Journal of Ageing and Longevity

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of beliefs and attitudes of practicing physical therapists (PTs) about aging on their expectations concerning the behavior and outcomes of patients with orthopedic conditions. We hypothesized that some beliefs and attitudes would be related to expectations of worse outcomes in older patients compared to clinically identical younger patients. Methods: Seventy-one (71) practicing PTs with a mean age of 40 years (±10.44, range 24–67) were recruited via snowball sampling and asked to participate in a three-part online questionnaire. For part 1, participants were randomly assigned a hypothetical case involving either a 42-year-old or an 85-year-old patient s/p surgical repair of a femoral shaft fracture. Thirty-five (35) participants were randomly assigned to the young case group (YCG) and 37 to the old case group (OCG). Participants were asked questions related to their expectations concerning the patient’s clinical and functional potential, response and adherence to physical therapy, and patient responsibility for their own outcomes. For part 2, all participants completed the Kogan Attitude Toward Old People Scale consisting of 34 paired (positive/negative) statements. Part 3 consisted of subject demographics. Results: Participants in the YCG and the OCG were similar in age (41 vs. 40 years), PT experience (16.7 vs. 14.8 years), gender (82.9% vs. 86.5% female), and positive Kogan score (69.5 vs. 68.2). The groups differed in belief the patient would return to their prior level of function. YCG believed it was “extremely likely”, while the OCG believed it was “moderately likely”. In the OCG, greater likelihood that the patient would return to prior level of function was related to stronger belief that “Most ageing adults are really no different from anybody else” (r = 0.35). Conclusion: In general, physical therapist participants in this study agreed with positive attitudes and beliefs about aging adults as measured by total positive Kogan score. The only outcome expectation that appeared to be influenced by the age of hypothetical patient was return to prior level of function. Although some specific age-related beliefs were correlated to expectation of return to prior level of function, the positive Kogan score was not. It is possible that age related differences in expectations of return to prior level of function were influenced by clinical experience rehabilitating older patients rather than negative attitudes and beliefs about aging. Full article

The world’s population is aging and, as populations age, they exhibit an increased prevalence of chronic diseases, which can reduce the independence of elderly individuals. The set of initiatives known as aging in place, a common policy response to the aging population, is preferred by both the elderly population and policymakers. Aging in place is a broad and multifaceted topic that involves multiple stakeholders and academic disciplines. A science map of the literature on aging in place can help researchers pinpoint their efforts and help policymakers make informed decisions. Thus, this study maps the scientific landscape of the aging-in-place literature. This review used bibliometric analysis to examine 3240 publications on aging in place indexed in the Web of Science. Using VOSviewer 1.6.20, it conducted various analyses, including a citation analysis and an analysis of the co-occurrence of author-provided keywords. The study identified key research areas, leading countries, institutions, and journals, central publications, and the temporal evolution of themes in the literature. Based on its keyword co-occurrence analysis, the study identified five major research-area clusters: (1) aging-in-place facilitators, (2) age-friendly communities, (3) housing, (4) assistive technologies, and (5) mental health. This study improves the understanding of the various interdisciplinary factors that have influenced the research on aging in place. By making this research more accessible, the study can help researchers and policymakers navigate the extensive information on aging in place and complex relationships more effectively. Full article

This study evaluated the feasibility of recruiting hospitalized older adults into a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing an animal-assisted intervention (AAI) involving visits from therapy dogs with an active control (conversation with a volunteer) and treatment as usual (TU) for addressing health and mental health outcomes. Recruitment occurred on acute care hospital units and a long-term physical rehabilitation facility. Feasibility data included the number of recruitment contacts, recruitment rate, and reasons for non-enrollment. The recruitment pool included 1124 patients; the recruitment rate was 4.8% (n = 54). This study explored the difficulties inherent in recruiting medically ill, hospitalized older adults for an RCT of hospital-based therapy dog visits. We believe this is the first RCT of its kind to evaluate the feasibility of recruiting this population for an animal-assisted intervention. Although the intervention was well received, older adults’ illnesses presented significant barriers to study enrollment. Strategies for improving the recruitment of hospitalized older adults for RCTs are discussed. Full article

Background: We aimed to examine ACP in older adults in the U.S. across different sociodemographic characteristics and cognition levels (N = 17,698). Methods: We utilized two legal documents from the Health and Retirement Study survey: a living will and durable power of attorney for healthcare (DPOAH). We established the baseline trends from 2014 to assess if trends in 2024 have improved upon future data availability. Logistic regression models were fitted with outcome variables (living will, DPOAH, and both) stratified by cognition levels (dementia/impaired cognition versus normal cognition). Results: Age, ethnicity, race, education, and rurality were significant predictors of ACP (having a living will, DPOAH, and both the living will and DPOAH) across cognition levels. Participants who were younger, Hispanic, black, less educated, or resided in rural areas were less likely to complete ACP. Conclusion: Examining ACP and its linkages to specific social determinants is crucial for understanding disparities and developing effective educational and interventional strategies to enhance ACP uptake among diverse population groups. Future studies are needed to assess whether disparities have improved over the last decade, particularly as 2024 data become available. Addressing ACP disparities is essential for healthcare professionals to advance research and promote effective practices in geriatric care and aging services. Full article

In view of Singapore’s rapidly ageing population, this study is an exploratory pilot designed to assess the feasibility and potential impact of virtual reality recreation therapy (VRRT) on homebound seniors. A tri-party research partnership was formed between the Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS), NTUC Health Home Care, and Vue Reality Labs. The aim was to explore the benefits of VR recreation therapy for homebound seniors, contributing to the goal of ‘aging in place’. Over two years, a 52-week VR curriculum was developed, featuring social, travel, and cultural topics tailored to the seniors. Five care associates from NTUC Health Home Care received facilitator training by Vue Reality Labs. A total of 71 homebound senior participants aged 50 to 102 engaged in over 1600 session hours during the 52-week trial; 62% had varying levels of dementia. A mixed-methods approach was adopted to explore the general impact and feasibility of VR recreation therapy, incorporating quantitative data on participants’ emotional, social, and cognitive conditions and qualitative data from facilitator interviews. The findings revealed that most senior participants enjoyed the VR sessions, perceiving them to positively impact their overall health and well-being. Caregivers reported improvements in cognitive, social, and emotional functioning of the participants. The positive effects extended to caregivers and facilitators, with renewed relationships and enhanced skills, respectively. The insights and observations gathered from this pilot study will serve as a foundation for designing a more robust study for deploying the VR recreation therapy programme in senior care. Full article

The EXO+ hip protector was developed to minimize the risk of hip fractures in seniors following falls. This study evaluated its usability in a Singapore nursing home from the perspective of the staff, focusing on learnability, efficiency, and satisfaction. A mixed-method design was employed, with nursing home residents wearing the EXO+ daily for eight weeks. Quantitative data on wear time were collected alongside qualitative insights from four repeated focus group discussions with care staff. In total, 15 residents (including 8 residents with cognitive impairments) and 9 staff participated. The analysis revealed six themes and fourteen subthemes related to EXO+’s usability. The residents wore the device for an average of 1.54 h per day, with those having cognitive impairments showing increased wear times, especially in the mornings and on weekdays. The findings indicated that the EXO+ was learnable and satisfactory for nursing home use, provided there are adequate supporting features. The efficiency of the EXO+ was not fully measured since no falls were reported during the study period. The study offers valuable insights for potential design modifications and workflow adaptations to enhance the implementation of hip protectors in healthcare settings, highlighting facilitators and barriers to support device uptake. Full article

The global population affected by heart failure is projected to reach 30 million. The number of deaths due to heart disease has surged, rising from 2 million in 2000 to 8.9 million in 2019. In Japan, the prevalence of heart failure is rapidly increasing, with the number expected to reach 1.3 million by 2030. Primary prevention is crucial to prevent heart disease. We explored the associations of heart disease incidence with findings from checkups performed a decade ago. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that individuals who reported a history of stroke, history of chronic renal failure, or weight gain ≥ 10 kg since age 20 in the questionnaire-based health checkup are at high risk for developing heart disease. Additionally, those with biochemical test results from 10 years ago indicating the use of antihypertensive drugs, use of insulin injections or hypoglycemic medications, systolic hypertension, and abnormal creatinine levels also exhibited a significantly higher risk of heart disease. Conversely, individuals who identified as female, walked faster than people of the same age, drank alcohol daily, and felt refreshed upon awakening in the questionnaire-based health checkup were protected from heart disease. Full article

The demographic trends of an aging global population present significant challenges and opportunities for healthcare, particularly in providing optimal care environments for older adults living in long-term care facilities, with it being imperative to ensure these environments provide basic care and promote overall well-being through enhanced environmental comfort. This scoping review intends to show evidence-based practices enhancing the environmental comfort of institutionalized older people. Following the Joanna Briggs Institute’s methodology, this scoping review’s inclusion criteria included studies in English, Portuguese, or Spanish between 2013 and 2023, focused on institutionalized people over the age of 65 years residing in long-term care settings where nurses implemented strategies or interventions designed to enhance environmental comfort in which older residents themselves directly evaluated, indexed in Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, DART-Europe, or Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (RCAAP). Out of 497 initially retrieved studies, none of them met the established criteria, leading this study to be an empty review. The absence of studies meeting the inclusion criteria indicates a significant gap in the existing literature, highlighting the need for specialized training programs that equip nurses with the skills and knowledge to implement effective comfort-enhancing interventions, ensuring that the unique and challenging needs of older people are covered. Full article

This study explores the health-information-seeking practices of older adults. Conducted in Quebec, Canada, this qualitative research involved semi-structured interviews with 36 participants aged 60 and over, between 19 July and 20 August 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The interviews, carried out via online platforms and telephone, focused on information sources, the method of information retrieval, and participants’ reflections on and use of pandemic-related information. Thematic content analysis was used to identify the presence of ageism. The study showed that participants favored government press conferences and traditional media, while remaining skeptical of social media. The analysis identified the concept of ageism (institutional, interpersonal, and self-directed) in about half of the interviews, with institutional ageism predominating in communications and actions of authorities and in the portrayal of older adults by media. The findings highlight the need for reliable, respectful communications reaching older adults for effective and relevant public health messages. Full article

As the aging of the world accelerates, clarifying the relationship between cultural differences and ageism is an urgent issue. Therefore, in this study, we conducted a correlation analysis between the six cultural scales of Hofstede et al. and the two ageism scales calculated from data on 35,232 people from 31 countries included in the World Values Survey Wave 6 (WVSW6) by Inglehart et al. The results of a partial correlation analysis controlling for economic and demographic factors showed that power distance (PDI) and indulgence versus restraint (IVR) are positively and negatively correlated with ageism, respectively. This is the first study to show that these two cultural scales, which previous studies have not paid much attention to, are related to ageism. Full article

We live in a society where extending one’s healthy lifespan is becoming increasingly important. Momordica charantia (MC) extract contains many bioactive substances, such as vitamin D, phytosterols, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, and triterpenes, and has various health-promoting effects, but its effect on extending a healthy lifespan is unknown. This study investigated the effects of MC extract on a healthy lifespan, focusing on bitter taste receptors and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Male and female mice from the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) were divided into control and MC-extract-treated groups, with the latter receiving oral doses of MC extract three times a week for two years. In aged male mice, MC extract increased the muscle mass and grip strength and prolonged the time to exhaustion. MC extract also enhanced the signaling from taste receptor type 2 member 1 (T2R1) to mTOR in muscle in both sexes, elevating the ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 and ribosomal protein S6 levels. This T2R1/mTOR pathway works in protein synthesis and is important for increasing muscle mass. Conversely, the levels of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 decreased in both aged male and female mice after MC extract administration. These findings suggest that the administration of MC extract may extend the healthy lifespan of male mice, with bitter taste receptors and mTOR signaling playing key roles in this process. Full article

The growing population of aging adults, coupled with the widespread adoption of technology, including within virtual environments, prompts the need to understand technology engagement preferences among older adults. This study aimed to explore the experiences and perceptions of older adults engaging with a client-centered immersive virtual reality (IVR) protocol tailored to their specific occupational interests. Employing a mixed methods approach, the research combined the quantitative System Usability Scale (SUS) assessment with qualitative interviews to examine the feasibility, usability, and learning experiences of community-dwelling older adults. Fifteen (n = 15) older adult participants trialed an IVR session tailored to match their chosen occupations of importance. Findings revealed that the usability of IVR varied significantly among participants, with an average SUS score of 55, indicating a need for further investigation into usability issues. Qualitative analysis identified three themes: IVR is usable when it is intuitive and with training, balance the apps for success, and overall lasting impressions were related to the perceived implementation for the participant. The incorporation of meaningful occupations in IVR programming is feasible and can be integrated into healthy aging-in-place programming; however, expanding available leisure-based apps and increasing the learning time before engagement should be considered. Full article

The global centenarian population is expected to reach 4 million by 2050, yet little is known about the health status of centenarians in Sub-Saharan Africa. A case study examined the health conditions and functionality of nine Ethiopian centenarians. In-depth interviews revealed that all nine were Orthodox Christians and lived with extended family; eight were male. Aside from minor health complaints, centenarians in rural Ethiopia perceived that their sensory/cognitive functionality was normal until their late 90s. Despite a lack of medical care, the centenarians included two survivors, four delayers, and three escapers. Centenarians in rural Ethiopia were embedded in closely knit, religious, multigenerational households and communities and aspired to live resiliently. These findings call for the consideration of the unique health status of centenarians in Global South nations in their own cultural context. Full article

Quality of life, resilience, and life satisfaction are influential variables during periods of change and adaptation, such as retirement. To assess the relationships between these variables and to analyze differences based on sex and length of time in retirement. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted with a sample of 63 participants, aged 50 to 84 years, who were effectively retired and residing in Spain. Participants completed a form measuring levels of resilience, quality of life, life satisfaction, and sociodemographic data. The data showed a positive and significant correlation between resilience and life satisfaction, and between quality of life and life satisfaction. Significant differences were found in quality of life based on the length of time in retirement. This study has elucidated the relationships between quality of life, resilience, and life satisfaction, as well as the influence of sociodemographic variables on these factors. These insights will aid in developing effective intervention programs for the retirement stage that promote quality of life, resilience, and life satisfaction among retired individuals. Full article

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder typically beginning in middle or late life, with risk increasing with age. Accessing health services for people living with Parkinson’s disease can be challenging and stressful, often resulting in the worsening of current symptoms, the development of new symptoms, including infection, fatigue, and confusion, or medication changes. This can lead to an increased length of stay in hospital and/or readmission, further worsening symptoms. The aim of this scoping review is to explore how quality improvement and healthcare redesign initiatives have contributed to understanding issues around length of stay and readmission to hospital for people living with Parkinson’s disease. The review was guided by Arksey and O’Malley’s framework and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews Checklist. The Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE), Medline, and Cumulated Index in Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases were searched for relevant articles published between 2019 and 2023. The included articles were categorised using thematic analysis. Ten articles were included in this review, resulting in the following three major categories: issues contributing to length of stay and readmission, interventions, and recommendations. Quality improvement and healthcare redesign can improve the length of stay and readmission rates for people living with Parkinson’s disease through robust design, delivery, and evaluation. Full article

Background: The global increase in the ageing population underscores the importance of a holistic approach to gerontological research. Social frailty, a state of vulnerability, is a growing concern that significantly affects the well-being and health outcomes of older people. With Hong Kong projected to have the world’s largest ageing population by 2050, research on social frailty within this demographic is crucial. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of social frailty among older adults in Hong Kong and examine its association with demographic characteristics. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using data from an online survey on older adults in Hong Kong, yielding 200 respondents. The survey encompassed demographic details, the Social Frailty Scale (SFS-8), and health-related factors. Results: Participants were categorized into three groups: social non-frailty (SNF, 41.5%), social pre-frailty (SPF, 34.5%), and social frailty (SF, 24%). Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed that self-rated health status negatively correlates with social frailty (SF) (r = −0.19, p < 0.001) and the number of diagnosed health conditions (r = −0.29, p < 0.001) but positively correlates with education level (r = 0.14, p < 0.05). Notably, the SPF group exhibited the highest prevalence of high cholesterol, hypertension, visual impairments, and diabetes, followed by the SF and SNF groups. No significant relationship was found between gender and SF, the total number of diagnosed health conditions and SF, or individual chronic diseases and SF. Conclusion: This survey on social frailty among older people in Hong Kong found a higher prevalence of pre-frail and socially frail individuals compared to other regions. While many benefit from strong social support, socially pre-frail and socially frail individuals have reduced interactions, highlighting the importance of social connectedness. The higher incidence of social frailty, especially among the pre-frail, underscores the need to consider Hong Kong’s unique socio-cultural and economic contexts. As the first of its kind in the region, this study paves the way for further research and emphasizes the need for culturally appropriate assessment tools to better understand and address social frailty. Full article

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurocognitive disorder characterized by gradual onset and gradual progression, presenting a wide range of symptoms, with one of its main features being episodic memory impairment, present from the early stages of the disease. Currently, there is no cure for AD, so a multidimensional approach combining pharmacology with other non-pharmacological treatments is recommended to halt or delay cognitive and functional decline in patients. In this regard, music therapy emerges as a promising non-pharmacological treatment for memory in patients with AD, as musical memory appears to be preserved, retaining the ability to recall familiar songs and the memories associated with them. Therefore, the aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the current state of scientific research on the effects of music therapy on the memory of patients with AD in mild and moderate stages. A search was conducted in the Google Scholar, ProQuest, Summon, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, finding 15 articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results seem to support the use of music-based interventions for memory in patients with AD, especially regarding autobiographical memory. However, given the limitations encountered, we consider that the results pave the way for future research rather than providing solid conclusions about their effectiveness. Full article

Background: Self-perceptions of aging are important predictors of physical and mental health, longevity, and quality of life. The Brief Ageing Perceptions Questionnaire (B-APQ) is the most promising scale of self-perceptions about aging and has been translated into many languages. This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the B-APQ and examine its validity and reliability. Methods: A web-based survey of 1500 people aged 65 and older was conducted in Japan. Of the participants, 651 were men and 849 were women. The average age was 72.97 years. Results: No significant distributional biases were found for any items of the Japanese version of the B-APQ. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted using the same model as the previous studies. The results of CFA showed that the goodness of fit indices met the acceptability criteria. Two-tailed Pearson correlations showed significant relationships between each factor of the Japanese version of the B-APQ as well as the cognitive and physical functioning, depression, and well-being of older adults. Conclusions: The Japanese version of the B-APQ has high internal consistency and significant factorial and construct-related validity. The Japanese version of the B-APQ is expected to be used to measure the self-perceptions of aging for further study in Japan. Full article

Intergenerational contact offers an under-explored strategic approach to challenging age stereotypes and positively influencing health behaviors in older adults and children. It is postulated that through the application of the constructs of Contact Theory, an effective platform for change could be established. Using an instrumental case study, the experiential effects of the intergenerational contact phenomenon were pragmatically explored from the perspective of a single familial dyad (61-year-old woman; 9-year-old boy). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with each participant, both during and following engagement with a remote, 12-week, technology-driven physical activity intervention focused on using daily step counts (acquired via any activity of their choice, using physical activity trackers) to collaboratively complete virtual walk routes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through reflexive thematic analysis and interpretation of the data in line with the study’s aim and propositions, four core themes were identified: Reciprocal Encounter; Opportunity for Reflection and Re-evaluation; Platform for Change; and COVID-19. In addition to the perceived positive effects on targeted health outcomes (physical activity, sedentary behavior, health-related quality of life), facilitating intergenerational contact through virtual methods could also, through opportunities to nurture and build relationships, challenge age stereotypes. Full article