarosław Walkowiak and Juliusz Przysławski
Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2542; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082542 - 25 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2412
Abstract
The inappropriate concentration of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in formulae for infants can lead to abnormal micronutrient intake and adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to determine the concentration of Cu and Zn in different formulae and evaluate the Cu/Zn ratio. Besides, [...] Read more.
The inappropriate concentration of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in formulae for infants can lead to abnormal micronutrient intake and adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to determine the concentration of Cu and Zn in different formulae and evaluate the Cu/Zn ratio. Besides, the daily intake (DI) of both micronutrients was estimated. Cu and Zn concentration in 103 formulae for infants, available in the Polish market, were assessed using atomic absorption spectrometry. The estimated DI was calculated from the average energy requirements for the 0–6 months aged infants. The microelement content of formulae was mostly in good agreement with that declared by the manufacturer (5–10% variations compared to the labeled values). The Cu/Zn ratio ranged from 1:8 to 1:25. The estimated DI of Cu was in the range of 0.14–1.11 mg/day. Six (6.7%) of the formulae did not meet the recommended range of Cu intake, especially during the first month of life and in the case of formulae for special medical purposes. The estimated DI of Zn varied from 2.27–11.25 mg/day. In most cases, the concentration of Cu and Zn in infant formulae was within the recommended range. It would be advisable to consider monitoring the DI of Cu and reconsider the Cu content in formulae for infants in proportion to its expected consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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16 pages, 2113 KiB  
Article
Selenium, Copper, Zinc Concentrations and Cu/Zn, Cu/Se Molar Ratios in the Serum of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke in Northeastern Poland—A New Insight into Stroke Pathophysiology
by Anna Mirończuk, Katarzyna Kapica-Topczewska, Katarzyna Socha, Jolanta Soroczyńska, Jacek Jamiołkowski, Alina Kułakowska and Jan Kochanowicz
Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2139; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072139 - 22 Jun 2021
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3903
Abstract
Background: In recent years, trace elements (TEs) have gained considerable attention in the course of treatment and diagnosis of ischemic stroke. The purpose of the conducted research was to determine the trace mineral status (Se, Cu, Zn, Cu/Zn ratio, and Cu/Se ratio) in [...] Read more.
Background: In recent years, trace elements (TEs) have gained considerable attention in the course of treatment and diagnosis of ischemic stroke. The purpose of the conducted research was to determine the trace mineral status (Se, Cu, Zn, Cu/Zn ratio, and Cu/Se ratio) in patients with acute ischemic stroke compared to the population of healthy people in the northeastern region of Poland. Materials and methods: 141 patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and 69 healthy control subjects were examined. The serum concentrations of mineral components were assessed by the atomic absorption spectrometry method. Clinical parameters were updated based on medical records. Results: The serum Se and Zn concentrations were significantly decreased (p < 0.0001; p < 0.0001) in patients with AIS compared with healthy control subjects. However, no significant differences were revealed in terms of the serum Cu concentration (p = 0.283). As expected, we found that the serum Cu/Zn and Cu/Se molar ratios were significantly higher (p = 0.001; p < 0.0001) in patients with AIS compared with healthy control subjects. Conclusions: Disturbed metal homeostasis is a significant contributor to AIS pathogenesis. Furthermore, marked disruption of the serum Cu/Zn and Cu/Se molar ratios could serve as a valuable indicator of AIS patients’ nutritional status and oxidative stress levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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10 pages, 520 KiB  
Article
Association between Reduced Serum Zinc and Diastolic Dysfunction in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients
by Jiun-Chi Huang, Ya-Chin Huang, Pei-Yu Wu, Wen-Hsien Lee, Yi-Chun Tsai, Yi-Ping Chen, Szu-Chia Chen, Ho-Ming Su, Yi-Wen Chiu and Jer-Ming Chang
Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 2077; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062077 - 17 Jun 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1966
Abstract
Diastolic dysfunction is an emerging challenge among hemodialysis (HD) patients, and the associations between serum zinc with echocardiographic parameters and diastolic function remain uncertain. A total of 185 maintenance HD patients were stratified by the tertiles of serum zinc level to compare their [...] Read more.
Diastolic dysfunction is an emerging challenge among hemodialysis (HD) patients, and the associations between serum zinc with echocardiographic parameters and diastolic function remain uncertain. A total of 185 maintenance HD patients were stratified by the tertiles of serum zinc level to compare their clinical characteristics and echocardiography. Correlations of serum zinc levels with echocardiographic parameters were examined using Pearson’s analysis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the determinants of E/e’ ratio >15 and left atrial volume index (LAVI) > 34 mL/m2, both indicators of diastolic dysfunction. Patients belonging to the first tertile of serum zinc level had a significantly higher E/e’ ratio and LAVI. Serum zinc levels were negatively correlated with E (r = −0.204, p = 0.005), E/e’ ratio (r = −0.217, p = 0.003), and LAVI (r = −0.197, p = 0.007). In a multivariate analysis, older age, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and lower serum zinc levels (OR = 0.974, 95% CI = 0.950–0.999, p = 0.039) were significantly associated with E/e’ ratio >15. Furthermore, diabetes and lower serum zinc levels (OR = 0.978, 95% CI = 0.958–0.999, p = 0.041) were significantly associated with LAVI >34 mL/m2. Reduced serum zinc level was significantly associated with diastolic dysfunction among HD patients. Further prospective studies are warranted to investigate whether zinc supplementation can attenuate cardiac dysfunction in maintenance HD patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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13 pages, 1405 KiB  
Article
Zinc Affects Cholesterol Oxidation Products and Fatty Acids Composition in Rats’ Serum
by Agnieszka Stawarska, Małgorzata Czerwonka, Rafał Wyrębiak, Robert Wrzesień and Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak
Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1563; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051563 - 06 May 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2350
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of the nanosized or microsized zinc (Zn) particles on fatty acid profile, enzyme activity and the level of cholesterol, squalene and oxysterols in rats with breast cancer. Rats (female, n = 24) were [...] Read more.
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of the nanosized or microsized zinc (Zn) particles on fatty acid profile, enzyme activity and the level of cholesterol, squalene and oxysterols in rats with breast cancer. Rats (female, n = 24) were divided into the following groups: control, and two test groups, whose diets were enriched with either Zn microparticles (342 nm) or Zn nanoparticles (99 nm). All rats were treated twice with the carcinogenic agent; 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. In rats whose diet was enriched with zinc (especially in the form of nanoparticles), the number and sizes of tumors were lower. Diet supplementation also significantly reduced the cholesterol (p = 0.027) and COPs (cholesterol oxidation products) levels (p = 0.011) in rats serum. Enriching the diet with Zn microparticles decreased the Δ6-desaturase activity (p < 0.001). Zn influences fatty acids’ profile in rats’ serum as well as inhibiting desaturating enzymes. A reduced amount of pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid derivatives may be the expected effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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9 pages, 1283 KiB  
Article
Age-Related Changes in Zinc, Copper and Selenium Levels in the Human Prostate
by Adam Daragó, Michał Klimczak, Joanna Stragierowicz, Mateusz Jobczyk and Anna Kilanowicz
Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1403; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051403 - 21 Apr 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2921
Abstract
Pathophysiological changes in the prostate gland—benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa)—are closely related to the age of men. In the prostate gland, zinc is of particular importance for its proper functioning, especially with regard to the effects of hormonal disorders. The [...] Read more.
Pathophysiological changes in the prostate gland—benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCa)—are closely related to the age of men. In the prostate gland, zinc is of particular importance for its proper functioning, especially with regard to the effects of hormonal disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate zinc, copper and selenium concentrations in different parts of the prostate gland in relation to age and the nature of pathological changes. Zinc and copper were determined by the AAS method and selenium by the spectrofluorometric method. The concentration of zinc in the central part of the prostate increases with age, and in patients over 36 years it is twice as high as in the peripheral part, where no increase in the level of this element was observed with the age of patients. The above data confirm a possible influence of zinc on the formation of PCa (located mostly in the peripheral part of the prostate, with low levels of zinc) and BPH in the central part where the levels of this element are the highest. The results apparently confirm the disturbed homeostasis of zinc and other essential elements in the etiology of BPH and PCa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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15 pages, 650 KiB  
Article
Determinants of the Essential Elements and Vitamins Intake and Status during Pregnancy: A Descriptive Study in Polish Mother and Child Cohort
by Agnieszka Jankowska, Mariusz Grzesiak, Michał Krekora, Jolanta Dominowska, Joanna Jerzyńska, Paweł Kałużny, Ewelina Wesołowska, Irena Szadkowska-Stańczyk, Elżbieta Trafalska, Dorota Kaleta, Małgorzata Kowalska, Ewa Jabłońska, Beata Janasik, Jolanta Gromadzińska, Wojciech Hanke, Wojciech Wąsowicz, Gemma Calamandrei and Kinga Polańska
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030949 - 16 Mar 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2943
Abstract
The study objective was to identify determinants of essential elements and vitamins intake, and microelements and vitamins concentration in blood among pregnant women from Poland. Based on the data from food frequency questionnaires and information about supplements taken (n = 1252), daily [...] Read more.
The study objective was to identify determinants of essential elements and vitamins intake, and microelements and vitamins concentration in blood among pregnant women from Poland. Based on the data from food frequency questionnaires and information about supplements taken (n = 1252), daily supply of six elements (calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, selenium) and nine vitamins (folate, vitamins A, E, C, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12) was calculated. Zinc, copper, selenium (n = 340), vitamin A and E (n = 358) concentration was determined in blood collected during pregnancy. Most of the women did not meet the demand for essential elements and vitamins with a diet. About 94% of the respondents declared supplements use. The women with higher education, indicating leisure-time, physical activity and multiparity had a higher chance of meeting the average demand for the majority of the analyzed nutrients. On the other hand, factors such as BMI < 18.5kg/m2, a higher level of stress, and late first medical-care visit were associated with a lower chance of meeting the recommendations. Higher socio-economic status was a determinant of a higher selenium concentration in plasma (β = 3.1; 95%CI: 0.2–5.9), whereas BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, and multiparity of a higher copper concentration in plasma (β = 0.2; 95%CI: 0.03-0.4; β = 0.2; 95%CI: 0.1–0.4). Higher plasma concentration of vitamin E was noted among women older than 30 years of age comparing to those who were 30 or younger (β = 1.5; 95%CI: 0.6–2.4). Although more studies are required, especially such based on laboratory measures, our results indicate target groups for dietary interventions during pregnancy for children’s optimal health and development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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8 pages, 260 KiB  
Article
Study on Reference Range of Zinc, Copper and Copper/Zinc Ratio in Childbearing Women of China
by Huidi Zhang, Yang Cao, Qingqing Man, Yuqian Li, Jiaxi Lu and Lichen Yang
Nutrients 2021, 13(3), 946; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030946 - 15 Mar 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2266
Abstract
Background: Copper and zinc are both essential elements in humans, that play various biological roles in body functions. Population-based reference values have not yet been established in China especially in childbearing women. The aim of this study is to establish a reference value [...] Read more.
Background: Copper and zinc are both essential elements in humans, that play various biological roles in body functions. Population-based reference values have not yet been established in China especially in childbearing women. The aim of this study is to establish a reference value of Zn, Cu and Cu/Zn ratios in childbearing women aged 18–44 from a representative population in China. Method: A total of 191 healthy childbearing women aged 18–44 years old were enrolled from the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance (2015) in this study with a series strict inclusion criteria. Basic biological indicators (weight, height, waist, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, fast glycose, HbA1c, blood pressure, uric acid) and elements levels in plasma and whole blood were collected. The 2.5th to 97.5th was used to represent the reference range of Cu, Zn and Cu/Zn ratio. Results: The reference range of Zn, Cu and Cu/Zn ratio in plasma were 70.46–177.53 µg/dL, 74.30–170.68 µg/dL and 0.54–1.68, respectively. The reference range of Zn, Cu and Cu/Zn ratios in whole blood were 402.49–738.05, 74.63–124.52 and 0.13–0.25 µg/dL, respectively. Conclusion: The reference range of Zn, Cu and Cu/Zn ratios in plasma and whole blood of healthy Chinese childbearing women could be used as an indicator to evaluate the status of element deficiency and overload. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
9 pages, 1130 KiB  
Article
Association of Serum Levels of Zinc, Copper, and Iron with Risk of Metabolic Syndrome
by Chia-Wen Lu, Yi-Chen Lee, Chia-Sheng Kuo, Chien-Hsieh Chiang, Hao-Hsiang Chang and Kuo-Chin Huang
Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020548 - 07 Feb 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3122
Abstract
The association between serum concentrations of zinc, copper, or iron and the risk of metabolic syndrome are inconclusive. Therefore, we conduct a case-control study to explore the relationship between serum levels of zinc, copper, or iron and metabolic syndrome as well as each [...] Read more.
The association between serum concentrations of zinc, copper, or iron and the risk of metabolic syndrome are inconclusive. Therefore, we conduct a case-control study to explore the relationship between serum levels of zinc, copper, or iron and metabolic syndrome as well as each metabolic factor and insulin resistance. We enrolled 1165 adults, aged ≥ 40 (65.8 ± 10) years in a hospital-based population to compare the serum levels of zinc, copper, and iron between subjects with and without metabolic syndrome by using multivariate logistic regression analyses. The least square means were computed by general linear models to compare serum concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron in relation to the number of metabolic factors. The mean serum concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron were 941.91 ± 333.63 μg/L, 1043.45 ± 306.36 μg/L, and 1246.83 ± 538.13 μg/L, respectively. The odds ratios (ORs) of metabolic syndrome for the highest versus the lowest quartile were 5.83 (95% CI: 3.35–10.12; p for trend < 0.001) for zinc, 2.02 (95% CI: 1.25–3.25; p for trend: 0.013) for copper, and 2.11 (95% CI: 1.24–3.62; p for trend: 0.021) for iron after adjusting for age, sex, personal habits, body mass index, and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance. Additionally, the serum zinc, copper, and iron concentrations increased as the number of metabolic factors rose (p for trend < 0.001). This was the first study to clearly demonstrate that higher serum levels of zinc, copper, and iron were associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome and the number of metabolic factors independent of BMI and insulin resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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26 pages, 4214 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Zinc Intake Protects against Oxidative Stress and Its Consequences in the Brain: A Study in an In Vivo Rat Model of Cadmium Exposure
by Małgorzata M. Brzóska, Magdalena Kozłowska, Joanna Rogalska, Małgorzata Gałażyn-Sidorczuk, Alicja Roszczenko and Nazar M. Smereczański
Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020478 - 31 Jan 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2661
Abstract
We examined, in a rat model of moderate environmental human exposure to cadmium (Cd), whether the enhanced intake of zinc (Zn) may protect against Cd-caused destroying the oxidative/antioxidative balance and its consequences in the brain. The intoxication with Cd (5 mg/L, 6 months) [...] Read more.
We examined, in a rat model of moderate environmental human exposure to cadmium (Cd), whether the enhanced intake of zinc (Zn) may protect against Cd-caused destroying the oxidative/antioxidative balance and its consequences in the brain. The intoxication with Cd (5 mg/L, 6 months) weakened the enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase) and non-enzymatic (total thiol groups, reduced glutathione) antioxidative barrier decreasing the total antioxidative status and increased the concentrations of pro-oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, myeloperoxidase) in this organ and its total oxidative status. These resulted in the development of oxidative stress and oxidative modifications of lipids and proteins. The co-administration of Zn (30 and 60 mg/L enhancing this element intake by 79% and 151%, respectively) importantly protected against Cd accumulation in the brain tissue and this xenobiotic-induced development of oxidative stress and oxidative damage to lipids and proteins. Moreover, this bioelement also prevented Cd-mediated oxidative stress evaluated in the serum. The favorable effect of Zn was caused by its independent action and interaction with Cd. Concluding, the enhancement of Zn intake under oral exposure to Cd may prevent the oxidative/antioxidative imbalance and oxidative stress in the brain and thus protect against injury of cellular macromolecules in the nervous system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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14 pages, 739 KiB  
Article
Dietary Habits, Selenium, Copper, Zinc and Total Antioxidant Status in Serum in Relation to Cognitive Functions of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
by Katarzyna Socha, Katarzyna Klimiuk, Sylwia K. Naliwajko, Jolanta Soroczyńska, Anna Puścion-Jakubik, Renata Markiewicz-Żukowska and Jan Kochanowicz
Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020287 - 20 Jan 2021
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 4517
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the neurodegenerative process and can impair cognitive functions. In the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an adequate consumption of dietary antioxidants may be a major factor. The objective of the study was to estimate selenium (Se), [...] Read more.
Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the neurodegenerative process and can impair cognitive functions. In the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an adequate consumption of dietary antioxidants may be a major factor. The objective of the study was to estimate selenium (Se), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and total antioxidant status (TAS) in the serum of patients with AD in relation to their cognitive functions and dietary habits. A total of 110 patients (aged 54–93 years) with early or moderate AD, as well as 60 healthy people (aged 52–83 years) were studied. The severity of the disease was assessed using the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scale. Food-frequency questionnaires were implemented to collect the dietary data. The concentrations of Se, Cu and Zn in the sera were determined by the atomic absorption spectrometry method. TAS was estimated spectrophotometrically using ready-made kits (Randox). Significantly lower concentrations of Se, Zn and TAS, and higher Cu:Zn ratio in the serum of patients with AD, compared to healthy people, were observed. A low correlation between the MMSE score and TAS in the serum of AD patients and significantly higher MMSE values in patients with TAS above the reference range were also noted. In patients with serum Cu concentration above the norm, significantly lower MMSE values were found. Selected dietary habits such as the frequency of consumption of various food products had a significant impact on the concentration of the assessed parameters in the serum of people with AD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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20 pages, 1350 KiB  
Article
Serum and Whole Blood Cu and Zn Status in Predicting Mortality in Lung Cancer Patients
by Katarzyna Zabłocka-Słowińska, Anna Prescha, Sylwia Płaczkowska, Irena Porębska, Monika Kosacka and Konrad Pawełczyk
Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010060 - 27 Dec 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3238
Abstract
Alterations in circulating Cu and Zn are negative predictors of survival in neoplastic patients and are known during lung cancer. However, no data on predicting mortality of lung cancer patients based on the level of these elements in the blood have been presented [...] Read more.
Alterations in circulating Cu and Zn are negative predictors of survival in neoplastic patients and are known during lung cancer. However, no data on predicting mortality of lung cancer patients based on the level of these elements in the blood have been presented to date. The aims of this prospective cohort study were as follows: (i) To evaluate the disturbances in serum and whole blood Cu and Zn, (ii) to assess the relationships between serum and whole blood Cu and Zn status and clinical, sociodemographic, and nutritional data, and (iii) to investigate the association of Cu and Zn status with all-cause mortality in lung cancer. Naïve-treatment lung cancer patients (n = 167) were characterized in terms of sociodemographic, clinical, and anthropometric data and dietary intake and compared with sex-matched control subjects (n = 48). Whole blood and serum Cu and Zn status was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for multiple confounders/mediators were used to estimate the association between all-cause death and Cu and Zn status. Sex, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, clinical stage, and hemoglobin, platelet, and glucose concentrations significantly differentiated Cu and Zn status. All-cause mortality in lung cancer patients was positively associated with serum Cu levels, Cu:Zn ratio, and whole blood Zn levels. However, an advanced clinical stage of disease was the strongest predictor of all-cause mortality. Circulatory status of Cu and Zn might be included in routine clinical characteristics of patients with lung cancer patients as additional prognostic variables, but only after further more detail studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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13 pages, 2250 KiB  
Article
Zinc Supplementation Modulates NETs Release and Neutrophils’ Degranulation
by Weronika Kuźmicka, Aneta Manda-Handzlik, Adrianna Cieloch, Agnieszka Mroczek, Urszula Demkow, Małgorzata Wachowska and Olga Ciepiela
Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010051 - 26 Dec 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3980
Abstract
Zinc plays an important physiological role in the entire body, especially in the immune system. It is one of the most abundant microelements in our organism and an essential component of enzymes and antibacterial proteins. Zinc levels were reported to be correlated with [...] Read more.
Zinc plays an important physiological role in the entire body, especially in the immune system. It is one of the most abundant microelements in our organism and an essential component of enzymes and antibacterial proteins. Zinc levels were reported to be correlated with the intensity of innate immunity responses, especially those triggered by neutrophils. However, as the results are fragmentary, the phenomenon is still not fully understood and requires further research. In this study, we aimed to perform a comprehensive assessment and study the impact of zinc on several basic neutrophils’ functions in various experimental setups. Human and murine neutrophils were preincubated in vitro with zinc, and then phagocytosis, oxidative burst, degranulation and release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were analyzed. Moreover, a murine model of zinc deficiency and zinc supplementation was introduced in the study and the functions of isolated cells were thoroughly studied. We showed that zinc inhibits NETs release as well as degranulation in both human and murine neutrophils. Our study revealed that zinc decreases NETs release by inhibiting citrullination of histone H3. On the other hand, studies performed in zinc-deficient mice demonstrated that low zinc levels result in increased release of NETs and enhanced neutrophils degranulation. Overall, it was shown that zinc affects neutrophils’ functions in vivo and in vitro. Proper zinc level is necessary to maintain efficient functioning of the innate immune response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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14 pages, 2195 KiB  
Article
Effect of Zinc Supplementation on the Serum Metabolites Profile at the Early Stage of Breast Cancer in Rats
by Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak, Paulina Gątarek, Dorota Skrajnowska, Wojciech Bielecki, Rafal Wyrebiak, Tomas Kovalczuk, Robert Wrzesień and Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3457; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113457 - 11 Nov 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2167
Abstract
The cytotoxic properties of zinc nanoparticles have been evaluated in vitro against several types of cancer. However, there is a lack of significant evidence of their activity in vivo, and a potential therapeutic application remains limited. Herein we report the effective inhibition of [...] Read more.
The cytotoxic properties of zinc nanoparticles have been evaluated in vitro against several types of cancer. However, there is a lack of significant evidence of their activity in vivo, and a potential therapeutic application remains limited. Herein we report the effective inhibition of tumor growth by zinc nanoparticles in vivo, as the effect of the dietary intervention, after the chemical induction in a rodent model of breast cancer. Biopsy images indicated grade 1 tumors with multiple inflammatory infiltrates in the group treated with zinc nanoparticles, whereas, in the other groups, a moderately differentiated grade 2 adenocarcinoma was identified. Moreover, after the supplementation with zinc nanoparticles, the levels of several metabolites associated with cancer metabolism, important to its survival, were found to have been altered. We also revealed that the biological activity of zinc in vivo depends on the size of applied particles, as the treatment with zinc microparticles has not had much effect on cancer progression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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21 pages, 835 KiB  
Article
Contribution of Major Groups of Food Products to the Daily Intake of Selected Elements—Results from Analytical Determinations Supported by Chemometric Analysis
by Wojciech Koch, Marcin Czop, Agnieszka Nawrocka and Dariusz Wiącek
Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3412; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113412 - 06 Nov 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2334
Abstract
Food is a major source of minerals for humans. The main objective of this study was to determine the intake level of 10 essential macro- (Na, K, Ca, and Mg) and trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cr, and Se) with major food [...] Read more.
Food is a major source of minerals for humans. The main objective of this study was to determine the intake level of 10 essential macro- (Na, K, Ca, and Mg) and trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cr, and Se) with major food groups among young adults. Dietary intake of elements was evaluated using the 24-h dietary recall technique in combination with F-AAS and ICP-OES methods. A very high intake of sodium and a very low intake of calcium, combined with inappropriate sodium/potassium ratio, may be harmful to the health of the population. Dietary intake of trace elements was within the range of reference values in the subjects, with cereals being the major source of a majority of those elements, while meat (38% for Na), vegetables (25% for K), and milk products (75% for Ca) were the main contributors to the daily dietary intake of macroelements. PCA revealed several visible trends in the datasetAmong men, the intake of Zn, Cr Na and K was significantly correlated with the consumption of meat and vegetables, whereas Mg, Se, Fe and Cu with cereals and water and beverages. Among women, the intake of Mg was significantly correlated with the consumption of meat and vegetables. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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11 pages, 1085 KiB  
Article
Circulating Zinc and Copper Levels are Associated with Sperm Quality in Obese Men after Metabolic Surgery: A Pilot Study
by Berniza Calderón, Jesús M. Gómez-Martín, Marta Cuadrado-Ayuso, Pilar Cobeta, Belén Vega-Piñero, Raquel Mateo, Julio Galindo and José I. Botella-Carretero
Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3354; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113354 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3834
Abstract
(1) Background: Inadequate levels of several trace elements and vitamins may impair spermatogenesis in men. Although weight loss after metabolic surgery normalizes male reproductive hormones, sperm quality seems to not improve. We hypothesized that circulating concentrations of zinc, copper and other trace elements [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Inadequate levels of several trace elements and vitamins may impair spermatogenesis in men. Although weight loss after metabolic surgery normalizes male reproductive hormones, sperm quality seems to not improve. We hypothesized that circulating concentrations of zinc, copper and other trace elements and vitamins might be involved. (2) Methods: We studied 20 men submitted to metabolic surgery at baseline and after two years. Hormone profiles, serum trace elements and vitamins were studied together with sperm analysis. (3) Results: At follow-up, serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and inhibin B concentrations increased showing a beneficial hormonal response for spermatogenesis. Conversely, serum copper, zinc and ferritin showed a decline after surgery. In total, 33% of men showed zinc deficiency, 27% copper deficiency and 20% iron deficiency, among others. Sperm analysis showed that all revaluated patients had at least one abnormal parameter. Serum zinc concentrations showed a positive correlation with progressive motility (r = 0.577, p = 0.031), and serum ferritin a positive correlation with sperm volume (ρ = 0.535, p = 0.049). Serum copper showed a weak and near significant correlation with motility (r = 0.115, p = 0.051). (4) Conclusions: The lack of improvement in sperm quality in obese men after metabolic surgery may be related to nutrient malabsorption, especially zinc, copper and iron. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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11 pages, 1089 KiB  
Article
Association between Serum Zinc Levels and Clinical Index or the Body Composition in Incident Hemodialysis Patients
by Tatsunori Toida, Reiko Toida, Shou Ebihara, Risa Takahashi, Hiroyuki Komatsu, Shigehiro Uezono, Yuji Sato and Shouichi Fujimoto
Nutrients 2020, 12(10), 3187; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103187 - 19 Oct 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2500
Abstract
Background: The relationships between serum zinc levels and body composition or clinical outcomes of incident hemodialysis (HD) patients remain unclear. Methods: This prospective observational study examined the relationships between serum zinc levels and clinical indexes, including body composition, in 142 incident HD patients [...] Read more.
Background: The relationships between serum zinc levels and body composition or clinical outcomes of incident hemodialysis (HD) patients remain unclear. Methods: This prospective observational study examined the relationships between serum zinc levels and clinical indexes, including body composition, in 142 incident HD patients using a bioelectrical impedance analysis. Patients were divided into three groups according to baseline serum zinc levels: tertile, <45, 45–59, and ≥60 µg/dL. The reference group was set as ≥60 µg/dL. Cox’s regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationships between serum zinc categories and cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality after adjustments for potential confounders. Results: Serum zinc levels positively correlated with the nutritional index and negatively correlated with fluid volume markers. In a mean follow-up of 2.5 years, there were 20 cases of cardiovascular events and 15 of all-cause mortality. In the Cox’s regression analysis for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality, the hazard ratio increased with a decrease in serum zinc levels, but was not significant. Conclusion: Serum zinc levels were associated with nutritional and fluid volume markers in incident HD patients. To clarify the relationship between serum zinc levels and cardiovascular events or mortality, further studies with a larger number of cases will be necessary. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

21 pages, 849 KiB  
Review
Zinc and the Innovative Zinc-α2-Glycoprotein Adipokine Play an Important Role in Lipid Metabolism: A Critical Review
by Michalina Banaszak, Ilona Górna and Juliusz Przysławski
Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 2023; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062023 - 11 Jun 2021
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4849
Abstract
Numerous studies indicate that zinc and the new zinc-related adipokine, zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG), are involved in lipid metabolism. Excess body fat lowers blood concentrations of Zn and ZAG, leading not only to the development of obesity but also to other components of the metabolic [...] Read more.
Numerous studies indicate that zinc and the new zinc-related adipokine, zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG), are involved in lipid metabolism. Excess body fat lowers blood concentrations of Zn and ZAG, leading not only to the development of obesity but also to other components of the metabolic syndrome. Zinc homeostasis disorders in the body negatively affect the lipid profile and cytokine secretion. Zinc appears to be a very important ZAG homeostasis regulator. The physiological effects of ZAG are related to lipid metabolism, but studies show that ZAG also affects glucose metabolism and is linked to insulin resistance. ZAG has a zinc binding site in its structure, which may indicate that ZAG mediates the effect of zinc on lipid metabolism. The review aimed to verify the available studies on the effects of zinc and ZAG on lipid metabolism. A literature review within the scope of this research area was conducted using articles available in PubMed (including MEDLINE), Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases. An analysis of available studies has shown that zinc improves hepatic lipid metabolism and has an impact on the lipid profile. Numerous studies have found that zinc supplementation in overweight individuals significantly reduced blood levels of total cholesterol, LDL (Low-density lipoprotein)cholesterol and triglycerides, potentially reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Some results also indicate that it increases HDL-C (High-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels. ZAG has been shown to play a significant role in reducing obesity and improving insulin sensitivity, both in experimental animal model studies and in human studies. Furthermore, ZAG at physiologically relevant concentrations increases the release of adiponectin from human adipocytes. In addition, ZAG has been shown to inhibit in vitro leptin production. Further studies are needed to provide more data on the role of zinc and zinc-α2-glycoprotein. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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21 pages, 813 KiB  
Review
The Role of Zinc and Copper in Gynecological Malignancies
by Kaja Michalczyk and Aneta Cymbaluk-Płoska
Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3732; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123732 - 03 Dec 2020
Cited by 56 | Viewed by 5154
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are essential microelements, which take part in cellular metabolism, feature in enzymatic systems, and regulate enzyme activity. Homeostasis of these micronutrients is tightly regulated by multiple compensatory mechanisms that balance their concentrations including transporters, importers, and metallothioneins. An [...] Read more.
Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are essential microelements, which take part in cellular metabolism, feature in enzymatic systems, and regulate enzyme activity. Homeostasis of these micronutrients is tightly regulated by multiple compensatory mechanisms that balance their concentrations including transporters, importers, and metallothioneins. An altered intake of only one of these trace elements may cause an imbalance in their levels and result in their competition for absorption. Relatively low levels of zinc and increased levels of copper may result in an increased level of oxidative stress and impair the antioxidant properties of multiple enzymes. Altered levels of trace elements were discovered in various pathologies including immunological, degenerative, and inflammatory diseases. Moreover, due to the role of Zn and Cu in oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, they were found to influence cancerogenesis. We review the roles of zinc and copper and their mechanisms in tumor growth, metastasis potential, microenvironment remodeling, and drug resistance. We highlight their role as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, concentrating on their impact on gynecological malignancies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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Graphical abstract

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

9 pages, 809 KiB  
Brief Report
Dietary Copper/Zinc Ratio and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Women: The E3N Cohort Study
by Nasser Laouali, Conor-James MacDonald, Sanam Shah, Douae El Fatouhi, Francesca Romana Mancini, Guy Fagherazzi and Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2502; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082502 - 22 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2382
Abstract
The serum copper (Cu) to zinc (Zn) ratio could be an important determinant of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk, but prospective epidemiological data are scarce. We aimed to investigate the association between T2D incidence and the dietary Cu/Zn ratio. A total of 70,991 [...] Read more.
The serum copper (Cu) to zinc (Zn) ratio could be an important determinant of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk, but prospective epidemiological data are scarce. We aimed to investigate the association between T2D incidence and the dietary Cu/Zn ratio. A total of 70,991 women from the E3N cohort study were followed for 20 years. The intakes of copper and zinc were estimated at baseline using a validated food frequency questionnaire. We identified and validated 3292 incident T2D cases. Spline analysis showed that a Cu/Zn ratio < 0.55 was associated with a lower risk of T2D. Subgroup analyses comparing women in the highest versus the lowest quintile of Cu/Zn ratio showed the same pattern of association for obese women and those with zinc intake ≥8 mg/day. However, for women with zinc intake <8 mg/day, higher Cu/Zn ratio appeared to be associated with higher T2D risk. Our findings suggest that a lower dietary Cu/Zn ratio is associated with a lower T2D risk, especially among obese women and women with zinc intake >8 mg/day. Further studies are warranted to validate our results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc and Copper Levels in the Body and Human Health)
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