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Microorganisms
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Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Human Enteroviruses: 2nd Edition
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Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Human Enteroviruses: 2nd Edition

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2024) | Viewed by 7390

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Luis Sarmiento

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Clinical Sciences, Immunovirology Unit, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
Interests: human enteroviruses; viral pathogenesis; immunology; virus–host interactions; chronic viral infection; molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is a continuation of our 2022 Special Issue "Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Human Enteroviruses".

Human enteroviruses are non-enveloped viruses with a single positive-strand RNA genome belonging to the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. Currently, human enteroviruses comprise more than 100 types, which are grouped into four species (Enterovirus A–D). This group of viruses typically causes acute and self-limiting diseases, including aseptic meningitis encephalitis; myocarditis; herpangina; hand, foot and mouth disease; acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis; and respiratory infections. However, the full spectrum of illness caused by individual enteroviral serotypes remains unclear. In addition to acute illnesses, enteroviruses have also been associated with chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes, chronic viral cardiomyopathy, chronic fatigue syndrome, and post-poliomyelitis muscular atrophy.

Despite extensive investigations in recent decades, much remains unknown about the epidemiology and pathogenesis of enterovirus infections in humans. Except for the poliovirus vaccine, there is no vaccine or specific therapy available for most human enteroviral infections. Filling gaps in knowledge about pathogenesis, transmission dynamics, epidemiology, and evolution of human enteroviruses will open new conceptual avenues for vaccine and antiviral development. This Special Issue of Microorganisms  welcomes original research articles, clinical reports, and review articles related to recent discoveries concerning the epidemiology and pathogenesis of human enteroviruses.

Dr. Luis Sarmiento
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1066 KiB  
Article
In Vivo and In Vitro Studies Assessing the Antiviral Efficacy of Double Combinations Against Coxsackievirus B Infection
by Adelina Stoyanova, Simeon Galabov, Vadim Makarov and Angel S. Galabov
Microorganisms 2025, 13(1), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13010199 - 17 Jan 2025
Viewed by 686
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) infections, ranging from mild to severe diseases, lack specific antiviral treatments, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic strategies. Drug therapy is an important tool for controlling enterovirus infections, but clinically effective drugs do not currently exist, mainly due to the [...] Read more.
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) infections, ranging from mild to severe diseases, lack specific antiviral treatments, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic strategies. Drug therapy is an important tool for controlling enterovirus infections, but clinically effective drugs do not currently exist, mainly due to the development of drug resistance. Combination therapy with two or more drugs has the potential to successfully inhibit viral infection more effectively than either drug alone as well as delay the development of resistance. This study explores the consecutive alternating administration (CAA) scheme in mice with CVB1 infection, utilizing double antiviral combinations consisting of pleconaril and MDL-860, with guanidine hydrochloride and oxoglaucine. The CAA combinations of pleconaril achieved a survival rate, in infected mice, of up to 59%, while the combinations of MDL-860 showed no significant effects. CAA reduced mortality, prolonged mean survival time (up to 5 days), and mitigated drug resistance compared to monotherapy or simultaneous administration. Monotherapeutic courses and daily administration of double combinations had no effect. Phenotypic characterization using the IC50 marker of virus isolates from brain tissue of infected and treated mice was of particular importance for the evaluation of the CAA treatment scheme. The results show increased susceptibility of the virus isolates to the partner compounds in double CAA combinations. In contrast, virus isolates from the monotherapeutic groups manifested a diminished susceptibility to their respective compound, which signals the development of drug resistance. All data obtained prove the potential of the CAA scheme for the development of effective chemotherapy of enterovirus infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Human Enteroviruses: 2nd Edition)
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10 pages, 510 KiB  
Article
Efficacy of Virucidal Treatments against Poliovirus Type 1 Deposited on Stainless-Steel Carriers
by Cory Chiossone, Tanya Kapes, Robert Good, Raymond W. Nims and S. Steve Zhou
Microorganisms 2024, 12(10), 1964; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12101964 - 27 Sep 2024
Viewed by 793
Abstract
Safe containment of infectious poliovirus (PV) within Poliovirus-Essential Facilities (PEFs) will require the implementation of reliable PV-inactivation approaches for decontaminating work surfaces. Such approaches should be demonstrated empirically to display adequate efficacy at the use temperature, and the contact times required should be [...] Read more.
Safe containment of infectious poliovirus (PV) within Poliovirus-Essential Facilities (PEFs) will require the implementation of reliable PV-inactivation approaches for decontaminating work surfaces. Such approaches should be demonstrated empirically to display adequate efficacy at the use temperature, and the contact times required should be characterized to ensure efficacy. Such efficacy is judged by the ability of the inactivation approach to completely inactivate any PV deposited, with the demonstrated total log10 reduction in PV titer being as high as empirically achievable. We screened several approaches for their efficacy in inactivating wild-type PV type 1 Chat strain experimentally deposited on stainless-steel carriers at room temperature. On the basis of the results, we selected two approaches (5000 ppm sodium hypochlorite in water and 95% v/v ethanol in water) for further characterization for repeatability of efficacy (log10 reduction in PV titer) and time kinetics of inactivation. We now report that both PV-inactivation approaches, which should be readily available to all PEF laboratories globally, fulfill the expectations expressed above, with 5000 ppm sodium hypochlorite reproducibly causing ≥5.38 log10 inactivation and 95% ethanol reproducibly causing ≥4.46 log10 inactivation of PV on stainless-steel surfaces within a 5 min contact time at room temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Human Enteroviruses: 2nd Edition)
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Review

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11 pages, 945 KiB  
Review
Wastewater Surveillance in Europe for Non-Polio Enteroviruses and Beyond
by Laura Bubba, Kimberley S. M. Benschop, Soile Blomqvist, Erwin Duizer, Javier Martin, Alexander G. Shaw, Jean-Luc Bailly, Lasse D. Rasmussen, Anda Baicus, Thea K. Fischer and Heli Harvala
Microorganisms 2023, 11(10), 2496; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102496 - 5 Oct 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3012
Abstract
Wastewater surveillance (WWS) was developed in the early 1960s for the detection of poliovirus (PV) circulation in the population. It has been used to monitor several pathogens, including non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs), which are increasingly recognised as causes of morbidity in children. However, when [...] Read more.
Wastewater surveillance (WWS) was developed in the early 1960s for the detection of poliovirus (PV) circulation in the population. It has been used to monitor several pathogens, including non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs), which are increasingly recognised as causes of morbidity in children. However, when applying WWS to a new pathogen, it is important to consider the purpose of such a study as well as the suitability of the chosen methodology. With this purpose, the European Non-Polio Enterovirus Network (ENPEN) organised an expert webinar to discuss its history, methods, and applications; its evolution from a culture-based method to molecular detection; and future implementation of next generation sequencing (NGS). The first simulation experiments with PV calculated that a 400 mL sewage sample is sufficient for the detection of viral particles if 1:10,000 people excrete poliovirus in a population of 700,000 people. If the method is applied correctly, several NPEV types are detected. Despite culture-based methods remaining the gold standard for WWS, direct methods followed by molecular-based and sequence-based assays have been developed, not only for enterovirus but for several pathogens. Along with case-based sentinel and/or syndromic surveillance, WWS for NPEV and other pathogens represents an inexpensive, flexible, anonymised, reliable, population-based tool for monitoring outbreaks and the (re)emergence of these virus types/strains within the general population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Human Enteroviruses: 2nd Edition)
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