Fluids

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15 pages, 2982 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrodynamic Shielding and Oxidation Suppression in Merging Lazy Plumes

by Atsuyoshi Sato, Arata Kioka, Masami Nakagawa and Takeshi Tsuji

Fluids 2026, 11(4), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids11040092 - 30 Mar 2026

Viewed by 358

This paper investigates the combustion dynamics of interacting lazy multi-component gas plumes (i.e., buoyancy-dominated gas releases with a low initial momentum flux), a configuration relevant to coal mining waste emissions. By coupling a three-dimensional large eddy simulation (mesh size of 10⁻² m; [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the combustion dynamics of interacting lazy multi-component gas plumes (i.e., buoyancy-dominated gas releases with a low initial momentum flux), a configuration relevant to coal mining waste emissions. By coupling a three-dimensional large eddy simulation (mesh size of 10⁻² m; paralleling with 2048 processors) with detailed chemical kinetics (GRI-Mech 3.0), we analyzed the sensitivity of the flow structure and plume stabilization to the vent spacing of twin hydrogen-rich multi-component gas plumes (H₂-CO-CH₄-air). The results identified a distinct topological transition. While gas plumes from vents spaced at

δ / D = 5

(

δ

and D are the spacing and width of gas vents, respectively) evolve independently, those at closely spaced sources (

δ / D = 5 / 4

) exhibit rapid coalescence driven by hydrodynamic shielding. This hydrodynamic merging results in a unified column with an effective hydraulic diameter of

D_{e f f} \approx \sqrt{2} D

. This leads to a significant reduction in the surface-to-volume ratio available for ambient air entrainment, maintaining a coherent combustible-rich core to higher altitudes than isolated-source correlations would predict. However, despite this mass retention, the rapid vertical acceleration of buoyancy-dominated flows induces high strain rates, significantly disrupting the reaction zone structure. These findings establish that, for clustered emission sources, the dispersion hazard is governed by a coupling between hydrodynamic coalescence, which maintains reactant concentration, and finite-rate chemistry, restricting oxidation efficiency. This paper provides critical insights for designing gas capture infrastructure and assessing flammability limits in multi-vent systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Fluids—Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics)

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22 pages, 2492 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sound Wave Propagation in Binary Gas Mixtures Flowing Through Microchannels According to a BGK-Type Kinetic Model for General Intermolecular Potentials and Maxwell Boundary Conditions

by Silvia Lorenzani

Fluids 2026, 11(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids11040089 - 28 Mar 2026

Viewed by 260

Abstract

In this work, we assess the reliability of a new Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK)-type model of the linearized Boltzmann equation for binary gas mixtures by investigating the propagation of high-frequency sound waves in microchannels. In order to take into account the different gas–wall interaction properties [...] Read more.

In this work, we assess the reliability of a new Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK)-type model of the linearized Boltzmann equation for binary gas mixtures by investigating the propagation of high-frequency sound waves in microchannels. In order to take into account the different gas–wall interaction properties experienced by the mixture components, we solve the kinetic equations assuming Maxwell boundary conditions, with different accommodation coefficients for the two species. Unlike other BGK models existing in the literature, the newly proposed model can describe general intermolecular forces. Therefore, in order to test this ability, we specialize our computations to mixtures with two components of very different masses (disparate-mass gas mixtures like He-Xe), since, in this case, the intermolecular forces play a more significant role compared to mixtures with species of similar masses. Then, we compare the results with those obtained by the McCormack model, which has been shown to correctly reproduce many experimental data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Fluids—Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics)

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26 pages, 5753 KB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning for Fluid-Agnostic Laminar Heat Transfer Predictions Under Supercritical Conditions

by Luke Holtshouser, Gautham Krishnamoorthy and Krishnamoorthy Viswanathan

Fluids 2026, 11(3), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids11030081 - 16 Mar 2026

Viewed by 417

Abstract

Machine learning was employed to make fluid agnostic laminar heat transfer prediction in supercritical conditions, encompassing three fluids (sCO₂, sH₂O, sC₁₀H₂₂) representing a wide range of operating conditions. High-fidelity training data, consisting of both non-dimensional [...] Read more.

Machine learning was employed to make fluid agnostic laminar heat transfer prediction in supercritical conditions, encompassing three fluids (sCO₂, sH₂O, sC₁₀H₂₂) representing a wide range of operating conditions. High-fidelity training data, consisting of both non-dimensional and dimensional (operating parameter) as inputs and Nu and T_wall as outputs, were generated from grid-converged, steady-state, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. The Random Forest (RF) algorithm outperformed the artificial neural networks (ANNs) across all scenarios on the small multi-fluid dataset (~1600 data points) employed during the training process. When using non-dimensional parameters as inputs, Nu prediction fidelities were better than T_wall predictions for both ML algorithms across both horizontal and vertical configurations. The RF model trained on data from a specific flow configuration (horizontal/vertical) could predict T_wall within an accuracy of +/−1% with dimensional, operational parameters as inputs while being agnostic to the working fluid. Furthermore, by including the gravity vector as an additional variable during the training process, the RF model could predict T_wall accurately in a mixed, multi-fluid dataset containing data from both horizontal and vertical configurations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Fluids—Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics)

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27 pages, 5611 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Compact-Stencil Wetting Boundary Condition for Three-Dimensional Curved Surfaces in a Phase-Field Lattice Boltzmann Method

by Makoto Sugimoto, Masayuki Kaneda, Kazuhiko Suga and Masaya Shigeta

Fluids 2026, 11(3), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids11030079 - 14 Mar 2026

Viewed by 427

Abstract

Accurate numerical reproduction of contact line dynamics on three-dimensional curved solid surfaces remains a challenging issue in multiphase flow simulations. In this study, a wetting boundary condition applicable to curved surfaces is developed within a three-dimensional phase-field lattice Boltzmann framework. The proposed method [...] Read more.

Accurate numerical reproduction of contact line dynamics on three-dimensional curved solid surfaces remains a challenging issue in multiphase flow simulations. In this study, a wetting boundary condition applicable to curved surfaces is developed within a three-dimensional phase-field lattice Boltzmann framework. The proposed method extends an existing curved-surface wetting model and focuses on improving the evaluation of interface normals and order-parameter gradients on Cartesian lattices, while preserving the compact computational stencils and efficiency inherent to the lattice Boltzmann method. Three-dimensional simulations of liquid spreading on a concave spherical surface and droplet spreading on a convex solid sphere are performed over a wide range of prescribed contact angles. The results show that the proposed method eliminates nonphysical behaviors observed with conventional staircase-based boundary conditions, such as droplet sliding along the solid surface and droplet detachment into the surrounding gas phase. In the convex spherical surface cases, the droplet height converges stably to equilibrium through damped oscillations, and the equilibrium droplet shapes show good agreement with theoretical predictions derived from geometric considerations under zero-gravity conditions over a broad range of contact angles. These results demonstrate that the proposed wetting boundary condition can accurately reproduce wetting phenomena on three-dimensional curved solid surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Fluids—Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics)

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14 pages, 4700 KB

Open AccessArticle

3D-Printed Tesla Valve with IoT-Based Flow and Pressure Sensing

by Christos Liosis, Dimitrios Nikolaos Pagonis, Sofia Peppa, Michail Drossos and Ioannis Sarris

Fluids 2026, 11(3), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids11030069 - 4 Mar 2026

Viewed by 815

Abstract

Tesla valves are passive flow-control devices that enables asymmetry without moving parts. In recent years, they have attracted renewed interest due to their wide range of applications, spanning from biomedical and agricultural systems to thermal and marine engineering. The performance of a 3D-printed [...] Read more.

Tesla valves are passive flow-control devices that enables asymmetry without moving parts. In recent years, they have attracted renewed interest due to their wide range of applications, spanning from biomedical and agricultural systems to thermal and marine engineering. The performance of a 3D-printed double Tesla valve is experimentally investigated using an integrated low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) measurement system. The valve performance is evaluated for inlet volumetric flow rates ranging from 5 to 20 L/min. The results demonstrate a clear asymmetry between forward and reverse flow, with a maximum diodicity of 1.96 observed at the lowest (5–6 L/min) flow rate. The proposed low-cost experimental framework combines additive manufacturing and real-time IoT-based monitoring, offering a reproducible and accessible approach for investigating passive flow-control devices at flow-rate regimes beyond typical microfluidic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Fluids—Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics)

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19 pages, 6272 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study on the Aerodynamic Performance and Noise of Composite Bionic Airfoils

by Shunlong Su, Shenwei Xin, Xuemin Ye and Chunxi Li

Fluids 2026, 11(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids11020036 - 28 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 498

Abstract

Bionic airfoils are an effective method to improve aerodynamic performance and reduce the noise of wind turbine blades. To explore the impact of the lower surface of bird wing airfoils on the aerodynamic performance and noise of blades, this study combines the upper [...] Read more.

Bionic airfoils are an effective method to improve aerodynamic performance and reduce the noise of wind turbine blades. To explore the impact of the lower surface of bird wing airfoils on the aerodynamic performance and noise of blades, this study combines the upper surface of the NACA0018 airfoil with the lower surfaces of the teal, long-eared owl, and sparrowhawk (CBA-T, CBA-O, CBA-S) to create three new composite bionic airfoils (CBAs). The aerodynamic performance of these airfoils is evaluated, and the CBA-O airfoil is identified as having the best aerodynamic characteristics. A comparison of the noise and vortex structures of the CBA-O, owl wing airfoil, and NACA0018 is conducted, and the mechanisms behind the CBA-O airfoil performance improvement and noise reduction are explored. The results indicate that the CBAs enhance the aerodynamic performance of the airfoils. Before stall, the aerodynamic performance of the CBA-O improves the lift-to-drag ratio by 12.7% and 119.7% compared to the owl and NACA0018 airfoils, with its average SPL significantly lower than that of the NACA0018. The CBA-O has smaller vortex sizes at the trailing-edge, and the wake vortex develops more stably, effectively reducing both surface radiation noise and wake noise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Fluids—Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics)

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16 pages, 4488 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reverse Steady Streaming Induced by a Freely Moving Wavy Wall

by José Carlos Domínguez-Lozoya, Sebastián Gutiérrez-Juárez, David Roberto Domínguez-Lozoya, Aldo Figueroa and Sergio Cuevas

Fluids 2026, 11(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids11010027 - 20 Jan 2026

Viewed by 375

Abstract

In this work, we present a theoretical and experimental investigation of the fluid–structure interaction between a freely moving wall and an oscillatory flow. Our objective is to elucidate the coupling mechanism between the fluid and the oscillating body that gives rise to reverse [...] Read more.

In this work, we present a theoretical and experimental investigation of the fluid–structure interaction between a freely moving wall and an oscillatory flow. Our objective is to elucidate the coupling mechanism between the fluid and the oscillating body that gives rise to reverse streaming, that is, the reversal in the rotation direction of the resulting steady vortices, and to apply this analysis to the case of a freely moving wavy wall. The flow is analyzed theoretically based on a two-dimensional model and an analytical solution is obtained using a perturbation method. Experimental results based on Particle Image Velocimetry are also presented, where an oscillatory flow generated by an electromagnetic force in an electrolyte layer drives a wavy wall floating on the surface. The results confirm the occurrence of reverse streaming and demonstrate that the flow dynamics depend on the density ratio between the freely moving solid and the fluid. The analytical solution qualitatively captures the streaming reversal observed in the experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Fluids—Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics)

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13 pages, 1722 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transient Electrophoresis in Suspensions of Charged Porous Particles

by Wei Z. Chen and Huan J. Keh

Fluids 2026, 11(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids11010013 - 30 Dec 2025

Viewed by 409

Abstract

The start-up of electrophoretic motion in a suspension of uniformly charged, porous, spherical particles within an arbitrary electrolyte solution under a suddenly applied electric field is investigated. The unsteady Stokes/Brinkman equations, modified to include the electric body force, are solved for the fluid [...] Read more.

The start-up of electrophoretic motion in a suspension of uniformly charged, porous, spherical particles within an arbitrary electrolyte solution under a suddenly applied electric field is investigated. The unsteady Stokes/Brinkman equations, modified to include the electric body force, are solved for the fluid velocity field using a unit cell model to account for the particle-particle interactions. An explicit expression for the transient electrophoretic velocity of a porous particle in a unit cell is derived in the Laplace transform domain as a function of the key governing parameters. The transient electrophoretic velocity, when normalized by its steady-state counterpart, increases monotonically with both elapsed time and the ratio of particle radius to Debye length, with other parameters held constant. It generally increases with the ratio of particle radius to permeation length and with porosity, while decreasing monotonically with an increase in the particle-to-fluid density ratio. Similar to its steady-state value, the transient electrophoretic mobility of the suspension is typically a decreasing function of the particle volume fraction. However, under conditions of small elapsed time and large density ratio, the transient mobility may exhibit an initial increase with particle volume fraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Fluids—Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics)

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19 pages, 1780 KB

Open AccessArticle

Steady Radial Diverging Flow of a Particle-Laden Fluid with Particle Migration

by C. Q. Ru

Fluids 2025, 10(8), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10080200 - 1 Aug 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 823

Abstract

The steady plane radial diverging flow of a viscous or inviscid particle-fluid suspension is studied using a novel two-fluid model. For the initial flow field with a uniform particle distribution, our results show that the relative velocity of particles with respect to the [...] Read more.

The steady plane radial diverging flow of a viscous or inviscid particle-fluid suspension is studied using a novel two-fluid model. For the initial flow field with a uniform particle distribution, our results show that the relative velocity of particles with respect to the fluid depends on their inlet velocity ratio at the entrance, the mass density ratio and the Stokes number of particles, and the particles heavier (or lighter) than the fluid will move faster (or slower) than the fluid when their inlet velocities are equal (then Stokes drag vanishes at the entrance). The relative motion of particles with respect to the fluid leads to particle migration and the non-uniform distribution of particles. An explicit expression is obtained for the steady particle distribution eventually attained due to particle migration. Our results demonstrated and confirmed that, for both light particles (gas bubbles) and heavy particles, depending on the particle-to-fluid mass density ratio, the volume fraction of particles attains its maximum or minimum value near the entrance of the radial flow and after then monotonically decreases or increases with the radial coordinate and converges to an asymptotic value determined by the particle-to-fluid inlet velocity ratio. Explicit solutions given here could help quantify the steady particle distribution in the decelerating radial flow of a particle-fluid suspension. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Fluids—Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics)

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23 pages, 5286 KB

Open AccessArticle

Measurements of Wake Concentration from a Finite Release of a Dense Fluid Upstream of a Cubic Obstacle

by Romana Akhter and Nigel Kaye

Fluids 2025, 10(8), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10080194 - 29 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 700

Abstract

Results are reported for a series of small-scale experiments that examine the dispersion of dense gas released upstream of an isolated building. The experiments replicate the geometry of the Thorney Island Phase II field tests and show good qualitative agreement with the flow [...] Read more.

Results are reported for a series of small-scale experiments that examine the dispersion of dense gas released upstream of an isolated building. The experiments replicate the geometry of the Thorney Island Phase II field tests and show good qualitative agreement with the flow regimes observed therein. The experiments were run in a water flume, and the flow is characterized by the Richardson number (

R i

), where high

R i

represent relatively high density releases. For low

R i

the dense cloud flows over and around the building and any fluid drawn into the building wake is rapidly flushed. However, for high Ri, the dense cloud collapses, flows around the building, and is drawn into the wake. The dense fluid layer becomes trapped in the wake and is flushed by small parcels of fluid being peeled off the top of the layer and driven up and out of the wake. Results are presented for the concentration field along the center plane (parallel to the flow) of the building wake and time series of concentration just above the floor and downstream of the building. The time series for low-

R i

and high-

R i

flows are starkly different, with differences explained in terms of the observed flow regimes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Fluids—Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics)

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13 pages, 1910 KB

Open AccessArticle

Excellent Superhydrophobic Cone-Array Surfaces with Low Contact Time of Droplet Pancake Bouncing Under Various Conditions

by Yuanjie Chen, Yucai Lin, Shile Feng and Yongmei Zheng

Fluids 2025, 10(6), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10060144 - 28 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1357

Abstract

Superhydrophobic surfaces with a low liquid–solid contact time have huge application prospects in anti-icing, corrosion-resistant, self-cleaning, etc. Significant attempts have been devoted to reducing the contact time through altering the hydrodynamics of the process through which the droplet contacts the superhydrophobic surface. However, [...] Read more.

Superhydrophobic surfaces with a low liquid–solid contact time have huge application prospects in anti-icing, corrosion-resistant, self-cleaning, etc. Significant attempts have been devoted to reducing the contact time through altering the hydrodynamics of the process through which the droplet contacts the superhydrophobic surface. However, these works are rarely considered to be related to the influence of environmental conditions (e.g., the pH of the droplet, salinity of the droplet, droplet viscosity, and supercooled droplet impact). Here, we report various superhydrophobic cone arrays (SCAs) with low droplet impact contact times under various conditions (pH of the droplet, salinity of the droplet, droplet viscosity, droplet temperature, etc.). We demonstrate that the low contact time of the droplet impacting cone-arrays can be optimized via the critical Weber number, pillar-to-pillar spacing, and pillar height (e.g., 11.1, 350 μm, and 300 μm, respectively). The lowest droplet contact time of ~6 ms, which is reduced by more than 60% compared to conventional bouncing, can be achieved. In addition, directional pancake bouncing behaviors can achieve the largest horizontal displacement (85% of the droplet size, ~3 mm) on a tilted SCA with optimal tilt angles. These findings offer insights into the interface effect for controlling wetting that would extend the practical applications, e.g., liquid repellency, anti-corrosion, anti-icing, heat transfer, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Fluids—Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics)

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21 pages, 8213 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation of Cylindrical Water Droplets Subjected to Air Shock Loading at a High Weber Number

by F. Edoardo Taglialatela and Giuliano De Stefano

Fluids 2025, 10(4), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10040081 - 25 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1362

Abstract

This work is devoted to the computational investigation of the deformation and breakup of cylindrical water bodies in the high-speed airflow behind incident shock waves. Both single-column and tandem-column configurations in various arrangements were simulated by reproducing the shock/droplet interaction process in a [...] Read more.

This work is devoted to the computational investigation of the deformation and breakup of cylindrical water bodies in the high-speed airflow behind incident shock waves. Both single-column and tandem-column configurations in various arrangements were simulated by reproducing the shock/droplet interaction process in a shock-tube device. The calculations were conducted by using a third-party solver recently developed for compressible two-phase flows in the framework of the open source finite volume toolbox OpenFOAM. The numerical approach is based on the use of the volume-of-fluid method to resolve the phase interface, where a particular discretization technique allows us to prevent unphysical instabilities. The numerical scheme makes use of more precise information of the local propagation speeds to maintain a high resolution and a small numerical viscosity. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the results with reference experimental and numerical data demonstrated good agreement for the main characteristics of the interaction process in terms of the morphology, dynamics, and breakup of the deforming water bodies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Fluids—Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics)

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15 pages, 7069 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Microjet Engine Inlet Pressure Distortions at Angled Inflow Velocity Conditions

by Santiago Sanchez Villacreses, Jun Yao, Yufeng Yao and Budi Chandra

Fluids 2025, 10(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10020049 - 13 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2836

Abstract

The Armfield CM14 microjet axial flow turbine engine has been tested in open space at ambient conditions with engine inlet pressure at the aerodynamic interface plane (AIP) measured by a built-in pressure sensor for validating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies. A three-dimensional computational [...] Read more.

The Armfield CM14 microjet axial flow turbine engine has been tested in open space at ambient conditions with engine inlet pressure at the aerodynamic interface plane (AIP) measured by a built-in pressure sensor for validating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies. A three-dimensional computational domain of the test engine intake duct configuration is defined, followed by mesh convergence studies. The latter results in a fine mesh of 5.7 million cells on which CFD-predicted engine inlet pressures are in good agreement with the experimental measurements at the AIP face for 20–100% throttles. CFD studies are continued to investigate the engine inlet pressure distortions at two inflow velocities of 35 m/s and 70 m/s, and various inflow angles ranging from 0° to 30° with a step of 5°, to evaluate their impacts on engine inlet pressure distortions. It is found that pressure distortions increase with the inflow angle, with severe pressure distortions occurring at higher inflow angles above 15°. At the same flow conditions of inflow angle and velocity, pressure distortions from an intake with a flat lip are overall higher than those of a bell-mouth round lip. This is primarily due to a rapid geometry change at the intake entrance causing large vortical flow motions, accompanied by local flow separations at higher inflow angles, therefore impacting the downstream flow field towards the engine inlet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Fluids—Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics)

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24 pages, 6073 KB

Open AccessArticle

Measurements of Wake Concentration from the Continuous Release of a Dense Fluid Upstream of a Cubic Obstacle

by Romana Akhter and Nigel B. Kaye

Fluids 2025, 10(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10020046 - 11 Feb 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1483

Abstract

Results are presented from a series of small-scale laboratory experiments designed to model dense gas dispersion around an isolated cuboid building. Experiments were conducted for a broad range of flow Richardson numbers and source discharge rates, and the concentration field in the wake [...] Read more.

Results are presented from a series of small-scale laboratory experiments designed to model dense gas dispersion around an isolated cuboid building. Experiments were conducted for a broad range of flow Richardson numbers and source discharge rates, and the concentration field in the wake of the building was measured using light-induced fluorescence (LIF). Results show that, for low Richardson numbers, the concentration of dense fluid in the wake decreases slightly with distance above the ground. However, for Richardson numbers above

R i \approx 3

, the vertical variation is qualitatively different, as a dense lower layer forms in the wake and the concentration above the layer is much lower than for the lower Ri experiments. For these higher Richardson number flows, the primary mechanism by which dense fluid is flushed from the building wake is by the wake flow skimming dense fluid from the top of the lower layer and then moving it upstream toward the building’s leeward face. It is then transported up the leeward face of the building and then downstream. The results also generally show that, as the release rate of dense fluid increases, the density and thickness of the lower layer increases. The LIF measurements and a series of visualization experiments highlight the complex interaction of a dense fluid discharge with the wake structure behind a building. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Fluids—Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics)

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