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Metals
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Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Metallic Materials
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Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Metallic Materials

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2018) | Viewed by 30483

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Roland Logé

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
PX Group Chair, Laboratory of Thermomechanical Metallurgy (LMTM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuchatel 2002, Switzerland
Interests: metals and alloys; microstructure modelling and characterization; texture; recrystallization; grain Growth; phase transformation; thermomechanical processing; selective laser melting; laser shock peening; finite elements

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Metals deals with all aspects of the dynamic recrystallization of metals and alloys. The topic is not new, but still represents a very active research area, due to the complex multiscale nature of the problem, and its industrial importance.

A better understanding of dynamic recrystallization phenomena implies the use of predictive models at different scales, which describe the complex evolutions of interface patterns, looking at the local kinetic equations, and at the global meso- or macroscopic resulting properties. These models include the so-called mean field models taking advantage of differential equations operating on well-chosen state variables. They also refer to more demanding mesoscale computational models with explicit representations of microstructures through grids or meshes (Monte Carlo, Cellular Automata, Phase field, Level set, etc.). At the lowest scale, atomistic simulations provide new insights into the mechanisms operating during interface motion.

Experimental approaches also explore the dynamics of interfaces at different scales, looking at nucleation phenomena, texture changes, interaction between moving boundaries and dislocations structures, boundary mobility and energy, coupling with twinning, phase transformation and precipitation. In situ experiments at Large Facilities provide more and more information on those subjects, which need to be translated into appropriate mechanical and physical descriptions. At the laboratory scale, the possibility to explore dynamic recrystallization in macroscopic samples from the measurement of temperature, stress/strain, strain rate, geometry or resistivity changes, deserves further investigation, in particular by taking advantage of multiscale models, and studying variable thermal and mechanical conditions, which are of utmost importance in industry and have been so far relatively neglected in academic work.

Prof. Roland E. Logé
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • dynamic recrystallization
  • dynamic recovery
  • nucleation
  • texture
  • precipitation
  • grain boundary migration
  • grain refinement
  • microstructure characterization
  • mechanical properties
  • multiscale modelling

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 5547 KiB  
Article
Effects of Initial Grain Size of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy on the Recrystallization Behavior and Recrystallization Mechanism in Isothermal Compression
by Jiuhui Zhao, Yunlai Deng, Fushun Xu and Jin Zhang
Metals 2019, 9(2), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020110 - 22 Jan 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4576
Abstract
Fine-grained (average gain size 3.8 μm) and coarse-grained (average gain size 24.9 μm) Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys were subjected to isothermal compression at 10−3 s−1 and temperature ranges from 300 °C to 450 °C. The grain structures after isothermal compression were observed by [...] Read more.
Fine-grained (average gain size 3.8 μm) and coarse-grained (average gain size 24.9 μm) Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys were subjected to isothermal compression at 10−3 s−1 and temperature ranges from 300 °C to 450 °C. The grain structures after isothermal compression were observed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results show that the continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) mechanism dominated to form sub-grains in grain interiors during isothermal compression of coarse-grained materials, and sub-grains were gradually developed in grain interiors as the effective strain increased. Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) was the main recrystallization mechanism during isothermal compression of fine-grained materials, in which finer recrystallized grains were formed at grain boundaries. The temperature of isothermal compression had little influence on the recrystallization when the growth of recrystallized grains was slight, and sub-grains were hardly developed in fine-grain interiors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Metallic Materials)
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12 pages, 3662 KiB  
Article
Dynamically Recrystallized Microstructures, Textures, and Tensile Properties of a Hot Worked High-Mn Steel
by Pavel Dolzhenko, Marina Tikhonova, Rustam Kaibyshev and Andrey Belyakov
Metals 2019, 9(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9010030 - 2 Jan 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3094
Abstract
The deformation microstructures and mechanical properties were studied in a high-Mn steel subjected to hot compression. The deformation microstructures resulted from the development of dynamic recrystallization (DRX). Two DRX mechanisms, namely discontinuous and continuous, operated during warm-to-hot working. Under the conditions of hot [...] Read more.
The deformation microstructures and mechanical properties were studied in a high-Mn steel subjected to hot compression. The deformation microstructures resulted from the development of dynamic recrystallization (DRX). Two DRX mechanisms, namely discontinuous and continuous, operated during warm-to-hot working. Under the conditions of hot working when the flow stresses were below 100 MPa, a power law function was obtained between the DRX grain size and the true flow stress with a grain size exponent of −0.8 owing to the discontinuous DRX. On the other hand, the gradual change in the operating DRX mechanism from a discontinuous to continuous one upon a transition from hot to warm working, when the true flow stress increases above 100 MPa, resulted in the grain size exponent of about −0.5 in the power law between the flow stress and the DRX grain size. The DRX microstructures developed by warm-to-hot working provide a beneficial combination of mechanical properties including high ultimate tensile strength in the range of 700–900 MPa and sufficient ductility with a uniform elongation well above 50%. The strengthening of the samples with DRX microstructures was attributed to the combined effect of the grain size and dislocation strengthening resulting in a rather high grain boundary strengthening factor of 570 MPa μm0.5 in the Hall-Petch-type relationship. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Metallic Materials)
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15 pages, 3114 KiB  
Article
A Combined Method to Model Dynamic Recrystallization Based on Cellular Automaton and a Phenomenological (CAP) Approach
by Morteza Azarbarmas, Seyed Sajad Mirjavadi, Ali Ghasemi and Abdel Magid Hamouda
Metals 2018, 8(11), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8110923 - 8 Nov 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4884
Abstract
Titanium alloys with high stacking-fault energy show continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) instead of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) during high-temperature deformation. During the CDRX mechanism, new recrystallized grains are generated by the progressive increasing of the low-angle boundary misorientations. In the present work, the [...] Read more.
Titanium alloys with high stacking-fault energy show continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) instead of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) during high-temperature deformation. During the CDRX mechanism, new recrystallized grains are generated by the progressive increasing of the low-angle boundary misorientations. In the present work, the CDRX phenomenon was modeled by using a cellular automaton (CA)-based method. The size of seeds was determined based on a phenomenological approach, and then the number and distribution of recrystallized grains as well as the topological changes were applied by utilizing the CA approach. In order to verify the capacity of the proposed model for predicting the microstructural characteristics, the experimental data of the hot-compressed TiNiFe alloy were used. Results showed that the presented model can accurately estimate the fraction of the recrystallized area. Moreover, the macroscopic flow curves of the alloy were well predicted by the present model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Metallic Materials)
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15 pages, 3484 KiB  
Article
Some Facts We Can Learn from Analytical Modeling of DDRX in Pure Metals and Solid Solutions
by Frank Montheillet
Metals 2018, 8(10), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8100789 - 2 Oct 2018
Viewed by 2267
Abstract
Modeling and simulation of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) are now commonly carried out by numerical methods, most often finite element computation. It is also possible to use simple analytical approaches on the grain scale to get relevant information about the basic mechanisms involved [...] Read more.
Modeling and simulation of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) are now commonly carried out by numerical methods, most often finite element computation. It is also possible to use simple analytical approaches on the grain scale to get relevant information about the basic mechanisms involved in DDRX, in particular regarding the large strain steady state behaviour. This is illustrated in the present paper on the basis of a model previously proposed by the author and co-workers, which is first briefly presented. The macroscopic constitutive parameters associated with DDRX are then derived and three distinct “Derby exponents” are introduced for describing the relationship between steady state grain size and flow stress. Finally, it is shown, with the example of grain sizes, that not only can average quantities be predicted analytically, but also their distributions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Metallic Materials)
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16 pages, 21996 KiB  
Article
Softening Characterization of 300M High-Strength Steel during Post-Dynamic Recrystallization
by Rong Zeng, Liang Huang, Hongliang Su, Huijuan Ma, Yangfei Ma and Jianjun Li
Metals 2018, 8(5), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/met8050340 - 10 May 2018
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3907
Abstract
This paper investigates softening phenomena within the post-dynamic recrystallization (PDRX) process in 300M high-strength steel specimens with different initial dynamically recrystallized volume fractions. Isothermal, interrupted compression experiments were performed on a Gleeble-3500 at a temperature of 1273 K and strain rate of 0.01 [...] Read more.
This paper investigates softening phenomena within the post-dynamic recrystallization (PDRX) process in 300M high-strength steel specimens with different initial dynamically recrystallized volume fractions. Isothermal, interrupted compression experiments were performed on a Gleeble-3500 at a temperature of 1273 K and strain rate of 0.01 s−1. To acquire different initial volume fractions of dynamically recrystallized (DRX) grains, deformation was interrupted at two strain levels and immediately followed by isothermal annealing treatments. The softening behaviors respectively caused by the static recrystallization (SRX) and metadynamic recrystallization (MDRX) were qualitatively characterized by variations in the mechanical properties of the deformed and recrystallized grains. On the basis of the Taylor dislocation model, the evolution of geometric necessary dislocations (GNDs) and statistically stored dislocations (SSDs) densities were also discussed to qualitatively clarify the nature of different softening behaviors. Results indicate that the SRX occurred alone in samples without initial DRX grains, after an incubation time of approximately 50 s, while MDRX initially appeared within 1 s and completed at about 8 s in samples with a high initial volume fraction of DRX grains. The microhardness, indentation hardness, and Young’s modulus in the deformed and recrystallized grains decreased gradually with an increase of MDRX and SRX volume fractions. The sink-in and pile-up phenomena were enhanced by the SRX and MDRX softening processes, respectively. The SSDs density decreased more noticeably during the MDRX process than that during the SRX, which indicates that the MDRX process contributed to a more significant softening effect within the microstructural evolution regimes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Metallic Materials)
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16 pages, 7114 KiB  
Article
Mechanism of Dynamic Recrystallization and Evolution of Texture in the Hot Working Domains of the Processing Map for Mg-4Al-2Ba-2Ca Alloy
by Kalidass Suresh, Kamineni Pitcheswara Rao, Yellapregada Venkata Rama Krishna Prasad, Chi-Man Lawrence Wu, Norbert Hort and Hajo Dieringa
Metals 2017, 7(12), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/met7120539 - 2 Dec 2017
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4640
Abstract
The occurrence of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and its effect on the evolution of texture during uniaxial compression of a creep-resistant cast Mg-4Al-2Ba-2Ca alloy in the temperature range of 260–500 °C and strain rate range of 0.0003–10 s−1 has been studied using transmission [...] Read more.
The occurrence of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and its effect on the evolution of texture during uniaxial compression of a creep-resistant cast Mg-4Al-2Ba-2Ca alloy in the temperature range of 260–500 °C and strain rate range of 0.0003–10 s−1 has been studied using transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction techniques with a view to understand its mechanism. For this purpose, a processing map has been developed for this alloy, which revealed two domains of DRX in the temperature and strain rate ranges of: (1) 300–390 °C/0.0003–0.001 s−1 and (2) 400–500 °C/0.0003–0.5 s−1. In Domain 1, DRX occurs by basal slip and recovery by dislocation climb, as indicated by the presence of planar slip bands and high dislocation density leading to tilt boundary formation and a low-intensity basal texture. On the other hand, DRX in Domain 2 occurs by second order pyramidal slip and recovery by cross-slip since the microstructure revealed tangled dislocation structure with twist boundaries and randomized texture. The high volume content of intermetallic phases Mg21Al3Ba2 and (Al,Mg)2Ca eutectic phase is considered to be responsible for the observed hot deformation behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Metallic Materials)
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15 pages, 14350 KiB  
Article
In Situ Characterization of Inconel 718 Post-Dynamic Recrystallization within a Scanning Electron Microscope
by Meriem Zouari, Roland E. Logé and Nathalie Bozzolo
Metals 2017, 7(11), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/met7110476 - 4 Nov 2017
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 5862
Abstract
Microstructure evolution within the post-dynamic regime following hot deformation was investigated in Inconel 718 samples with different dynamically recrystallized volume fractions and under conditions such that no δ-phase particles were present. In situ annealing treatments carried out to mimic post-dynamic conditions inside the [...] Read more.
Microstructure evolution within the post-dynamic regime following hot deformation was investigated in Inconel 718 samples with different dynamically recrystallized volume fractions and under conditions such that no δ-phase particles were present. In situ annealing treatments carried out to mimic post-dynamic conditions inside the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) chamber suggest the occurrence of both metadynamic and static recrystallization mechanisms. Static recrystallization was observed in addition to metadynamic recrystallization, only when the initial dynamically recrystallized volume fraction was very small. The initial volume fraction of dynamically recrystallized grains appears to be decisive for subsequent microstructural evolution mechanisms and kinetics. In addition, the formation of annealing twins is observed along with the growth of recrystallized grains, but then the twin density decreases as the material enters the capillarity-driven grain growth regime. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Metallic Materials)
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