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13 pages, 1865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Collagen Extraction from Fish Scales Using Tris-Glycine Buffer: A Taguchi Methodological Approach

by Mokgadi Ursula Makgobole, Stanley Chibuzor Onwubu, Abayomi Baruwa, Nomakhosi Mpofana, Zodidi Obiechefu, Deneshree Naidoo, Andile Khathi and Blessing Mkhwanazi

Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(12), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22120562 - 17 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1623

Abstract

Collagen, a critical biomaterial with wide applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and medical industries, can be sourced sustainably from fish scales. This study optimizes the extraction of collagen using Tris-Glycine buffer from fish scales via the Taguchi method. Various extraction parameters—buffer concentration, temperature, pH, [...] Read more.

Collagen, a critical biomaterial with wide applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and medical industries, can be sourced sustainably from fish scales. This study optimizes the extraction of collagen using Tris-Glycine buffer from fish scales via the Taguchi method. Various extraction parameters—buffer concentration, temperature, pH, and time—were evaluated to identify optimal conditions. Under optimal conditions (0.5 M of acetic acids, volume of acids of 100 mL, soaking time of 120 min, and Tris-Glycine buffer of 10 mL), the results demonstrate that temperature and buffer concentration significantly influence collagen yield, with a collagen purity of 17.14 ± 0.05 mg/g. R² value of 73.84% was obtained for the mathematical model). FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of characteristic collagen peaks at 1611 cm⁻¹ (amide I), 1523 cm⁻¹ (amide II), and 1300 cm⁻¹ (amide III), indicating the successful extraction of type I collagen. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a protein banding pattern consistent with the molecular weight of collagen, and amino acid analysis shows high percentages of glycine (20.98%), proline (15.43%), and hydroxyproline (11.51%), implying fibrous collagen structures. The finding suggests that the Taguchi method offers an efficient and sustainable approach for collagen extraction, reducing waste from fish processing industries. Nevertheless, there is a need for further experimental validation to align with mathematical modeling on the optimized conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)

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13 pages, 1961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maximizing Collagen Yield from Underutilized Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) Skins by Optimizing Pre-Cleaning and Extraction Methods

by Judith Maria Scheja, Jens Jakob Sigurðarson, Halldór Gunnar Ólafsson and Hjörleifur Einarsson

Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(12), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22120525 - 22 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1162

Abstract

Female lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) are a primary target of commercial fishery for their roe, a substitute for caviar. The remaining carcasses are underutilized rest raw material. The pre-treatment and acid extraction conditions of collagen from lumpfish skins were optimized. Full factorial [...] Read more.

Female lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) are a primary target of commercial fishery for their roe, a substitute for caviar. The remaining carcasses are underutilized rest raw material. The pre-treatment and acid extraction conditions of collagen from lumpfish skins were optimized. Full factorial design was used to optimize the alkali pre-treatment conditions with NaOH. The optimal conditions were X₁ = 0.1 M (NaOH concentration), X₂ = 6 h (NaOH treatment time), X₃ = 4 °C (treatment temperature) and X₄ = 1:5 (w/v, solid to liquid ratio). Optimized conditions for collagen extraction with acetic acid were investigated using a Box–Behnken design. The result suggested a concentration of 0.9 M acetic acid, treatment temperature of 21 °C, a treatment time of 36 h in a total of 2 volumes of acid. Combined optimized effects resulted in a collagen yield of 45% (DW/DW) with high purity (>90%) and a high hydroxyproline content (7.9%). A scale-up experiment (starting with 45 kg) showed that the yield was somewhat lower (18–25%). Enzyme hydrolysis of skin after acetic acid extraction added another 23% (DW/DW) to the yield and enzyme hydrolysis of precleaned skins resulted in 60% (DW/DW). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)

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12 pages, 2383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Antioxidant Effects of Trypsin-Hydrolysate Derived from Abalone Viscera and Fishery By-Products, and the Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Activity of Its Purified Bioactive Peptides

by Jun-Ho Heo, Eun-A Kim, Nalae Kang, Seong-Yeong Heo, Ginnae Ahn and Soo-Jin Heo

Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(10), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22100461 - 7 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1813

Abstract

Abalone is a rich source of nutrition, the viscera of which are discarded as by-product during processing. This study explored the biological activities of peptides derived from abalone viscera (AV). Trypsin-hydrolysate of AV (TAV) was purified into three fractions using a Sephadex G-10 [...] Read more.

Abalone is a rich source of nutrition, the viscera of which are discarded as by-product during processing. This study explored the biological activities of peptides derived from abalone viscera (AV). Trypsin-hydrolysate of AV (TAV) was purified into three fractions using a Sephadex G-10 column. Nine bioactive peptides (VAR, NYER, LGPY, VTPGLQY, QFPVGR, LGEW, QLQFPVGR, LDW, and NLGEW) derived from TAV-F2 were sequenced. LGPY, VTPGLQY, LGEW, LDW, and NLGEW exhibited antioxidant properties, with IC₅₀ values of 0.213, 0.297, 0.289, 0.363, and 0.303 mg/mL, respectively. In vitro analysis determined that the peptides VAR, NYER, VTPGLQY, QFPVGR, LGEW, QLQFPVGR, and NLGEW inhibited ACE, with IC₅₀ values of 0.104, 0.107, 0.023, 0.023, 0.165, 0.004, and 0.146 mg/mL, respectively. The binding interactions of ACE-bioactive peptide complexes were investigated using docking analysis with the ZDCOK server. VTPGLQT interacted with HIS513 and TYR523, and QLQFPVGR interacted with HIS353, ALA354, GLU384, HIS513, and TYR523, contributing to the inhibition of ACE activity. They also interacted with amino acids that contribute to stability by binding to zinc ions. QFPVGR may form complexes with ACE surface sites, suggesting indirect inhibition. These results indicate that AV is a potential source of bioactive peptides with dual antioxidant and anti-hypertensive dual effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)

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22 pages, 1623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Status of Fishery Discards and By-Products in Greece and Potential Valorization Scenarios towards a National Exploitation Master Plan

by Efstratios Roussos, George Triantaphyllidis, Vassiliki Ilia, Konstantinos Tsagarakis, Athanasios Machias, Leto-Aikaterini Tziveleka, Vassilios Roussis, Efstathia Ioannou and Yannis Kotzamanis

Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(6), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22060264 - 7 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1816

Abstract

The valorization of aquaculture/fishery processing by-products, as well as unavoidable/unwanted catches and discards in Greece, is currently an underutilized activity despite the fact that there are several best practices in Northern Europe and overseas. One of the main challenges is to determine whether [...] Read more.

The valorization of aquaculture/fishery processing by-products, as well as unavoidable/unwanted catches and discards in Greece, is currently an underutilized activity despite the fact that there are several best practices in Northern Europe and overseas. One of the main challenges is to determine whether the available quantities for processing are sufficient to warrant the valorization of discards and fish side streams. This is the first attempt to systematically record and analyze the available quantities of fish by-products and discards in Greece spatially and temporally in an effort to create a national exploitation Master Plan for the valorization of this unavoidable and unwanted biomass. A thorough survey conducted within the VIOAXIOPIO project unveiled a substantial biomass of around 19,000 tonnes annually that could be harnessed for valorization. Furthermore, the production of various High-Added-Value Biomolecules (HAVBs) was investigated and experimental trials were conducted to assess the potential yields, with the collected data used to formulate four valorization scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)

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11 pages, 1964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quality Assessment of Fish Oil Obtained after Enzymatic Hydrolysis of a Mixture of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Rest Raw Material Pretreated by High Pressure

by Elissavet Kotsoni, Egidijus Daukšas, Grete Hansen Aas, Turid Rustad, Brijesh K. Tiwari and Janna Cropotova

Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(6), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22060261 - 5 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1973

Abstract

Utilization of fish rest raw material for fish oil extraction has received interest with the increasing demand for sustainable food sources. Enzymatic hydrolysis is an efficient method for the extraction of value-added compounds, but its effectiveness may be enhanced by high-pressure processing (HPP). [...] Read more.

Utilization of fish rest raw material for fish oil extraction has received interest with the increasing demand for sustainable food sources. Enzymatic hydrolysis is an efficient method for the extraction of value-added compounds, but its effectiveness may be enhanced by high-pressure processing (HPP). However, HPP can induce lipid oxidation, affecting the quality of the oil. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of fish oil obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis of a mixture of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rest raw material pretreated by HPP. Six pretreatments were tested prior to enzymatic hydrolysis; 200 MPa × 4 min, 200 MPa × 8 min, 400 MPa × 4 min, 400 MPa × 8 min, 600 MPa × 4 min, and 600 MPa × 8 min. The oil samples were analyzed for lipid oxidation parameters, free fatty acid content, fatty acid composition, and color changes over 8 weeks. The results confirmed that HPP may induce lipid oxidation and revealed significant influence of HPP parameters on lipid oxidation, with higher pressures leading to increased oxidation. Fatty acid composition varied among samples, but it was not substantially affected by HPP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)

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14 pages, 1545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) Skin as a Source for Gelatine Extraction Using Acid Hydrolysis

by Abhilash Sasidharan, Elise Rabben Tronstad and Turid Rustad

Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(4), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22040169 - 10 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2763

Abstract

Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) is an underutilized marine resource that is currently only being exploited for roe. Lumpfish skin was pre-treated with alkali (0.1M NaOH) and acid (0.1M HCl) at a skin to chemical ratio of 1:10 for 24 h at 5 [...] Read more.

Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) is an underutilized marine resource that is currently only being exploited for roe. Lumpfish skin was pre-treated with alkali (0.1M NaOH) and acid (0.1M HCl) at a skin to chemical ratio of 1:10 for 24 h at 5 °C to remove non-collagenous proteins and minerals. The pre-treated skin was washed, and gelatine was extracted with 0.1M of acetic acid at three different ratios (1:5, 1:10, and 1:15), time (12,18, and 24 h), and temperature combinations (12, 28, and 24 °C). The highest total extraction yield (>40%) was obtained with combinations of extraction ratios of 1:15 and 1:10 with a longer time (24 h) and higher temperature (18–24 °C). The highest gelatine content was obtained with an extraction period of 24 h and ratio of 1:10 (>80%). SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the presence of type-I collagen. A rheological evaluation indicated melting and gelling temperatures, gel strength, and viscosity properties comparable to existing cold-water gelatine sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)

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14 pages, 1364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dehydration, Rehydration and Thermal Treatment: Effect on Bioactive Compounds of Red Seaweeds Porphyra umbilicalis and Porphyra linearis

by Carla Pires, Maria Sapatinha, Rogério Mendes, Narcisa M. Bandarra and Amparo Gonçalves

Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(4), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22040166 - 9 Apr 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2325

Abstract

The nutritional and bioactive value of seaweeds is widely recognized, making them a valuable food source. To use seaweeds as food, drying and thermal treatments are required, but these treatments may have a negative impact on valuable bioactive compounds. In this study, the [...] Read more.

The nutritional and bioactive value of seaweeds is widely recognized, making them a valuable food source. To use seaweeds as food, drying and thermal treatments are required, but these treatments may have a negative impact on valuable bioactive compounds. In this study, the effects of dehydration, rehydration, and thermal treatment on the bioactive compounds (carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC)), antioxidant (ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities) and anti-Alzheimer’s (Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitory activities, and color properties of Porphyra umbilicalis and Porphyra linearis seaweeds were evaluated. The results revealed significant reductions in carotenoids, TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities after the seaweeds’ processing, with differences observed between species. Thermal treatment led to the most pronounced reductions in bioactive compound contents and antioxidant activity. AchE inhibitory activity remained relatively high in all samples, with P. umbilicalis showing higher activity than P. linearis. Changes in color (ΔE) were significant after seaweeds’ dehydration, rehydration and thermal treatment, especially in P. umbilicalis. Overall, optimizing processing methods is crucial for preserving the bioactive compounds and biological activities of seaweeds, thus maximizing their potential as sustainable and nutritious food sources or as nutraceutical ingredients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)

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19 pages, 676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protein Hydrolysis as a Way to Valorise Squid-Processing Byproducts: Obtaining and Identification of ACE, DPP-IV and PEP Inhibitory Peptides

by Hajer Bougatef, Assaad Sila, Ali Bougatef and Oscar Martínez-Alvarez

Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(4), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22040156 - 28 Mar 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2359

Abstract

The industrial processing of Argentine shortfin squid to obtain rings generates a significant amount of protein-rich waste, including the skin, which is rich in collagen and attached myofibrillar proteins. This waste is generally discarded. In this study, skin was used as a source [...] Read more.

The industrial processing of Argentine shortfin squid to obtain rings generates a significant amount of protein-rich waste, including the skin, which is rich in collagen and attached myofibrillar proteins. This waste is generally discarded. In this study, skin was used as a source of proteins that were hydrolysed using Trypsin, Esperase® or Alcalase®, which released peptides with antioxidant potential and, in particular, antihypertensive (ACE inhibition), hypoglycemic (DPP-IV inhibition) and/or nootropic (PEP inhibition) potential. Among the three enzymes tested, Esperase® and Alcalase produced hydrolysates with potent ACE-, DPP-IV- and PEP-inhibiting properties. These hydrolysates underwent chromatography fractionation, and the composition of the most bioactive fractions was analysed using HPLC-MS-MS. The fractions with the highest bioactivity exhibited very low IC50 values (16 and 66 µg/mL for ACE inhibition, 97 µg/mL for DPP-IV inhibition and 55 µg/mL for PEP inhibition) and were mainly derived from the hydrolysate obtained using Esperase®. The presence of Leu at the C-terminal appeared to be crucial for the ACE inhibitory activity of these fractions. The DPP-IV inhibitory activity of peptides seemed to be determined by the presence of Pro or Ala in the second position from the N-terminus, and Gly and/or Pro in the last C-terminal positions. Similarly, the presence of Pro in the peptides present in the best PEP inhibitory fraction seemed to be important in the inhibitory effect. These results demonstrate that the skin of the Argentine shortfin squid is a valuable source of bioactive peptides, suitable for incorporation into human nutrition as nutraceuticals and food supplements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)

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18 pages, 2356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxidative Stability of Side-Streams from Cod Filleting—Effect of Antioxidant Dipping and Low-Temperature Storage

by Ann-Dorit Moltke Sørensen, Haizhou Wu, Grethe Hyldig, Niels Bøknæs, Ole Mejlholm, Ingrid Undeland and Charlotte Jacobsen

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(11), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21110591 - 13 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2121

Abstract

Currently, side-streams (e.g., head, backbone, tail, and intestines) generated in the fish processing industry often end up as low-value products for feed applications or even as waste. In order to upcycle such side-streams, they need to be preserved to avoid oxidative degradation of [...] Read more.

Currently, side-streams (e.g., head, backbone, tail, and intestines) generated in the fish processing industry often end up as low-value products for feed applications or even as waste. In order to upcycle such side-streams, they need to be preserved to avoid oxidative degradation of the lipids between the generation point and the valorization plant. In the cod filleting industry, three main solid side-streams: viscera, heads, and backbones, are obtained. Hence, this study aimed to identify the most efficient antioxidant for preserving the cod side-streams using a dipping-based strategy prior to pre-valorization storage at low temperatures (ice and frozen storage). The dipping solutions evaluated contained: (i) a lipophilic rosemary extract (0.05% and 0.2% in 0.9% NaCl), (ii) Duralox MANC (a mixture of rosemary extract, ascorbic acid, tocopherols, and citric acid; 2% in 0.9% NaCl), and (iii) NaCl (0.9%) w/w solution. One group was not dipped. No dipping and dipping in NaCl were included as controls. The results showed a positive effect of dipping with solutions containing antioxidants as measured by peroxide value (PV), TBA-reactive substances (TBARS), and sensory profiling, e.g., rancid odor. Moreover, the oxidative stability increased with decreased storage temperature. The cod side-streams were in general most efficiently preserved by Duralox MANC, followed by the lipophilic rosemary extract (0.2%), compared to no dipping and dipping in NaCl solution and the lower concentration of the lipophilic rosemary extract (0.05%). The efficiency of the antioxidant treatments was independent of the side-stream fraction and storage temperature. Thus, using antioxidant dipping combined with low temperature storage is an efficient preservation method for maintaining the quality of the lipids in cod solid side-streams during their pre-valorization storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)

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15 pages, 2226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Enzymes, Species, and Storage of Raw Material on Physicochemical Properties of Protein Hydrolysates from Whitefish Heads

by Jannicke Fugledal Remme, Sigurd Korsnes, Stine Steen, Rachel Durand, Kristine Kvangarsnes and Janne Stangeland

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(11), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21110587 - 10 Nov 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2109

Abstract

The rest raw materials of whitefish have great potential for increased utilisation and value creation. Whitefish heads have a high protein content and should be considered a healthy protein source for the growing population’s demands for sustainable protein. In this study, the heads [...] Read more.

The rest raw materials of whitefish have great potential for increased utilisation and value creation. Whitefish heads have a high protein content and should be considered a healthy protein source for the growing population’s demands for sustainable protein. In this study, the heads of four different species of whitefish were processed via enzymatic hydrolysis, namely cod (Gadus morhua), cusk (Brosme bromse), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and saithe (Pollachius virens), using three commercially available enzymes. Trials were conducted after 0, 3, and 6 months of the frozen storage of heads. A proximate analysis, molecular weight distribution, and protein solubility were evaluated for each of the products. The results show that, although the enzymatic hydrolysis of rest raw materials from different species of whitefish yielded products of slightly different characteristics, this process is viable for the production of high-quality protein from cod, cusk, haddock, and saithe heads. Six months of frozen storage of heads had a minimal effect on the yield and proximate composition of hydrolysates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)

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18 pages, 4026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recovery of Nutrients from Cod Processing Waters

by Jorge Coque, Charlotte Jacobsen, Bita Forghani, Anders Meyer, Greta Jakobsen, Jens J. Sloth and Ann-Dorit Moltke Sørensen

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(11), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21110558 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2343

Abstract

Liquid side-streams from food industries can be processed and used in food applications and contribute to reduce the environmental footprint of industries. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of protein and phosphorus separation processes, namely microfiltration, ultrafiltration [...] Read more.

Liquid side-streams from food industries can be processed and used in food applications and contribute to reduce the environmental footprint of industries. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of protein and phosphorus separation processes, namely microfiltration, ultrafiltration and flocculation, using protein-rich process waters with low (LS) and high (HS) salt content from the processing of salted cod (Gadus morhua). The application of different flocculants (chitosan lactate and Levasil RD442) were evaluated at different concentrations and maturation periods (0, 1 or 3 h). The results showed that different flocculation treatments resulted in different recoveries of the nutrients from LS and HS. Proteins in LS could be most efficiently recovered by using Levasil RD442 0.25% and no maturation period (51.4%), while phosphorus was most efficiently recovered when using Levasil RD442 1.23% and a maturation period of 1 h (34.7%). For HS, most of its protein was recovered using Levasil RD442 1.23% and a maturation period of 1 h (51.8%), while phosphorus was recovered the most using Levasil 1.23% and no maturation period (47.1%). The salt contents allowed interactions through intermolecular forces with Levasil RD442. The ultrafiltration method was effective on HS since it recovered higher percentages of nutrients in the retentate phase (57% of the protein and 46% of the phosphorus) compared to LS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)

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Review

Jump to: Research

26 pages, 1891 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fish Skin Mucus Extracts: An Underexplored Source of Antimicrobial Agents

by Rocío Díaz-Puertas, Mikolaj Adamek, Ricardo Mallavia and Alberto Falco

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(6), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21060350 - 7 Jun 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 12426

Abstract

The slow discovery of new antibiotics combined with the alarming emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria underscores the need for alternative treatments. In this regard, fish skin mucus has been demonstrated to contain a diverse array of bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties, including peptides, proteins, [...] Read more.

The slow discovery of new antibiotics combined with the alarming emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria underscores the need for alternative treatments. In this regard, fish skin mucus has been demonstrated to contain a diverse array of bioactive molecules with antimicrobial properties, including peptides, proteins, and other metabolites. This review aims to provide an overview of the antimicrobial molecules found in fish skin mucus and its reported in vitro antimicrobial capacity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Additionally, the different methods of mucus extraction, which can be grouped as aqueous, organic, and acidic extractions, are presented. Finally, omic techniques (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multiomics) are described as key tools for the identification and isolation of new antimicrobial compounds. Overall, this study provides valuable insight into the potential of fish skin mucus as a promising source for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)

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