International Journal of Molecular Sciences

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15 pages, 1405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combination of Fenretinide and Selenite Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Ovarian Cancer Cells

by Jie Liu, Jia Li, Jian-Fang Zhang and Xiao-Yan Xin

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(11), 21790-21804; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms141121790 - 4 Nov 2013

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6679

Abstract

The combination of fenretinide and selenite on ovarian cancer cells was investigated to assess its effects on proliferation and ability to induce apoptosis. Our results showed that fenretinide and selenite in combination significantly suppress the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells and induced apoptosis [...] Read more.

The combination of fenretinide and selenite on ovarian cancer cells was investigated to assess its effects on proliferation and ability to induce apoptosis. Our results showed that fenretinide and selenite in combination significantly suppress the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells and induced apoptosis (including reactive oxygen species generation, and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential) compared with either drug used alone. The caspase3/9-dependent pathway was triggered significantly in combination treatment, and moreover, the AMPK pathway also mediated the apoptosis induction in fenretinide and selenite combination. Fenretinide and selenite combination treatment was demonstrated to suppress tumor growth in vivo, this drug combination has been thus found to have an enhanced anti-tumor effect on ovarian cancers cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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15 pages, 2910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

KRAS and MAPK1 Gene Amplification in Type II Ovarian Carcinomas

by Mohammed Tanjimur Rahman, Kentaro Nakayama, Munmun Rahman, Hiroshi Katagiri, Atsuko Katagiri, Tomoka Ishibashi, Masako Ishikawa, Emi Sato, Kouji Iida, Naomi Nakayama, Noriyuki Ishikawa and Kohji Miyazaki

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(7), 13748-13762; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140713748 - 2 Jul 2013

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 8592

Abstract

In this study, we examined the clinical significance of KRAS and MAPK1 amplification and assessed whether these amplified genes were potential therapeutic targets in type II ovarian carcinoma. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and retrospectively collected clinical data, KRAS and MAPK1 [...] Read more.

In this study, we examined the clinical significance of KRAS and MAPK1 amplification and assessed whether these amplified genes were potential therapeutic targets in type II ovarian carcinoma. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and retrospectively collected clinical data, KRAS and MAPK1 amplifications were identified in 9 (13.2%) and 5 (7.4%) of 68 type II ovarian carcinoma tissue samples, respectively. Interestingly, co-amplification of KRAS and MAPK1 seemed to be absent in the type II ovarian carcinomas tested, except one case. Active phospho-ERK1/2 was identified in 26 (38.2%) out of 68 type II ovarian carcinomas and did not correlate with KRAS or MAPK1 amplification. There was no significant relationship between KRAS amplification and overall or progression-free survival in patients with type II ovarian carcinoma. However, patients with MAPK1 amplification had significantly poorer progression-free survival than patients without MAPK1 amplification. Moreover, type II ovarian carcinoma cells with concomitant KRAS amplification and mutation exhibited dramatic growth reduction following treatment with the MEK inhibitor PD0325901. These findings indicate that KRAS/MAPK1 amplification is critical for the growth of a subset of type II ovarian carcinomas. Additionally, RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway-targeted therapy may benefit selected patients with type II ovarian carcinoma harboring KRAS/MAPK1 amplifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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17 pages, 350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gene Expression Analyses Support Fallopian Tube Epithelium as the Cell of Origin of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

by Daniel J. O'Shannessy, Stephen M. Jackson, Natalie C. Twine, Bryan E. Hoffman, Zoltan Dezso, Sergei I. Agoulnik and Elizabeth B. Somers

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(7), 13687-13703; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140713687 - 1 Jul 2013

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 8779

Abstract

Folate receptor alpha (FOLR1/FRA) is reported to be overexpressed in epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC), especially the serous histotype. Further, while dysregulation of the folate-dependent 1-carbon cycle has been implicated in tumorogenesis, little is known relative to the potential mechanism of action of FOLR1 [...] Read more.

Folate receptor alpha (FOLR1/FRA) is reported to be overexpressed in epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC), especially the serous histotype. Further, while dysregulation of the folate-dependent 1-carbon cycle has been implicated in tumorogenesis, little is known relative to the potential mechanism of action of FOLR1 expression in these processes. We therefore investigated the expression of FOLR1, other folate receptors, and genes within the 1-carbon cycle in samples of EOC, normal ovary and fallopian tube on a custom TaqMan Low Density Array. Also included on this array were known markers of EOC such as MSLN, MUC16 and HE4. While few differences were observed in the expression profiles of genes in the 1-carbon cycle, genes previously considered to be overexpressed in EOC (e.g., FOLR1, MSLN, MUC16 and HE4) showed significantly increased expression when comparing EOC to normal ovary. However, when the comparator was changed to normal fallopian tube, these differences were abolished, supporting the hypothesis that EOC derives from fallopian fimbriae and, further, that markers previously considered to be upregulated or overexpressed in EOC are most likely not of ovarian origin, but fallopian in derivation. Our findings therefore support the hypothesis that the cell of origin of EOC is tubal epithelium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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11 pages, 253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Beta Subunit Genes CGB1 and CGB2 are Transcriptionally Active in Ovarian Cancer

by Marta Kubiczak, Grzegorz P. Walkowiak, Ewa Nowak-Markwitz and Anna Jankowska

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(6), 12650-12660; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140612650 - 17 Jun 2013

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7972

Abstract

Human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit (CGB) is a marker of pregnancy as well as trophoblastic and nontrophoblastic tumors. CGB is encoded by a cluster of six genes, of which type II genes (CGB3/9, 5 and 8) have been shown to [...] Read more.

Human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit (CGB) is a marker of pregnancy as well as trophoblastic and nontrophoblastic tumors. CGB is encoded by a cluster of six genes, of which type II genes (CGB3/9, 5 and 8) have been shown to be upregulated in relation to type I genes (CGB6/7) in both placentas and tumors. Recent studies revealed that CGB1 and CGB2, originally considered as pseudogenes, might also be active, however, the protein products of these genes have not yet been identified. Our study demonstrates the presence of CGB1 and CGB2 transcripts in ovarian carcinomas. While CGB1 and CGB2 gene activation was not detected in normal ovaries lacking cancerous development, our study demonstrates the presence of CGB1 and CGB2 transcripts in 41% of analyzed ovarian cancer cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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11 pages, 1179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme 9 Promotes Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cell Proliferation in Vitro

by Mei Dong, Xiaoyan Pang, Yang Xu, Fang Wen and Yi Zhang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(6), 11061-11071; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140611061 - 24 May 2013

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7992

Abstract

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in women worldwide. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (Ubc9), the sole conjugating enzyme for sumoylation, regulates protein function and plays an important role in sumoylation-mediated cellular pathways. Although sumoylation plays a key [...] Read more.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in women worldwide. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (Ubc9), the sole conjugating enzyme for sumoylation, regulates protein function and plays an important role in sumoylation-mediated cellular pathways. Although sumoylation plays a key role in DNA repair and tumorgenesis, whether Ubc9 is involved in EOC progression remains unknown. In the present study, we constructed Ubc-9 expressed recombined plasmid pEGFP-N1-Ubc9. The mRNA levels of Ubc9 were confirmed in human ovarian cell lines before and after transfection with pEGFP-N1-Ubc9 or small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted Ubc9 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to observe the effect of Ubc9 on cell proliferation. The protein levels of Ubc9, and proliferation-related signals Akt and physphorylated Akt were determined by Western blot. Our results showed that proliferation of EOC cells increased significantly in Ubc9 overexpressing cells, but decreased in Ubc9 knockdown cells. The physphorylation of Akt showed similar trends. In addition, the inhibitor of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, LY294002, dramatically inhibited the growth of Ubc9 overexpressing cells. Therefore, Ubc9 gene plays an important role in cell proliferation in EOC through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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10 pages, 1863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemoresistance Is Associated with MUC1 and Lewis y Antigen Expression in Ovarian Epithelial Cancers

by Danye Zhang, Jian Gao, Liancheng Zhu, Zhenhua Hu, Rui Hou, Shuice Liu, Mingzi Tan, Juanjuan Liu and Bei Lin

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(6), 11024-11033; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140611024 - 24 May 2013

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 8139

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation and clinical significance between the expression of Mucin-1 (MUC1) and the Lewis y antigen with chemoresistance in ovarian epithelial cancers. Methods: Ovarian cancer patients (n = 92) treated at our hospital [...] Read more.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation and clinical significance between the expression of Mucin-1 (MUC1) and the Lewis y antigen with chemoresistance in ovarian epithelial cancers. Methods: Ovarian cancer patients (n = 92) treated at our hospital from May 2005 to July 2009 were divided, according to their treatment and follow-up outcomes, into a resistant group (n = 37) or sensitive group (n = 55). The expression of MUC1 and Lewis y antigen in ovarian cancer tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry and correlated with chemoresistance. Results: The positive rates of MUC1 and Lewis y antigen in the resistant group were both 91.89%, significantly higher than their positive rates in the sensitive group (65.45% and 69.09%, respectively, and both p < 0.05). MUC1 or Lewis y expression and the pathological stage of the tissue were independent risk factors for chemoresistance (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: The increased expression of MUC1 and the Lewis y antigen is a significant risk factor for chemoresistance in patients with ovarian epithelial cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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16 pages, 1086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resistin Promotes the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Ovary Carcinoma Cells

by Li Pang, Yi Zhang, Yu Yu and Shulan Zhang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(5), 9751-9766; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14059751 - 7 May 2013

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7439

Abstract

Resistin is a novel hormone that is secreted by human adipocytes and mononuclear cells and is associated with obesity, insulin resistance and inflammation. Recently, resistin has been postulated to play a role in angiogenesis. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that resistin regulates ovary [...] Read more.

Resistin is a novel hormone that is secreted by human adipocytes and mononuclear cells and is associated with obesity, insulin resistance and inflammation. Recently, resistin has been postulated to play a role in angiogenesis. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that resistin regulates ovary carcinoma production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the angiogenic processes. We found that in human ovarian epithelial carcinoma cells (HO-8910), resistin (10–150 ng/mL) enhanced both VEGF protein and mRNA expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, as well as promoter activity. Furthermore, resistin enhanced DNA-binding activity of Sp1 with VEGF promoter in a PI3K/Akt-dependent manner. PI3K/Akt activated by resistin led to increasing interaction with Sp1, triggering a progressive phosphorylation of Sp1 on Thr453 and Thr739, resulting in the upregulation of VEGF expression. In an in vitro angiogenesis system for endothelial cells (EA.hy926) co-cultured with HO-8910 cells, we observed that the addition of resistin stimulated endothelial cell tube formation, which could be abolished by VEGF neutralizing antibody. Our findings suggest that the PI3K/Akt-Sp1 pathway is involved in resistin-induced VEGF expression in HO-8910 cells and indicates that antiangiogenesis therapy may be beneficial treatment against ovarian epithelial carcinoma, especially in obese patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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16 pages, 1539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PAX2 Expression in Ovarian Cancer

by Huijuan Song, Suet-Yan Kwan, Daisy I. Izaguirre, Zhifei Zu, Yvonne T. Tsang, Celestine S. Tung, Erin R. King, Samuel C. Mok, David M. Gershenson and Kwong-Kwok Wong

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(3), 6090-6105; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14036090 - 15 Mar 2013

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 10813

Abstract

PAX2 is one of nine PAX genes that regulate tissue development and cellular differentiation in embryos. However, the functional role of PAX2 in ovarian cancer is not known. Twenty-six ovarian cancer cell lines with different histology origins were screened for PAX2 expression. Two [...] Read more.

PAX2 is one of nine PAX genes that regulate tissue development and cellular differentiation in embryos. However, the functional role of PAX2 in ovarian cancer is not known. Twenty-six ovarian cancer cell lines with different histology origins were screened for PAX2 expression. Two ovarian cancer cell lines: RMUGL (mucinous) and TOV21G (clear cell), with high PAX2 expression were chosen for further study. Knockdown PAX2 expression in these cell lines was achieved by lentiviral shRNAs targeting the PAX2 gene. PAX2 stable knockdown cells were characterized for cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, protein profiles, and gene expression profiles. The result indicated that these stable PAX2 knockdown cells had reduced cell proliferation and migration. Microarray analysis indicated that several genes involved in growth inhibition and motility, such as G0S2, GREM1, and WFDC1, were up-regulated in PAX2 knockdown cells. On the other hand, over-expressing PAX2 in PAX2-negative ovarian cell lines suppressed their cell proliferation. In summary, PAX2 could have both oncogenic and tumor suppression functions, which might depend on the genetic content of the ovarian cancer cells. Further investigation of PAX2 in tumor suppression and mortality is warranty. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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18 pages, 695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

HE4 (WFDC2) Promotes Tumor Growth in Endometrial Cancer Cell Lines

by Jinping Li, Haibin Chen, Andrea Mariani, Dong Chen, Edward Klatt, Karl Podratz, Ronny Drapkin, Russell Broaddus, Sean Dowdy and Shi-Wen Jiang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(3), 6026-6043; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14036026 - 15 Mar 2013

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 11338

Abstract

HE4, also known as WFDC2, is a useful biomarker for ovarian cancer when either used alone or in combination with CA125. HE4 is also overexpressed in endometrial cancer (EC), but its function in cancer cells is not clear. In this study, we investigate [...] Read more.

HE4, also known as WFDC2, is a useful biomarker for ovarian cancer when either used alone or in combination with CA125. HE4 is also overexpressed in endometrial cancer (EC), but its function in cancer cells is not clear. In this study, we investigate the role of HE4 in EC progression. An HE4-overexpression system was established by cloning the HE4 prototypic mRNA variant (HE4-V0) into a eukaryotic expression vector. Following transfection, stable clones in two EC cell lines were selected. The effects of HE4 overexpression on cell growth and function were measured with the use of cell proliferation assay, matrigel invasion, and soft agar gel colony formation assays. HE4-induced cancer cell proliferation in vivo was examined in a mouse xenograft model. HE4 overexpression significantly enhanced EC cell proliferation, matrigel invasion, and colony formation in soft agar. Moreover, HE4 overexpression promoted tumor growth in the mouse xenograft model. HE4 overexpression enhanced several malignant phenotypes in cell culture and in a mouse model. These results are consistent with our previous observation that high levels of serum HE4 closely correlate with the stage, myometrial invasion and tumor size in patients with EC. This study provides evidence that HE4 overexpression directly impacts tumor progression in endometrial cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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14 pages, 567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inhibitory Effect of Baicalin and Baicalein on Ovarian Cancer Cells

by Jianchu Chen, Zhaoliang Li, Allen Y. Chen, Xingqian Ye, Haitao Luo, Gary O. Rankin and Yi Charlie Chen

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(3), 6012-6025; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14036012 - 15 Mar 2013

Cited by 108 | Viewed by 11765

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is one of the primary causes of death for women all through the Western world. Baicalin and baicalein are naturally occurring flavonoids that are found in the roots and leaves of some Chinese medicinal plants and are thought to have antioxidant [...] Read more.

Ovarian cancer is one of the primary causes of death for women all through the Western world. Baicalin and baicalein are naturally occurring flavonoids that are found in the roots and leaves of some Chinese medicinal plants and are thought to have antioxidant activity and possible anti-angiogenic, anti-cancer, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. Two kinds of ovarian cancer (OVCAR-3 and CP-70) cell lines and a normal ovarian cell line (IOSE-364) were selected to be investigated in the inhibitory effect of baicalin and baicalein on cancer cells. Largely, baicalin and baicalein inhibited ovarian cancer cell viability in both ovarian cancer cell lines with LD₅₀ values in the range of 45–55 µM for baicalin and 25–40 µM for baicalein. On the other hand, both compounds had fewer inhibitory effects on normal ovarian cells viability with LD₅₀ values of 177 µM for baicalin and 68 µM for baicalein. Baicalin decreased expression of VEGF (20 µM), cMyc (80 µM), and NFkB (20 µM); baicalein decreased expression of VEGF (10 µM), HIF-1α (20 µM), cMyc (20 µM), and NFkB (40 µM). Therefore baicalein is more effective in inhibiting cancer cell viability and expression of VEGF, HIF-1α, cMyc, and NFκB in both ovarian cancer cell lines. It seems that baicalein inhibited cancer cell viability through the inhibition of cancer promoting genes expression including VEGF, HIF-1α, cMyc, and NFκB. Overall, this study showed that baicalein and baicalin significantly inhibited the viability of ovarian cancer cells, while generally exerting less of an effect on normal cells. They have potential for chemoprevention and treatment of ovarian cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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21 pages, 1830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gonadotropins Activate Oncogenic Pathways to Enhance Proliferation in Normal Mouse Ovarian Surface Epithelium

by Tyvette S. Hilliard, Dimple A. Modi and Joanna E. Burdette

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(3), 4762-4782; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14034762 - 28 Feb 2013

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7354

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy affecting American women. The gonadotropins, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), have been implicated as growth factors in ovarian cancer. In the present study, pathways activated by FSH and LH in normal ovarian [...] Read more.

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy affecting American women. The gonadotropins, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), have been implicated as growth factors in ovarian cancer. In the present study, pathways activated by FSH and LH in normal ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) grown in their microenvironment were investigated. Gonadotropins increased proliferation in both three-dimensional (3D) ovarian organ culture and in a two-dimensional (2D) normal mouse cell line. A mouse cancer pathway qPCR array using mRNA collected from 3D organ cultures identified Akt as a transcriptionally upregulated target following stimulation with FSH, LH and the combination of FSH and LH. Activation of additional pathways, such as Birc5, Cdk2, Cdk4, and Cdkn2a identified in the 3D organ cultures, were validated by western blot using the 2D cell line. Akt and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors blocked gonadotropin-induced cell proliferation in 3D organ and 2D cell culture. OSE isolated from 3D organ cultures stimulated with LH or hydrogen peroxide initiated growth in soft agar. Hydrogen peroxide stimulated colonies were further enhanced when supplemented with FSH. LH colony formation and FSH promotion were blocked by Akt and EGFR inhibitors. These data suggest that the gonadotropins stimulate some of the same proliferative pathways in normal OSE that are activated in ovarian cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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16 pages, 1782 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Amplification Target ADRM1: Role as an Oncogene and Therapeutic Target for Ovarian Cancer

by Marlena S. Fejzo, Lee Anderson, Erika M. Von Euw, Ondrej Kalous, Nuraly K. Avliyakulov, Michael J. Haykinson, Gottfried E. Konecny, Richard S. Finn and Dennis J. Slamon

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(2), 3094-3109; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14023094 - 1 Feb 2013

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 9001

Abstract

Approximately 25,000 ovarian cancers are diagnosed in the U.S. annually, and 75% are in the advanced stage and largely incurable. There is critical need for early detection tools and novel treatments. Proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 is a protein that is encoded by the [...] Read more.

Approximately 25,000 ovarian cancers are diagnosed in the U.S. annually, and 75% are in the advanced stage and largely incurable. There is critical need for early detection tools and novel treatments. Proteasomal ubiquitin receptor ADRM1 is a protein that is encoded by the ADRM1 gene. Recently, we showed that among 20q13-amplified genes in ovarian cancer, ADRM1 overexpression was the most highly correlated with amplification and was significantly upregulated with respect to stage, recurrence, and metastasis. Its overexpression correlated significantly with shorter time to recurrence and overall survival. Array-CGH and microarray expression of ovarian cancer cell lines provided evidence consistent with primary tumor data that ADRM1 is a 20q13 amplification target. Herein, we confirm the ADRM1 amplicon in a second ovarian cancer cohort and define a minimally amplified region of 262 KB encompassing seven genes. Additionally, using RNAi knock-down of ADRM1 in naturally amplified cell line OAW42 and overexpression of ADRM1 via transfection in ES2, we show that (1) ADRM1 overexpression increases proliferation, migration, and growth in soft agar, and (2) knock-down of ADRM1 results in apoptosis. Proteomic analysis of cells with ADRM1 knock-down reveals dysregulation of proteins including CDK-activating kinase assembly factor MAT1. Taken together, the results indicate that amplified ADRM1 is involved in cell proliferation, migration and survival in ovarian cancer cells, supporting a role as an oncogene and novel therapeutic target for ovarian cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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19 pages, 535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pre-Treatment of Platinum Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells with an MMP-9/MMP-2 Inhibitor Prior to Cisplatin Enhances Cytotoxicity as Determined by High Content Screening

by Alexandros Laios, Bashir M. Mohamed, Lynne Kelly, Richard Flavin, Stephen Finn, Lynda McEvoy, Michael Gallagher, Cara Martin, Orla Sheils, Martina Ring, Anthony Davies, Margaret Lawson, Noreen Gleeson, Tom D'Arcy, Charles D'Adhemar, Lucy Norris, Ream Langhe, Feras Abu Saadeh, John J. O'Leary and Sharon A. O'Toole

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(1), 2085-2103; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14012085 - 22 Jan 2013

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 10705

Abstract

Platinum resistance is a major cause of treatment failure in ovarian cancer. We previously identified matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) as a potential therapeutic target of chemoresistant disease. A2780cis (cisplatin-resistant) and A2780 (cisplatin-sensitive) ovarian carcinoma cell lines were used. The cytotoxic effect of MMP-9/MMP-2 [...] Read more.

Platinum resistance is a major cause of treatment failure in ovarian cancer. We previously identified matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) as a potential therapeutic target of chemoresistant disease. A2780cis (cisplatin-resistant) and A2780 (cisplatin-sensitive) ovarian carcinoma cell lines were used. The cytotoxic effect of MMP-9/MMP-2 inhibitor, (2R)-2-[(4-Biphenylsulfonyl) amino]-3 phenylpropionic acid (C21H19NO4S) alone or in combination with cisplatin was determined using high content screening. Protein expression was examined using immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Co-incubation of cisplatin and an MMP-9/MMP-2 inhibitor, (2R)-2-[(4-Biphenylsulfonyl) amino]-3 phenylpropionic acid (C21H19NO4S) resulted in significantly greater cytotoxicity as compared to either treatment alone in a cisplatin resistant MMP-9 overexpressing cell line; A2780cis. In addition, pre-incubating with MMP-9i prior to cisplatin further enhances the cytotoxic effect. No significant difference was observed in MMP-9 protein in tissue but a trend towards increased MMP-9 was observed in recurrent serum. We propose that MMP-9/MMP-2i may be utilized in the treatment of recurrent/chemoresistant ovarian cancers that overexpress MMP-9 mRNA but its role in vivo remains to be evaluated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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13 pages, 1866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Forkhead Box Q1 Transcription Factor in Ovarian Epithelial Carcinomas

by Min Gao, Ie-Ming Shih and Tian-Li Wang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(11), 13881-13893; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms131113881 - 26 Oct 2012

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 7949

Abstract

The role of the forkhead box Q1 (FOXQ1) transcription factor in cancer pathogenesis has recently emerged. Overexpression of FOXQ1 has been found in a variety of human cancers, and its upregulation has been associated with poor prognosis in colorectal, breast, and non-small cell [...] Read more.

The role of the forkhead box Q1 (FOXQ1) transcription factor in cancer pathogenesis has recently emerged. Overexpression of FOXQ1 has been found in a variety of human cancers, and its upregulation has been associated with poor prognosis in colorectal, breast, and non-small cell lung carcinomas. However, the molecular mechanism underlying how FOXQ1 contributes to ovarian epithelial carcinomas remains unclear. To this end, we analyzed gene expression levels in ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines and demonstrated a higher expression level of FOXQ1 in epithelial ovarian cancer cells than that in normal epithelial cells. We then used a human ovarian cancer cell line, SKOV3, which expressed a higher level of FOXQ1, as a cell model to investigate the biological effects of FOXQ1 by using RNA interference. Silencing of FOXQ1 expression using a shRNA knockdown approach affected the expression of several cell cycle regulators, leading to suppressed cell proliferation, reduced cell motility/invasion, and upregulation of epithelial cell markers and the downregulation of mesenchymal cell markers. Taken together, these results suggest that FOXQ1 expression is essential to maintain cell proliferation, motility/invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotypes in ovarian cancer cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

19 pages, 1147 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Consequence of Oncomorphic TP53 Mutations in Ovarian Cancer

by Pavla Brachova, Kristina W. Thiel and Kimberly K. Leslie

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(9), 19257-19275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140919257 - 23 Sep 2013

Cited by 82 | Viewed by 14330

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with an alarmingly poor prognosis attributed to late detection and chemoresistance. Initially, most tumors respond to chemotherapy but eventually relapse due to the development of drug resistance. Currently, there are no biological markers that can [...] Read more.

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with an alarmingly poor prognosis attributed to late detection and chemoresistance. Initially, most tumors respond to chemotherapy but eventually relapse due to the development of drug resistance. Currently, there are no biological markers that can be used to predict patient response to chemotherapy. However, it is clear that mutations in the tumor suppressor gene TP53, which occur in 96% of serous ovarian tumors, alter the core molecular pathways involved in drug response. One subtype of TP53 mutations, widely termed gain-of-function (GOF) mutations, surprisingly converts this protein from a tumor suppressor to an oncogene. We term the resulting change an oncomorphism. In this review, we discuss particular TP53 mutations, including known oncomorphic properties of the resulting mutant p53 proteins. For example, several different oncomorphic mutations have been reported, but each mutation acts in a distinct manner and has a different effect on tumor progression and chemoresistance. An understanding of the pathological pathways altered by each mutation is necessary in order to design appropriate drug interventions for patients suffering from this deadly disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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26 pages, 258 KiB

Open AccessReview

ARID1A Mutations and PI3K/AKT Pathway Alterations in Endometriosis and Endometriosis-Associated Ovarian Carcinomas

by Eleftherios P. Samartzis, Aurelia Noske, Konstantin J. Dedes, Daniel Fink and Patrick Imesch

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(9), 18824-18849; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140918824 - 12 Sep 2013

Cited by 142 | Viewed by 15968

Abstract

Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease affecting 6%–10% of women of reproductive age and is characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue in localizations outside of the uterine cavity as, e.g., endometriotic ovarian cysts. Mainly, two epithelial ovarian carcinoma subtypes, the ovarian clear [...] Read more.

Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease affecting 6%–10% of women of reproductive age and is characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue in localizations outside of the uterine cavity as, e.g., endometriotic ovarian cysts. Mainly, two epithelial ovarian carcinoma subtypes, the ovarian clear cell carcinomas (OCCC) and the endometrioid ovarian carcinomas (EnOC), have been molecularly and epidemiologically linked to endometriosis. Mutations in the gene encoding the AT-rich interacting domain containing protein 1A (ARID1A) have been found to occur in high frequency in OCCC and EnOC. The majority of these mutations lead to a loss of expression of the ARID1A protein, which is a subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex and considered as a bona fide tumor suppressor. ARID1A mutations frequently co-occur with mutations, leading to an activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway, such as mutations in PIK3CA encoding the catalytic subunit, p110α, of PI3K. In combination with recent functional observations, these findings strongly suggest cooperating mechanisms between the two pathways. The occurrence of ARID1A mutations and alterations in the PI3K/AKT pathway in endometriosis and endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinomas, as well as the possible functional and clinical implications are discussed in this review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

25 pages, 364 KiB

Open AccessReview

Angiogenesis-Related Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer

by Nikos G. Gavalas, Michalis Liontos, Sofia-Paraskevi Trachana, Tina Bagratuni, Calliope Arapinis, Christine Liacos, Meletios A. Dimopoulos and Aristotle Bamias

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(8), 15885-15909; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140815885 - 30 Jul 2013

Cited by 119 | Viewed by 15794

Abstract

Ovarian Cancer represents the most fatal type of gynecological malignancies. A number of processes are involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer, especially within the tumor microenvironment. Angiogenesis represents a hallmark phenomenon in cancer, and it is responsible for tumor spread and metastasis [...] Read more.

Ovarian Cancer represents the most fatal type of gynecological malignancies. A number of processes are involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer, especially within the tumor microenvironment. Angiogenesis represents a hallmark phenomenon in cancer, and it is responsible for tumor spread and metastasis in ovarian cancer, among other tumor types, as it leads to new blood vessel formation. In recent years angiogenesis has been given considerable attention in order to identify targets for developing effective anti-tumor therapies. Growth factors have been identified to play key roles in driving angiogenesis and, thus, the formation of new blood vessels that assist in “feeding” cancer. Such molecules include the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), the fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and the angiopoietin/Tie2 receptor complex. These proteins are key players in complex molecular pathways within the tumor cell and they have been in the spotlight of the development of anti-angiogenic molecules that may act as stand-alone therapeutics, or in concert with standard treatment regimes such as chemotherapy. The pathways involved in angiogenesis and molecules that have been developed in order to combat angiogenesis are described in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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26 pages, 472 KiB

Open AccessReview

Claudins Overexpression in Ovarian Cancer: Potential Targets for Clostridium Perfringens Enterotoxin (CPE) Based Diagnosis and Therapy

by Diana P. English and Alessandro D. Santin

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(5), 10412-10437; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140510412 - 17 May 2013

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 11999

Abstract

Claudins are a family of tight junction proteins regulating paracellular permeability and cell polarity with different patterns of expression in benign and malignant human tissues. There are approximately 27 members of the claudin family identified to date with varying cell and tissue-specific expression. [...] Read more.

Claudins are a family of tight junction proteins regulating paracellular permeability and cell polarity with different patterns of expression in benign and malignant human tissues. There are approximately 27 members of the claudin family identified to date with varying cell and tissue-specific expression. Claudins-3, -4 and -7 represent the most highly differentially expressed claudins in ovarian cancer. While their exact role in ovarian tumors is still being elucidated, these proteins are thought to be critical for ovarian cancer cell invasion/dissemination and resistance to chemotherapy. Claudin-3 and claudin-4 are the natural receptors for the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), a potent cytolytic toxin. These surface proteins may therefore represent attractive targets for the detection and treatment of chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer and other aggressive solid tumors overexpressing claudin-3 and -4 using CPE-based theranostic agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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22 pages, 291 KiB

Open AccessReview

HDAC6 and Ovarian Cancer

by Joshua Haakenson and Xiaohong Zhang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(5), 9514-9535; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14059514 - 2 May 2013

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 11254

Abstract

The special class IIb histone deacetylase, HDAC6, plays a prominent role in many cellular processes related to cancer, including oncogenesis, the cell stress response, motility, and myriad signaling pathways. Many of the lessons learned from other cancers can be applied to ovarian cancer [...] Read more.

The special class IIb histone deacetylase, HDAC6, plays a prominent role in many cellular processes related to cancer, including oncogenesis, the cell stress response, motility, and myriad signaling pathways. Many of the lessons learned from other cancers can be applied to ovarian cancer as well. HDAC6 interacts with diverse proteins such as HSP90, cortactin, tubulin, dynein, p300, Bax, and GRK2 in both the nucleus and cytoplasm to carry out these cancerous functions. Not all pro-cancer interactions of HDAC6 involve deacetylation. The idea of using HDAC6 as a target for cancer treatment continues to expand in recent years, and more potent and specific HDAC6 inhibitors are required to effectively down-regulate the tumor-prone cell signaling pathways responsible for ovarian cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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20 pages, 668 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ovarian Cancer: Can Proteomics Give New Insights for Therapy and Diagnosis?

by Angela Toss, Elisabetta De Matteis, Elena Rossi, Lara Della Casa, Anna Iannone, Massimo Federico and Laura Cortesi

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(4), 8271-8290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14048271 - 15 Apr 2013

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 11874

Abstract

The study of the ovarian proteomic profile represents a new frontier in ovarian cancer research, since this approach is able to enlighten the wide variety of post-translational events (such as glycosylation and phosphorylation). Due to the possibility of analyzing thousands of proteins, which [...] Read more.

The study of the ovarian proteomic profile represents a new frontier in ovarian cancer research, since this approach is able to enlighten the wide variety of post-translational events (such as glycosylation and phosphorylation). Due to the possibility of analyzing thousands of proteins, which could be simultaneously altered, comparative proteomics represent a promising model of possible biomarker discovery for ovarian cancer detection and monitoring. Moreover, defining signaling pathways in ovarian cancer cells through proteomic analysis offers the opportunity to design novel drugs and to optimize the use of molecularly targeted agents against crucial and biologically active pathways. Proteomic techniques provide more information about different histological types of ovarian cancer, cell growth and progression, genes related to tumor microenvironment and specific molecular targets predictive of response to chemotherapy than sequencing or microarrays. Estimates of specificity with proteomics are less consistent, but suggest a new role for combinations of biomarkers in early ovarian cancer diagnosis, such as the OVA1 test. Finally, the definition of the proteomic profiles in ovarian cancer would be accurate and effective in identifying which pathways are differentially altered, defining the most effective therapeutic regimen and eventually improving health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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15 pages, 197 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Importance of the PI3K/AKT/MTOR Pathway in the Progression of Ovarian Cancer

by Zachary C. Dobbin and Charles N. Landen

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(4), 8213-8227; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14048213 - 15 Apr 2013

Cited by 163 | Viewed by 12358

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of death due to cancer in women despite being the tenth in incidence. Unfortunately, the five-year survival rate is only 45%, which has not improved much in the past 30 years. Even though the majority [...] Read more.

Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of death due to cancer in women despite being the tenth in incidence. Unfortunately, the five-year survival rate is only 45%, which has not improved much in the past 30 years. Even though the majority of women have successful initial therapy, the low rate of survival is due to the eventual recurrence and succumbing to their disease. With the recent release of the Cancer Genome Atlas for ovarian cancer, it was shown that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was one of the most frequently mutated or altered pathways in patients’ tumors. Researching how the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway affects the progression and tumorigensis of ovarian cancer will hopefully lead to new therapies that will increase survival for women. This review focuses on recent research on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its role in the progression and tumorigensis of ovarian cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

15 pages, 193 KiB

Open AccessReview

Aberrant Lipid Metabolism: An Emerging Diagnostic and Therapeutic Target in Ovarian Cancer

by Carmen E. Pyragius, Maria Fuller, Carmela Ricciardelli and Martin K. Oehler

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(4), 7742-7756; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14047742 - 10 Apr 2013

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 8235

Abstract

Ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynaecological cancer. A better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of ovarian cancer is of critical importance to develop early detection tests and identify new therapeutic targets that would increase survival. Cancer cells depend on de novo lipid [...] Read more.

Ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynaecological cancer. A better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of ovarian cancer is of critical importance to develop early detection tests and identify new therapeutic targets that would increase survival. Cancer cells depend on de novo lipid synthesis for the generation of fatty acids to meet the energy requirements for increased tumour growth. There is increasing evidence that lipid metabolism is deregulated in cancers, including ovarian cancer. The increased expression and activity of lipogenic enzymes is largely responsible for increased lipid synthesis, which is regulated by metabolic and oncogenic signalling pathways. This article reviews the latest knowledge on lipid metabolism and the alterations in the expression of lipogenic enzymes and downstream signalling pathways in ovarian cancer. Current developments for exploiting lipids as biomarkers for the detection of early stage ovarian cancer and therapeutic targets are discussed. Current research targeting lipogenic enzymes and lipids to increase the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy drugs is also highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

25 pages, 379 KiB

Open AccessReview

Regulation of Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells or Tumor-Initiating Cells

by Mi Jeong Kwon and Young Kee Shin

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(4), 6624-6648; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14046624 - 25 Mar 2013

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 11341

Abstract

Cancer stem cells or tumor-initiating cells (CSC/TICs), which can undergo self-renewal and differentiation, are thought to play critical roles in tumorigenesis, therapy resistance, tumor recurrence and metastasis. Tumor recurrence and chemoresistance are major causes of poor survival rates of ovarian cancer patients, which [...] Read more.

Cancer stem cells or tumor-initiating cells (CSC/TICs), which can undergo self-renewal and differentiation, are thought to play critical roles in tumorigenesis, therapy resistance, tumor recurrence and metastasis. Tumor recurrence and chemoresistance are major causes of poor survival rates of ovarian cancer patients, which may be due in part to the existence of CSC/TICs. Therefore, elucidating the molecular mechanisms responsible for the ovarian CSC/TICs is required to develop a cure for this malignancy. Recent studies have indicated that the properties of CSC/TICs can be regulated by microRNAs, genes and signaling pathways which also function in normal stem cells. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that the tumor microenvironments surrounding CSC/TICs are crucial for the maintenance of these cells. Similarly, efforts are now being made to unravel the mechanism involved in the regulation of ovarian CSC/TICs, although much work is still needed. This review considers recent advances in identifying the genes and pathways involved in the regulation of ovarian CSC/TICs. Furthermore, current approaches targeting ovarian CSC/TICs are described. Targeting both CSC/TICs and bulk tumor cells is suggested as a more effective approach to eliminating ovarian tumors. Better understanding of the regulation of ovarian CSC/TICs might facilitate the development of improved therapeutic strategies for recurrent ovarian cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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26 pages, 1529 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Molecular Fingerprint of High Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Reflects Its Fallopian Tube Origin

by Mirjana Kessler, Christina Fotopoulou and Thomas Meyer

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(4), 6571-6596; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14046571 - 25 Mar 2013

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 12830

Abstract

High grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the most lethal and frequent type of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), has poor long term prognosis due to a combination of factors: late detection, great metastatic potential and the capacity to develop resistance to available therapeutic drugs. [...] Read more.

High grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the most lethal and frequent type of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), has poor long term prognosis due to a combination of factors: late detection, great metastatic potential and the capacity to develop resistance to available therapeutic drugs. Furthermore, there has been considerable controversy concerning the etiology of this malignancy. New studies, both clinical and molecular, strongly suggest that HGSC originates not from the surface of the ovary, but from the epithelial layer of the neighboring fallopian tube fimbriae. In this paper we summarize data supporting the central role of fallopian tube epithelium in the development of HGSC. Specifically, we address cellular pathways and regulatory mechanisms which are modulated in the process of transformation, but also genetic changes which accumulate during disease progression. Similarities between fallopian tube mucosa and the malignant tissue of HGSC warrant a closer analysis of homeostatic mechanisms in healthy epithelium in order to elucidate key steps in disease development. Finally, we highlight the importance of the cancer stem cell (CSC) identification and understanding of its niche regulation for improvement of therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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16 pages, 4073 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mirk/dyrk1B Kinase in Ovarian Cancer

by Eileen Friedman

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(3), 5560-5575; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14035560 - 8 Mar 2013

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 9532

Abstract

Mirk/dyrk1B kinase is expressed in about 75% of resected human ovarian cancers and in most ovarian cancer cell lines with amplification in the OVCAR3 line. Mirk (minibrain-related kinase) is a member of the Minibrain/dyrk family of related serine/threonine kinases. Mirk maintains cells in [...] Read more.

Mirk/dyrk1B kinase is expressed in about 75% of resected human ovarian cancers and in most ovarian cancer cell lines with amplification in the OVCAR3 line. Mirk (minibrain-related kinase) is a member of the Minibrain/dyrk family of related serine/threonine kinases. Mirk maintains cells in a quiescent state by stabilizing the CDK inhibitor p27 and by inducing the breakdown of cyclin D isoforms. Mirk also stabilizes the DREAM complex, which maintains G0 quiescence by sequestering transcription factors needed to enter cycle. By entering a quiescent state, tumor cells can resist the nutrient deficiencies, hypoxic and acidic conditions within the tumor mass. Mirk maintains the viability of quiescent ovarian cancer cells by reducing intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. CDKN2A-negative ovarian cancer cells treated with a Mirk kinase inhibitor escaped G0/G1 quiescence, entered cycle with high ROS levels and underwent apoptosis. The ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine reduced the extent of cancer cell loss. In contrast, the Mirk kinase inhibitor slightly reduced the fraction of G0 quiescent diploid epithelial cells and fibroblasts, and the majority of the cells pushed into cycle accumulated in G2 + M. Apoptotic sub-G0/G1 cells were not detected. Thus, normal cells were spared because of their expression of CDK inhibitors that blocked unregulated cycling and Mirk kinase inhibitor-treated normal diploid cells were about as viable as untreated controls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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13 pages, 186 KiB

Open AccessReview

Endometriosis-Associated Ovarian Cancer: A Review of Pathogenesis

by Michael J. Worley, Jr., William R. Welch, Ross S. Berkowitz and Shu-Wing Ng

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(3), 5367-5379; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14035367 - 6 Mar 2013

Cited by 141 | Viewed by 15196

Abstract

Endometriosis is classically defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside of the endometrial lining and uterine musculature. With an estimated frequency of 5%–10% among women of reproductive age, endometriosis is a common gynecologic disorder. While in itself a benign lesion, [...] Read more.

Endometriosis is classically defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside of the endometrial lining and uterine musculature. With an estimated frequency of 5%–10% among women of reproductive age, endometriosis is a common gynecologic disorder. While in itself a benign lesion, endometriosis shares several characteristics with invasive cancer, has been shown to undergo malignant transformation, and has been associated with an increased risk of epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). Numerous epidemiologic studies have shown an increased risk of EOC among women with endometriosis. This is particularly true for women with endometrioid and clear cell ovarian carcinoma. However, the carcinogenic pathways by which endometriosis associated ovarian carcinoma (EAOC) develops remain poorly understood. Current molecular studies have sought to link endometriosis with EAOC through pathways related to oxidative stress, inflammation and hyperestrogenism. In addition, numerous studies have sought to identify an intermediary lesion between endometriosis and EAOC that may allow for the identification of endometriosis at greatest risk for malignant transformation or for the prevention of malignant transformation of this common gynecologic disorder. The objective of the current article is to review the current data regarding the molecular events associated with EAOC development from endometriosis, with a primary focus on malignancies of the endometrioid and clear cell histologic sub-types. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

18 pages, 187 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Ovarian Cancer

by Joanna Szkandera, Tobias Kiesslich, Johannes Haybaeck, Armin Gerger and Martin Pichler

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(1), 1179-1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14011179 - 9 Jan 2013

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 12288

Abstract

Despite advances in surgical and chemotherapeutic treatment options, less than 50% of patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancer survive five years after initial diagnosis. In this regard, novel treatment approaches are warranted utilizing molecularly targeted therapies directed against particular components of specific signaling pathways [...] Read more.

Despite advances in surgical and chemotherapeutic treatment options, less than 50% of patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancer survive five years after initial diagnosis. In this regard, novel treatment approaches are warranted utilizing molecularly targeted therapies directed against particular components of specific signaling pathways which are required for tumor development and progression. One molecular pathway of interest is the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Activation of the Hh pathway has been observed in several cancer types, including ovarian cancer. This review highlights the crucial role of Hh signaling in the development and progression of ovarian cancer and might lead to a better understanding of the Hh signaling in ovarian tumorigenesis, thus encouraging the investigation of novel targeted therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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7 pages, 2733 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Case of Stage III c Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma: The Role for Predictive Biomarkers and Targeted Therapies

by Munmun Rahman, Kentaro Nakayama, Tomoka Ishibashi, Masako Ishikawa, Mohammed Tanjimur Rahman, Hiroshi Katagiri, Atsuko Katagiri, Kouji Iida, Yoshihiro Kikuchi and Kohji Miyazaki

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(3), 6067-6073; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14036067 - 15 Mar 2013

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 8297

Abstract

Ovarian cancer treatment presently does not reflect molecular differences in histologic subtype. Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) exhibits several differences in terms of molecular pathogenesis and tumor behavior from the more common, chemosensitive, serous carcinomas, which makes OCCC a candidate for targeted therapies. [...] Read more.

Ovarian cancer treatment presently does not reflect molecular differences in histologic subtype. Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) exhibits several differences in terms of molecular pathogenesis and tumor behavior from the more common, chemosensitive, serous carcinomas, which makes OCCC a candidate for targeted therapies. A 53-year-old Japanese woman was diagnosed with stage IIIc ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma with marked chemoresistance to conventional regimens. She demonstrated a partial response to a multikinase inhibitor. The tumor was resistant to PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibitors despite harboring a PIK3CA mutation. The present case suggests a role for targeted therapies in the treatment of OCCC and a need for the identification of biomarkers that will predict response to targeted therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Ovarian Cancer)

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