Research on Fungal Pathogen Candida spp. and Alternative Therapy

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2025) | Viewed by 3717

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Guest Editor
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
Interests: drug resistance; biofilm; cell wall proteins; Candida spp.; Malassezia spp.
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Candida is the most common fungal pathogen associated with nosocomial infections. Invasive candidiasis is a serious infection that primarily affects immunocompromised patients. Candida albicans, usually susceptible to fluconazole, has long been the most common species involved in both invasive and mucocutaneous infections. However, with the increasing use of antifungal agents and new diagnostic techniques, the epidemiology of Candida infections is changing, with an increased incidence of infections caused by other Candida species.

Several factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of Candida spp.: morphological and phenotypic variation, biofilm formation, production of extracellular enzymes toxic to tissues, adaptation to different environments, adhesion and invasion, production of heat shock proteins (HSPs), evasion of the host immune system, synergistic coaggregation with the resident microbiota, resistance to antifungal agents and the ability to respond effectively to multiple stresses. In the establishment of Candida infections, all these factors play an important role.

In this Special Issue of Microorganisms, we invite you to send contributions, in the form of original research or review papers, that report on the most advanced methods to study any aspects of the expression of virulence factors in Candida spp. Such topics might include studies on the production of extracellular enzymes, biofilm formation, and the production of heat shock proteins. Other topics might include the description of the evasion of the host immune system, or the study of alternative compounds as antifungal and anti-virulence factors.

Dr. Letizia Angiolella
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Candida spp.
  • yeast
  • heat shock proteins
  • biofilm
  • evasion of host immunity
  • hydrolytic enzyme
  • adhesion
  • alternative compounds
  • synergistic activity with microbiota

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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17 pages, 1324 KB  
Article
Antarctic Fungi as a Source of Alternative Antifungal Compounds: Bioactive Metabolites from South Shetland Islands Fungi with Activity Against Candida Species
by Nicole Cortez, Muhammad Javid Iqbal, Cecilia Villegas, Jaime R. Cabrera-Pardo, Viviana Burgos, Sigisfredo Garnica, Sarah Zuern, Marcelo Ortega-Silva and Cristian Paz
Microorganisms 2026, 14(3), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14030617 - 10 Mar 2026
Viewed by 552
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant Candida species has intensified efforts to discover novel bioactive compounds. Antarctic environments harbor psychrophilic microorganisms that produce unique secondary metabolites adapted to extreme conditions, making them valuable natural resources for drug discovery. During the 2020 Antarctic Scientific Expedition, we [...] Read more.
The emergence of drug-resistant Candida species has intensified efforts to discover novel bioactive compounds. Antarctic environments harbor psychrophilic microorganisms that produce unique secondary metabolites adapted to extreme conditions, making them valuable natural resources for drug discovery. During the 2020 Antarctic Scientific Expedition, we collected 19 sediment samples from the South Shetland Islands and isolated 14 fungal strains belonging to Cladosporium, Oidiodendron, Penicillium, Pseudeurotium, and Pseudogymnoascus genera. Total organic extracts obtained from 21-day cultures were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against pathogenic yeasts and bacteria. Oidiodendron sp. (ECA57-20) and Pseudogymnoascus sp. (ECA57-61) demonstrated strong anti-Candida activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 7.81 to 62.5 µg/mL against C. albicans, Pichia kudriavzevii (C. krusei), C. tropicalis, Nakaseomyces glabratus (C. glabrata), and Clavispora lusitaniae (C. lusitaniae). GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) metabolomic profiling suggests a broad diversity of secondary metabolites across active strains, which may contribute to the observed biological activities. These findings support the potential of Antarctic fungi as sources of alternative antifungal agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Fungal Pathogen Candida spp. and Alternative Therapy)
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14 pages, 1372 KB  
Article
Carvacrol Reduces Virulence Traits in Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Candida dubliniensis and Enhances Galleria mellonella Survival During Candidozyma auris Infection
by Andrea Giammarino, Laura Verdolini, Javier Mussin, Giulia Radocchia, Florencia Rojas, Gustavo Giusiano and Letizia Angiolella
Microorganisms 2026, 14(1), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14010188 - 14 Jan 2026
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Abstract
Background: Antifungal resistance among Candida species and related genera, coupled with the lack of new drugs, poses a significant threat to public health. Several studies have demonstrated a relationship between virulence factors and resistance. Current objectives include identifying new targets and searching for [...] Read more.
Background: Antifungal resistance among Candida species and related genera, coupled with the lack of new drugs, poses a significant threat to public health. Several studies have demonstrated a relationship between virulence factors and resistance. Current objectives include identifying new targets and searching for new natural molecules. Carvacrol, a natural phenolic compound, has been shown to have antimicrobial properties; however, its impact on the virulence of species other than Candida albicans and related yeast genera remains underexplored. Methods: The antifungal activity of carvacrol was evaluated against clinical isolates of Candidozyma auris, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, and Candida dubliniensis, as well as its effect on adhesion, hydrophobicity, biofilm formation and osmotic stress tolerance. In vivo activity was assessed using the Galleria mellonella infection model at MIC concentrations. Results: Carvacrol inhibited adherence and significantly reduced both early and preformed biofilms in M. guilliermondii and C. dubliniensis. In C. auris, the compound produced a modest reduction in biofilm activity but significantly enhanced larval survival in the in vivo model (~20%, p < 0.01). Carvacrol also induced increased tolerance of C. auris to osmotic stress, suggesting activation of adaptive pathways. Conclusions: Carvacrol exhibits species-specific effects, acting as an antivirulence modulator in M. guilliermondii and C. dubliniensis and attenuating virulence in vivo in C. auris. These findings support the potential of carvacrol as an adjuvant antifungal strategy, particularly against C. auris, and highlight the relevance of targeting virulence traits to reduce selective pressure and limit antifungal resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Fungal Pathogen Candida spp. and Alternative Therapy)
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21 pages, 646 KB  
Systematic Review
Evaluation of the Disinfection Efficacy of Er-YAG Laser Light on Single-Species Candida Biofilms: Systematic Review
by Diana Dembicka-Mączka, Magdalena Gryka-Deszczyńska, Jacek Sitkiewicz, Aleksander Makara, Jakub Fiegler-Rudol and Rafał Wiench
Microorganisms 2025, 13(4), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040942 - 19 Apr 2025
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1974
Abstract
The relevance of the current study is to increase the resistance of fungal biofilms to traditional disinfection methods. The aim of the study was to determine how effectively Er:YAG laser light inhibits single-species Candida biofilms. The study involved a systematic review of 57 [...] Read more.
The relevance of the current study is to increase the resistance of fungal biofilms to traditional disinfection methods. The aim of the study was to determine how effectively Er:YAG laser light inhibits single-species Candida biofilms. The study involved a systematic review of 57 scientific publications (2015–2024) selected according to specific criteria, followed by an assessment of quantitative and qualitative indicators of colony-forming unit reduction. The results show that under optimal parameters (power 1.5–3.9 W and duration 60–90 s), the Er:YAG laser can reduce the number of viable Candida albicans cells by an average of 70–90%, and when combined with sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine solutions, this figure can exceed 90%. Separate in vitro tests show that Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis require higher power or longer exposure to achieve a similar effect, while the use of the Er:YAG laser on titanium and dental surfaces minimizes damage to the substrate and effectively removes the biofilm matrix. In addition, laser treatment accelerates tissue regeneration and helps reduce the number of cases of reinfection, which is confirmed by the positive dynamics in clinical practice. Data analysis using confocal microscopy and microbiological seeding indicates a significant disruption of the biofilm structure and increased permeability to antimycotics after laser exposure. Er:YAG laser disinfection method is promising in counteracting fungal biofilms, especially for surfaces with a high risk of microbial colonization. The practical value lies in the possibility of developing standard protocols for the clinical use of the laser, which will increase the effectiveness of treatment and prevention of Candidal lesions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Fungal Pathogen Candida spp. and Alternative Therapy)
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