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Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production
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Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Natural Products Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2019) | Viewed by 107732

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Luisella Verotta

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via C. Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy
Interests: secondary metabolites from plants; isolation and structure elucidation; green isolation techniques; saponins; phloroglucinols; polyphenols; synthesis and semi-synthesis of natural compounds of pharmaceutical relevance; medicinal chemistry; antimicrobial; antiprotozoal and non-cytotoxic chemopreventive naturally derived compounds; biopolymers for biomedical applications; valorization of agro-industrial waste biomasses for bioactive natural products; supercritical CO2 extraction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Alessandra Napolitano

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
Interests: polyphenol antioxidants of dietary origin; conjugates of polyphenols with sulphydryl compounds of biological relevance; antioxidants from marine sources; valorization of agri food wastes; synthesis and exploitation of biopolymers from natural polyphenols; chemistry and structural investigation of natural polymers from catechols including human epidermal pigments melanins; oxidation chemistry of catecholamines in relation to neurodegenerative disorders; design and preparation of polydopamine related biomaterials with peculiar adhesive properties
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries have been receiving a great deal of attention in the market due to increased interest by consumers for “healthy” products. Hence, pharmaceutical and food domains have a common interest in obtaining new natural bioactive components, which could be used as drugs, functional food ingredients, or nutraceuticals

There is a growing trend towards strategies to manufacture new chemical entities from biological sources, including the treatment of residues from agro-industrial processing, and obtaining novel bioactive compounds through revolutionary approaches by using biotechnology and bioprocessing of materials.

This Special Issue welcomes original research and reviews of literature examining the use of biotechnological applications and bioprocessing to obtain bioactive compounds from plant, microbial, and marine sources, and, in general, from biological materials, including wastes, through conventional and green technologies, as well as by yeast and fungi fermentation. Studies with multidisciplinary inputs, offering new methodologies or insights, are particularly welcome. Products refer to pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, polymers, and food.

Dr. Luisella Verotta
Prof. Dr. Alessandra Napolitano
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • bioactive compounds
  • functional foods
  • medicinal products
  • fermentation
  • microorganisms
  • solvent free and green technologies.
  • food processing techniques
  • agricultural wastes
  • food industry by-products
  • dietary supplements
  • biotechnology and bioeconomy
  • economic and industry opportunities

Published Papers (17 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 937 KiB  
Article
Ellagic Acid Recovery by Solid State Fermentation of Pomegranate Wastes by Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A Comparison
by Federica Moccia, Adriana C. Flores-Gallegos, Mónica L. Chávez-González, Leonardo Sepúlveda, Stefania Marzorati, Luisella Verotta, Lucia Panzella, Juan A. Ascacio-Valdes, Cristobal N. Aguilar and Alessandra Napolitano
Molecules 2019, 24(20), 3689; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203689 - 14 Oct 2019
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3800
Abstract
Fermentation in solid state culture (SSC) has been the focus of increasing interest because of its potential for industrial applications. In previous studies SSC of pomegranate wastes by Aspergillus niger has been extensively developed and optimized for the recovery of ellagic acid (EA), [...] Read more.
Fermentation in solid state culture (SSC) has been the focus of increasing interest because of its potential for industrial applications. In previous studies SSC of pomegranate wastes by Aspergillus niger has been extensively developed and optimized for the recovery of ellagic acid (EA), a high value bioactive. In this study we comparatively investigated the SSC of powdered pomegranate husks by A. niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and evaluated the recovery yields of EA by an ultrasound and microwave-assisted 7:3 water/ethanol extraction. Surprisingly enough, the yields obtained by S. cerevisiae fermentation (4% w/w) were found 5-fold higher than those of the A. niger fermented material, with a 10-fold increase with respect to the unfermented material. The EA origin was traced by HPLC analysis that showed a significant decrease in the levels of punicalagin isomers and granatin B and formation of punicalin following fermentation. Other extraction conditions that could warrant a complete solubilization of EA were evaluated. Using a 1:100 solid to solvent ratio and DMSO as the solvent, EA was obtained in 4% yields from S. cerevisiae fermented husks at a high purity degree. Hydrolytic treatment of S. cerevisiae fermented pomegranate husks afforded a material freed of the polysaccharides components that gave recovery yields of EA up to 12% w/w. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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17 pages, 4638 KiB  
Article
Obtaining an Extract Rich in Phenolic Compounds from Olive Pomace by Pressurized Liquid Extraction
by Inés Cea Pavez, Jesús Lozano-Sánchez, Isabel Borrás-Linares, Hugo Nuñez, Paz Robert and Antonio Segura-Carretero
Molecules 2019, 24(17), 3108; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173108 - 27 Aug 2019
Cited by 67 | Viewed by 4542
Abstract
The olive oil industry produces large volumes of wastes, which are also potential sources of bioactive compounds by developing healthy and/or functional foods. Extraction of phenolic compounds from the residues of the olive oil is mainly carried out with solvents. However, there is [...] Read more.
The olive oil industry produces large volumes of wastes, which are also potential sources of bioactive compounds by developing healthy and/or functional foods. Extraction of phenolic compounds from the residues of the olive oil is mainly carried out with solvents. However, there is currently a growing public awareness about the use of organic solvents in food processing, which has pointed out the need for the application of clean technologies such as pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). Therefore, the aim of this research was to optimize the phenolic compound extraction from olive pomace by PLE, establishing the qualitative and quantitative phenolic profile by HPLC-ESI-TOF/MS. The extraction design to recover phenolics from olive pomace demonstrates a great compositional variability of PLE extracts obtained under different experimental conditions. Indeed, quantitative results have pointed out the selectivity of PLE extraction when this technique is applied to the treatment of olive pomace. PLE-optimized conditions showed higher total phenolic compound content than conventional extraction (1659 mg/kg d.w. and 281.7 mg/kg d.w., respectively). Among these phenolics, the quantity of secoiridoids and flavonoids in the optimized PLE extract was three and four times higher than in conventional extracts. Furthermore, optimal PLE conditions allowed to obtain an enriched hydroxytyrosol extract which was not detected in the conventional one. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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14 pages, 1562 KiB  
Article
Fish Scale Valorization by Hydrothermal Pretreatment Followed by Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Gelatin Hydrolysate Production
by Yiqi Zhang, Dan Tu, Qing Shen and Zhiyuan Dai
Molecules 2019, 24(16), 2998; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162998 - 19 Aug 2019
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5617
Abstract
Protein hydrolysates from fish by-products have good process suitability and bioavailability in the food industry. The objective of this work was to develop a method for protein recovery from fish scales and evaluate the hydrolysis of the scale protein. The effect of the [...] Read more.
Protein hydrolysates from fish by-products have good process suitability and bioavailability in the food industry. The objective of this work was to develop a method for protein recovery from fish scales and evaluate the hydrolysis of the scale protein. The effect of the hydrothermal process on protein recovery, degree of hydrolysis (DH) and structural properties of the hydrolysates was investigated. Results showed that hydrothermal treatment could enhance protein recovery of tilapia scales without demineralization and dramatically improve the DH of the hydrolysates. The hydrothermal treated scales showed a better protein recovery (84.81%) and DH (12.88%) and released peptides more efficiently than that of the conventional treated samples. The obtained gelatin hydrolysates mainly distributed in the range of 200–2000 Da with an angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) IC50 value of 0.73 mg/mL. The ACE inhibitory activity of gelatin hydrolysates was stable under high temperature, pH and gastrointestinal proteases. Hydrothermal treatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis offers a potential solution for preparation of gelatin hydrolysates for food ingredients from fish processing by-products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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18 pages, 2860 KiB  
Article
Protein Hydrolysate from Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus, Armoured Catfish, with High Antioxidant Activity
by Yuchen Guo, Nicholas Michael, Jorge Fonseca Madrigal, Carlos Sosa Aguirre and Paula Jauregi
Molecules 2019, 24(8), 1628; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081628 - 25 Apr 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4684
Abstract
Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus, locally named the armoured catfish, is a by-catch of tilapia fishing that accounts for up to 80% of total captured fish in the Adolfo Lopez Mateos dam, in Michoacán, México, affecting the economy of its surrounding communities. This invasive fish [...] Read more.
Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus, locally named the armoured catfish, is a by-catch of tilapia fishing that accounts for up to 80% of total captured fish in the Adolfo Lopez Mateos dam, in Michoacán, México, affecting the economy of its surrounding communities. This invasive fish is discarded by fishermen since native people do not consume it, partly due to its appearance, yet it is rich in protein. The aim of this study was to produce hydrolysates from armoured catfish using food-grade proteases (neutrases HT and PF and alcalase PAL) and investigate the processing conditions (pH and temperature) that lead to a high degree of hydrolysis, antioxidant activity, and Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory activity. No other similar research has been reported on this underutilized fish. The antioxidant activity was measured by three different methods, ABTS, FRAP and ORAC, with relevance to food and biological systems in order to obtain a more comprehensive assessment of the activity. In addition, the main peptide sequences were identified. All enzymes produced hydrolysates with high antioxidant activity. In particular, the protease HT led to the highest antioxidant activity according to the ABTS (174.68 μmol Trolox equivalent/g fish) and FRAP (7.59 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g fish) methods and almost the same as PAL according to the ORAC method (51.43 μmol Trolox equivalent/g fish). Moreover, maximum activity was obtained at mild pH and temperature (7.5; 50 °C). Interestingly, the ORAC values obtained here were higher than others previously reported for fish hydrolysates and similar to those reported for fruits such as blueberries, apples and oranges. The peptide sequence IEE(E) was present in several peptides in both hydrolysates; this sequence may be partly responsible for the high antioxidant activity, particularly the one based on iron-reducing power. These findings will be relevant to the valorization of other fish/fish muscle discards and could contribute to the production of food supplements and nutraceuticals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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12 pages, 521 KiB  
Article
Recovery of Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins and Other Phenolic Compounds with Established Bioactivity from Grape Seed By-Products
by Federica Pasini, Fabio Chinnici, Maria Fiorenza Caboni and Vito Verardo
Molecules 2019, 24(4), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040677 - 14 Feb 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4317
Abstract
Grape seeds are a copious part of the grape pomace produced by wine and juice industry and they represent an interesting source of phenolic compounds. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are the main class of grape seed phenols and are important dietary supplements for their well-known [...] Read more.
Grape seeds are a copious part of the grape pomace produced by wine and juice industry and they represent an interesting source of phenolic compounds. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are the main class of grape seed phenols and are important dietary supplements for their well-known beneficial properties. In this study enriched extracts obtained from Chardonnay and Pignoletto grape seeds were characterized for their proanthocyanidins and other minor phenolic compounds content and composition. Seed PAs were fractionated using Sephadex LH-20, using different ethanol aqueous solutions as mobile phase and analysed by normal phase HPLC-FLD-ESI-MS. Monomers, oligomers up to dodecamers and polymers were recorded in all samples. For both cultivars, the extracts showed a high content in PAs. The determination of other phenolic compounds was carried out using a HPLC-QqQ-ESI-MS and Chardonnay samples reported a greater content compared to Pignoletto samples. Contrary to PAs fraction, extracts obtained with ethanol/water 50/50 (v/v) presented a significant higher phenolic content than the others. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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18 pages, 2926 KiB  
Article
Phosphorus Solubilization by Bacillus Species
by Agnieszka Saeid, Ewelina Prochownik and Justyna Dobrowolska-Iwanek
Molecules 2018, 23(11), 2897; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112897 - 06 Nov 2018
Cited by 128 | Viewed by 6810
Abstract
Microbial solubilization applies the natural ability of a microorganism to liberate phosphorus from unavailable structures. The main mechanism recognized to be responsible for the solubilization of phosphorus is the production of different types of organic acids. Three kinds of Bacillus species and three [...] Read more.
Microbial solubilization applies the natural ability of a microorganism to liberate phosphorus from unavailable structures. The main mechanism recognized to be responsible for the solubilization of phosphorus is the production of different types of organic acids. Three kinds of Bacillus species and three types of raw materials (poultry bones, fish bones, and ash) were tested for solubilization. The following parameters were compared for all discussed cases: pH, specific growth rate, solubilization factor, released phosphorus concentration, and total and individual concentration of organic acids. Utilization of ash brought about the highest specific and maximum specific growth rates. A decrease in pH was observed in most of the discussed cases with the exception of fish bones. At the same time, fish bones had the highest concentration of released P2O5 and the highest total concentration of produced organic acids (gluconic, lactic, acetic, succinic, and propionic) in all discussed cases. The tested Bacillus species produced the mentioned acids with the exception of B. megaterium, where propionic acid was not present. The lactic and acetic acids were those produced in the highest amount. The kind of raw materials and type of Bacillus species used in solubilization had a strong influence on the kind of organic acids that were detected in the broth culture and its total concentration, which had a direct influence on the amount of released phosphorus. The combination of Bacillus megaterium with the fish bones at 5 g/L is proposed as the pair that gives the highest concentration of released phosphorus (483 ± 5 mg/L). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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12 pages, 1309 KiB  
Communication
Increasing Antiradical Activity of Polyphenols from Lotus Seed Epicarp by Probiotic Bacteria Bioconversion
by Ying Liu, Xuekuan Hui, Salam A. Ibrahim and Wen Huang
Molecules 2018, 23(10), 2667; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102667 - 17 Oct 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3325
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria is able to metabolize polyphenols and produce functional compounds. In this study, we investigated the ability of probiotic bacteria including Lactobacillus, bifidobacteria and Enterococcus strains to increase the antioxidant capacity of polyphenols from lotus seed epicarp (PLSE) at full ripening [...] Read more.
Probiotic bacteria is able to metabolize polyphenols and produce functional compounds. In this study, we investigated the ability of probiotic bacteria including Lactobacillus, bifidobacteria and Enterococcus strains to increase the antioxidant capacity of polyphenols from lotus seed epicarp (PLSE) at full ripening stage. The results showed that the six selected strains of probiotic bacteria grew well in De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) broth with PLSE, and their resistant extent to PLSE varied from strain to strain. The metabolized PLSE was found to have good antioxidant properties on 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS+) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals in vitro. Five polyphenol compounds—chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, epicatechin and hyperoside—were suggested as the major bioactive metabolism for the antiradical activity of PLSE metabolized by Lactobacillus reuteri DSM20016, Enterococcus faecalis M74 and Bifidobacterium breve ATCC 15701. Moreover, L. reuteri DSM20016 and E. faecalis M74 were found to have a high PLSE bioconversion rate. Our results suggested that both L. reuteri DSM20016 and E. faecalis M74 might have excellent potential for the bioconversion of PLSE to increase its antiradical activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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20 pages, 1945 KiB  
Article
Potential of Grape Wastes as a Natural Source of Bioactive Compounds
by Guo-Yi Tang, Cai-Ning Zhao, Qing Liu, Xiao-Ling Feng, Xiao-Yu Xu, Shi-Yu Cao, Xiao Meng, Sha Li, Ren-You Gan and Hua-Bin Li
Molecules 2018, 23(10), 2598; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102598 - 11 Oct 2018
Cited by 54 | Viewed by 5950
Abstract
Grapes are widely used in the wine and juice industries, which can lead to massive amounts of waste, mostly grape peels and seeds. The antioxidant capacities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and phenolic profiles of peels and seeds from 30 grape varieties were [...] Read more.
Grapes are widely used in the wine and juice industries, which can lead to massive amounts of waste, mostly grape peels and seeds. The antioxidant capacities, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and phenolic profiles of peels and seeds from 30 grape varieties were systemically assessed. The antioxidant activities of fat-soluble, water-soluble and insoluble-bound fractions of grape peels and seeds were evaluated using ferric-reducing antioxidant power and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assays, and their total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and AlCl3 colorimetry, respectively. It was found that the antioxidant capacities were diverse among different grape peels and seeds. Moreover, several phenolic compounds were identified and quantified, including gallic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside, epicatechin, catechin gallate, ferulaic acid, rutin and resveratrol, which could contribute to the antioxidant capacities of these grape peels and seeds. Several grape wastes with strong antioxidant activity could be abundant sources of natural bioactive compounds, and have the potential for development into functional foods, food additives and pharmaceuticals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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18 pages, 2393 KiB  
Article
Beneficial Effects of Tomato Juice Fermented by Lactobacillus Plantarum and Lactobacillus Casei: Antioxidation, Antimicrobial Effect, and Volatile Profiles
by Yiyun Liu, Haiming Chen, Wenxue Chen, Quipping Zhong, Guanfei Zhang and Weijun Chen
Molecules 2018, 23(9), 2366; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092366 - 16 Sep 2018
Cited by 58 | Viewed by 6359
Abstract
Tomato juice was fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei to produce an innovative high-bioactivity probiotic beverage. The levels of lycopene, total carotenoids, ascorbic acid, total phenolic and volatile compounds, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzotiazo-line-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging capacities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), [...] Read more.
Tomato juice was fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei to produce an innovative high-bioactivity probiotic beverage. The levels of lycopene, total carotenoids, ascorbic acid, total phenolic and volatile compounds, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzotiazo-line-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging capacities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and Escherichia coli flora, as well as the inhibition of copper-induced human low-density lipoproteins (LDL)-cholesterol oxidation assays, were measured. The results revealed that the ABTS and DPPH inhibition values, as well as the FRAP and total phenolic content, were significantly increased. LDL-cholesterol oxidation was markedly delayed after the addition of the fermented juice. The in vitro inhibitory effects of Escherichia coli flora were substantially increased after being fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei. The results associated with the volatile compounds indicated that fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei is a meaningful strategy for modifying flavors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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14 pages, 1101 KiB  
Article
Inhibitory Effects of Bioassay-Guided Isolation of Anti-Glycation Components from Taraxacum coreanum and Simultaneous Quantification
by Kang Hee Lee and Wan Kyunn Whang
Molecules 2018, 23(9), 2148; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092148 - 27 Aug 2018
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3853
Abstract
Inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is an attractive strategy in diabetes treatment. Taraxacum coreanum extracts were suggested to have antidiabetic effects. However, studies on the components of T. coreanum are lacking, and there is no report on the [...] Read more.
Inhibition of the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is an attractive strategy in diabetes treatment. Taraxacum coreanum extracts were suggested to have antidiabetic effects. However, studies on the components of T. coreanum are lacking, and there is no report on the inhibitory effects of T. coreanum on the formation of AGEs. Therefore, T. coreanum extracts and fractions were tested for their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and AGEs formation in two systems (bovine serum albumin (BSA)–glucose and BSA–methylglyoxal (MGO)). Bioassay-guided isolation of compounds from T. coreanum led to six flavones (1–6) and four hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (7–11). Compound 11 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and AGEs formation and had the highest content in T. coreanum extract. All compounds except compound 9 showed a stronger inhibition than the positive control in the BSA-glucose and BSA-MGO system. In addition, T. coreanum showed a higher content of bioactive compounds and stronger inhibition of AGE formation and α-glucosidase activity than T. officinale. Our study demonstrated the preventive and therapeutic efficacy of T. coreanum and its potential use as a cost-effective phytopharmaceutical in complementary therapy against type-2 diabetes and its complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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12 pages, 1862 KiB  
Article
Enrichment and Purification of Total Ginkgo Flavonoid O-Glycosides from Ginkgo Biloba Extract with Macroporous Resin and Evaluation of Anti-Inflammation Activities In Vitro
by Lihu Zhang, Tingting Wu, Wei Xiao, Zhenzhong Wang, Gang Ding and Linguo Zhao
Molecules 2018, 23(5), 1167; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051167 - 13 May 2018
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 5105
Abstract
In the present study, the performance and separation characteristics of six macroporous resins for the enrichment and purification of total ginkgo flavonoid O-glycosides (TGFs) (quercetin (I), kaempferol (II), isorhamnetin (III)) from Ginkgo Biloba extracts (EGB) are evaluated. The adsorption and desorption properties [...] Read more.
In the present study, the performance and separation characteristics of six macroporous resins for the enrichment and purification of total ginkgo flavonoid O-glycosides (TGFs) (quercetin (I), kaempferol (II), isorhamnetin (III)) from Ginkgo Biloba extracts (EGB) are evaluated. The adsorption and desorption properties of TGFs are studied on macroporous resins, including D101, D201, AB-8, HPD400, D301, and D311. Along with the results, AB-8 resin exhibits the best adsorption and desorption capacity for these three ginkgo flavonoid O-glycosides among the six resins. Adsorption isotherms are created on AB-8 resin and fit well to the Langmuir (R2 > 0.96) and Freundlich (R2 > 0.92, 0.3 < 1/n < 0.7) models. After the treatment with gradient elution on AB-8 resin packed chromatography column, the contents of the three main ginkgo flavonoid O-glycosides (I, II, and III) increase from 8.93%, 9.88%, and 6.11% in the extracts to 30.12%, 35.21%, and 14.14%, respectively, in the product. The recoveries of compounds I, II, and III are 88.76%, 93.78%, and 60.90%, respectively. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effects of TGFs are evaluated in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the result demonstrates that TGFs could significantly inhibit LPS-induced NO release in vitro in a dose-dependent manner compared with the control group. These findings suggest that TGFs could potentially be natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory ingredients that could be used in pharmaceutical products and functional food additives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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15 pages, 21174 KiB  
Article
Fucoxanthin and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Co-Extraction by a Green Process
by Antoine Delbrut, Pierre Albina, Théo Lapierre, Rémi Pradelles and Eric Dubreucq
Molecules 2018, 23(4), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040874 - 11 Apr 2018
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 5318
Abstract
By their autotrophic nature and their molecular richness, microalgae are serious assets in the context of current environmental and societal challenges. Some species produce both omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and xanthophylls, two molecular families widely studied for their bioactivities in [...] Read more.
By their autotrophic nature and their molecular richness, microalgae are serious assets in the context of current environmental and societal challenges. Some species produce both omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and xanthophylls, two molecular families widely studied for their bioactivities in the fields of nutrition and cosmetics. Whereas most studies separately deal with the two families, synergies could be exploited with extracts containing both PUFAs and xanthophylls. The purpose of our work was to determine cost effective and eco-friendly parameters for their co-extraction. The effect of several parameters (solvent, solvent/biomass ratio, temperature, duration) were studied, using two microalgal species, the non-calcifying Haptophyta Tisochrysis lutea, and the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, that presents a silicified frustule. Analyses of PUFAs and fucoxanthin (Fx), the main xanthophyll, allowed to compare kinetics and extraction yields between experimental protocols. Co-extraction yields achieved using 96% ethanol as solvent were 100% for Fx and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in one hour from T. lutea biomass, and respectively 95% and 89% for Fx and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in eight hours from P. tricornutum. These conditions are compatible with industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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11 pages, 22473 KiB  
Article
Extraction and Analysis of Gigantol from Dendrobium officinale with Response Surface Methodology
by Siyan Zheng, Yingpeng Zhu, Chunyan Jiao, Mengyao Shi, Lianping Wei, Yang Zhou, Qing Jin and Yongping Cai
Molecules 2018, 23(4), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040818 - 03 Apr 2018
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4192
Abstract
In order to optimize the extraction of gigantol from Dendrobium officinale, the influence of methanol concentration, ultrasonic temperature, and liquid ratio on extraction efficiency was analysed by the response surface analysis method. The results show that the extraction rate reached a maximum [...] Read more.
In order to optimize the extraction of gigantol from Dendrobium officinale, the influence of methanol concentration, ultrasonic temperature, and liquid ratio on extraction efficiency was analysed by the response surface analysis method. The results show that the extraction rate reached a maximum when the methanol concentration was 92.98%, the solid-liquid ratio was 27.2 mL/g, and the extraction temperature was 41.41 °C. The content of gigantol of Dendrobium officinale in leaves was significantly higher than that in stems, reaching 4.7942 μg/g. The content of gigantol in Dendrobium huoshanensis Fengdou was significantly higher than that of other species of Fengdou. This experiment has practical significance for improving the utilization rate of Dendrobium officinale, and provides a reference for the study of the pharmacological and biological activity of gigantol. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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Review

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24 pages, 539 KiB  
Review
Green Corrosion Inhibitors from Natural Sources and Biomass Wastes
by Stefania Marzorati, Luisella Verotta and Stefano P. Trasatti
Molecules 2019, 24(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010048 - 23 Dec 2018
Cited by 184 | Viewed by 10881
Abstract
Over the past decade, green chemistry has been emphasizing the importance of protecting the environment and human health in an economically beneficial manner aiming at avoiding toxins and reducing wastes. The field of metallic materials degradation, generally faced by using toxic compounds, found [...] Read more.
Over the past decade, green chemistry has been emphasizing the importance of protecting the environment and human health in an economically beneficial manner aiming at avoiding toxins and reducing wastes. The field of metallic materials degradation, generally faced by using toxic compounds, found a fertile research field in green chemistry. In fact, the use of inhibitors is a well-known strategy when metal corrosion needs to be prevented, controlled, or retarded. Green inhibitors are biodegradable, ecologically acceptable and renewable. Their valorization expands possible applications in industrial fields other than ‘waste to energy’ in the perspective of circular economy. Although lot of experimental work has been done and many research papers have been published, the topic of green inhibitors is still an open issue. The great interest in the field expanded the research, resulting in high numbers of tested molecules. However, the most frequently adopted approaches are conventional and, hence, not suitable to fully characterize the potential efficacy of inhibitors. All the mentioned aspects are the object of the present review and are meant as a constructive criticism to highlight the weak points of the green inhibitors field as to re-evaluate the literature and address the future research in the field that still lacks rationalization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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28 pages, 16950 KiB  
Review
State-of-the-Art Extraction Methodologies for Bioactive Compounds from Algal Biome to Meet Bio-Economy Challenges and Opportunities
by Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández, Zamantha Escobedo-Avellaneda, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal and Jorge Welti-Chanes
Molecules 2018, 23(11), 2953; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112953 - 12 Nov 2018
Cited by 75 | Viewed by 8056
Abstract
Over the years, significant research efforts have been made to extract bioactive compounds by applying different methodologies for various applications. For instance, the use of bioactive compounds in several commercial sectors such as biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, nutraceutical and chemical industries, has promoted the [...] Read more.
Over the years, significant research efforts have been made to extract bioactive compounds by applying different methodologies for various applications. For instance, the use of bioactive compounds in several commercial sectors such as biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, nutraceutical and chemical industries, has promoted the need of the most suitable and standardized methods to extract these bioactive constituents in a sophisticated and cost-effective manner. In practice, several conventional extraction methods have numerous limitations, e.g., lower efficacy, high energy cost, low yield, etc., thus urges for new state-of-the-art extraction methodologies. Thus, the optimization along with the integration of efficient pretreatment strategies followed by traditional extraction and purification processes, have been the primary goal of current research and development studies. Among different sources, algal biome has been found as a promising and feasible source to extract a broader spectrum of bioactive compounds with point-of-care application potentialities. As evident from the literature, algal bio-products includes biofuels, lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, enzymes, polysaccharides, and proteins. The recovery of products from algal biomass is a matter of constant development and progress. This review covers recent advancements in the extraction methodologies such as enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and pressurized-liquid extraction (PLF) along with their working mechanism for extracting bioactive compounds from algal-based sources to meet bio-economy challenges and opportunities. A particular focus has been given to design characteristics, performance evaluation, and point-of-care applications of different bioactive compounds of microalgae. The previous and recent studies on the anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral potentialities of algal-based bioactive compounds have also been discussed with particular reference to the mechanism underlying the effects of these active constituents with the related pathways. Towards the end, the information is also given on the possible research gaps, future perspectives and concluding remarks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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33 pages, 3459 KiB  
Review
Fermentation: A Boon for Production of Bioactive Compounds by Processing of Food Industries Wastes (By-Products)
by Pardeep Kumar Sadh, Suresh Kumar, Prince Chawla and Joginder Singh Duhan
Molecules 2018, 23(10), 2560; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102560 - 08 Oct 2018
Cited by 95 | Viewed by 12051
Abstract
A large number of by-products or wastes are produced worldwide through various food industries. These wastes cause a serious disposable problem with the environment. So, now a day’s different approaches are used for alternative use of these wastes because these by-products are an [...] Read more.
A large number of by-products or wastes are produced worldwide through various food industries. These wastes cause a serious disposable problem with the environment. So, now a day’s different approaches are used for alternative use of these wastes because these by-products are an excellent source of various bioactive components such as polyphenols, flavonoids, caffeine, carotenoids, creatine, and polysaccharides etc. which are beneficial for human health. Furthermore, the composition of these wastes depends on the source or type of waste. Approximately half of the waste is lignocellulosic in nature produced from food processing industries. The dissimilar types of waste produced by food industries can be fortified by various processes. Fermentation is one of the oldest approaches and there are three types of fermentation processes that are carried out such as solid state, submerged and liquid fermentation used for product transformation into value added products through microorganisms. Selections of the fermentation process are product specific. Moreover, various studies were performed to obtain or fortified different bioactive compounds that are present in food industries by-products or wastes. Therefore, the current review article discussed various sources, composition and nutritive value (especially bioactive compounds) of these wastes and their management or augmentation of value-added products through fermentation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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18 pages, 1522 KiB  
Review
Bioprocessing of Functional Ingredients from Flaxseed
by Christian Kwesi Ofotsu Dzuvor, Jordan Tauai Taylor, Caleb Acquah, Sharadwata Pan and Dominic Agyei
Molecules 2018, 23(10), 2444; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102444 - 24 Sep 2018
Cited by 72 | Viewed by 11758
Abstract
Flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum L.) are oilseeds endowed with nutritional constituents such as lignans, lipids, proteins, fibre, carbohydrates, and micronutrients. Owing to their established high nutritional profile, flaxseeds have gained an established reputation as a dietary source of high value functional ingredients. Through [...] Read more.
Flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum L.) are oilseeds endowed with nutritional constituents such as lignans, lipids, proteins, fibre, carbohydrates, and micronutrients. Owing to their established high nutritional profile, flaxseeds have gained an established reputation as a dietary source of high value functional ingredients. Through the application of varied bioprocessing techniques, these essential constituents in flaxseeds can be made bioavailable for different applications such as nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food industry. However, despite their food and health applications, flaxseeds contain high levels of phytotoxic compounds such as linatine, phytic acids, protease inhibitors, and cyanogenic glycosides. Epidemiological studies have shown that the consumption of these compounds can lead to poor bioavailability of essential nutrients and/or health complications. As such, these components must be removed or inactivated to physiologically undetectable limits to render flaxseeds safe for consumption. Herein, critical description of the types, characteristics, and bioprocessing of functional ingredients in flaxseed is presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactives from Bioprocessing: Sources and Production)
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