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Fluids
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Feature Reviews for Fluids 2025–2026
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Feature Reviews for Fluids 2025–2026

A special issue of Fluids (ISSN 2311-5521).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 29935

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Giuliano De Stefano

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81031 Aversa, Italy
Interests: computational fluid dynamics; turbulence modelling and simulation; large-eddy simulation; wavelets and fluids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. D. Andrew S. Rees

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
Interests: convection; porous media; instability; numerical simulation; asymptotic analysis; non-Newtonian fluids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to announce this Special Issue, entitled “Feature Reviews for Fluids 2025–2026”. This Special Issue aims to present a collection of high-quality review papers from our Editorial Board Members or outside leading authors, discussing a diverse set of topics related to all aspects of fluids, including original theoretical, computational, and experimental contributions to understanding of the dynamics of gases, liquids, and complex or multiphase fluids.

We consider this Special Issue to be the best forum to disseminate important research findings and share innovative ideas in the field.

Prof. Dr. Giuliano De Stefano
Prof. Dr. D. Andrew S. Rees
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Fluids is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • artificial intelligence in fluid mechanics
  • biofluid mechanics
  • coherent vortical structures in fluids
  • marine hydrodynamics
  • multiphase flows
  • shock waves
  • turbulence modelling and simulation
  • wind turbine aerodynamics
  • stability theory in fluid mechanics
  • geophysical fluid dynamics
  • granular/suspension flows
  • heat and mass transfer
  • magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD)
  • nanofluids and microfluids
  • Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids
  • polymers
  • rheology
  • tribology/lubrication
  • computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
  • biomedical flows
  • experiments in fluids
  • fluid–structure interaction
  • data-driven fluids research
  • culinary fluid mechanics

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Review

59 pages, 10266 KB  
Review
Advancements in Synthetic Jet for Flow Control and Heat Transfer: A Comprehensive Review
by Jangyadatta Pasa, Md. Mahbub Alam, Venugopal Arumuru, Huaying Chen and Tinghai Cheng
Fluids 2026, 11(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids11010022 - 14 Jan 2026
Viewed by 655
Abstract
Synthetic jets, generated through the periodic suction and ejection of fluid without net mass addition, offer distinct benefits, such as compactness, ease of integration, and independence from external fluid sources. These characteristics make them well-suited for flow control and convective heat transfer applications. [...] Read more.
Synthetic jets, generated through the periodic suction and ejection of fluid without net mass addition, offer distinct benefits, such as compactness, ease of integration, and independence from external fluid sources. These characteristics make them well-suited for flow control and convective heat transfer applications. However, conventional single-actuator configurations are constrained by limited jet formation, narrow surface coverage, and diminished effectiveness in the far field. This review critically evaluates the key limitations and explores four advanced configurations developed to mitigate them: dual-cavity synthetic jets, single-actuator multi-orifice jets, coaxial synthetic jets, and synthetic jet arrays. Dual-cavity synthetic jets enhance volume flow rate and surface coverage by generating multiple vortices and enabling jet vectoring, though they remain constrained by downstream vortex diffusion. Single-actuator multi-orifice designs enhance near-field heat transfer through multiple interacting vortices, yet far-field performance remains an issue. Coaxial synthetic jets improve vortex dynamics and overall performance but face challenges at high Reynolds numbers. Synthetic jet arrays with independently controlled actuators offer the greatest potential, enabling jet vectoring and focusing to enhance entrainment, expand spanwise coverage, and improve far-field performance. By examining key limitations and technological advances, this review lays the foundation for expanded use of synthetic jets in practical engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews for Fluids 2025–2026)
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27 pages, 5287 KB  
Review
Recent Advances in Experimental and Numerical Studies on Cloud and Erosion Behaviors in Cavitating Jets
by Nobuyuki Fujisawa
Fluids 2026, 11(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids11010014 - 31 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 669
Abstract
Recent advances in experimental techniques for visualizing cloud behavior, pit formation, and erosion in cavitating jets have been reviewed. To characterize the erosion behavior of cavitating jets and clarify their erosion mechanisms, various experimental techniques—such as high-speed imaging, frame difference method, proper orthogonal [...] Read more.
Recent advances in experimental techniques for visualizing cloud behavior, pit formation, and erosion in cavitating jets have been reviewed. To characterize the erosion behavior of cavitating jets and clarify their erosion mechanisms, various experimental techniques—such as high-speed imaging, frame difference method, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis, pit sensors, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensors, laser schlieren imaging, and cross schlieren imaging—have been developed. Experimental results demonstrated that the erosion mechanism of cavitating jets is highly correlated with periodic cloud behaviors, including the growth, shrinkage, and collapse, which generate impulsive pressure on the wall material. This pressure initiates random pits on the wall surface and is associated with the generation of microjets caused by the reentrant-jet mechanism during cloud collapse near the wall. Several shockwaves were generated at peak impulsive pressures when the cavitation cloud collapsed, and a microjet was formed. Some of these experimental findings were successfully reproduced in recent numerical studies; however, further numerical modeling of erosion behavior in cavitating jets is still needed. Furthermore, the behavior of cavitating jets on rough walls requires future study, as the erosion rate is significantly higher than that on smooth walls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews for Fluids 2025–2026)
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24 pages, 1947 KB  
Review
The Atmospheric Gray-Zone (a.k.a. Terra Incognita) Problem: A Strategy Analysis from an Engineering Viewpoint
by Stefan Heinz
Fluids 2025, 10(11), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10110301 - 18 Nov 2025
Viewed by 645
Abstract
The Terra Incognita (or gray-zone) problem seen in atmospheric flow simulations causes serious consequences: it implies, e.g., significantly incorrect flow predictions and results that often simply depend on flow simulation settings as the computational grid applied. There is definitely the need for a [...] Read more.
The Terra Incognita (or gray-zone) problem seen in atmospheric flow simulations causes serious consequences: it implies, e.g., significantly incorrect flow predictions and results that often simply depend on flow simulation settings as the computational grid applied. There is definitely the need for a robust gray-zone modeling to ensure that research and technology decisions are based on reliable results. As a matter of fact, solution approaches to deal with this problem in atmospheric and engineering type simulations reveal remarkable differences. In contrast to atmospheric flow simulations, there exists a broad spectrum of solution concepts for engineering applications. Driven by these conceptual differences, the paper presents an analysis of the Terra Incognita problem and corresponding solution concepts. Specifically, the paper presents a modeling approach that overcomes the core problem of currently applied methods. A new method of providing a resolution-aware turbulence length scale (one of the major problems in atmospheric flow simulations) is presented. This approach is capable of seamlessly covering the full range of microscale to mesoscale simulations, and to appropriately deal with mesoscale to microscale couplings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews for Fluids 2025–2026)
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41 pages, 7280 KB  
Review
Modelling and Simulation of the Entrapment of Non-Wetting Fluids Within Disordered Porous Materials
by Sean P. Rigby
Fluids 2025, 10(11), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10110286 - 31 Oct 2025
Viewed by 709
Abstract
The phenomenon known as non-wetting phase (nwp) entrapment, and the multiphase fluid flow within porous media that gives rise to it, is important in several areas such as contaminant transport and subsequent remediation, subsurface energy storage, oil recovery, carbon dioxide sequestration, and pore [...] Read more.
The phenomenon known as non-wetting phase (nwp) entrapment, and the multiphase fluid flow within porous media that gives rise to it, is important in several areas such as contaminant transport and subsequent remediation, subsurface energy storage, oil recovery, carbon dioxide sequestration, and pore structural characterisation. The aim of this review was to survey the various different modelling and simulation approaches used to predict the pore-scale processes involved in the entrapment of nwp in disordered porous media, and the impact of pore structural features on the level of entrapment. The various modelling and simulation approaches considered included empirical models, pore network models (PNMs), percolation models, models derived directly from imaging data, and thermodynamic and statistical mechanical techniques. Dynamic flow simulations within models derived from images have validated the quasi-static idealisation for low capillary number, often used with PNMs. Modelling using this approximation has demonstrated the importance of pore connectivity and macroscopic heterogeneities in the spatial distribution of pore sizes in determining entrapment. Dynamic simulations in image-derived models have also shown the need for proper representation of menisci configurations in the complex void spaces of mixed-wetting systems in order to accurately predict entrapment, something that is not always currently possible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews for Fluids 2025–2026)
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28 pages, 10432 KB  
Review
Rapid CFD Prediction Based on Machine Learning Surrogate Model in Built Environment: A Review
by Rui Mao, Yuer Lan, Linfeng Liang, Tao Yu, Minhao Mu, Wenjun Leng and Zhengwei Long
Fluids 2025, 10(8), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10080193 - 28 Jul 2025
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 13596
Abstract
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is regarded as an important tool for analyzing the flow field, thermal environment, and air quality around the built environment. However, for built environment applications, the high computational cost of CFD hinders large-scale scenario simulation and efficient design optimization. [...] Read more.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is regarded as an important tool for analyzing the flow field, thermal environment, and air quality around the built environment. However, for built environment applications, the high computational cost of CFD hinders large-scale scenario simulation and efficient design optimization. In the field of built environment research, surrogate modeling has become a key technology to connect the needs of high-fidelity CFD simulation and rapid prediction, whereas the low-dimensional nature of traditional surrogate models is unable to match the physical complexity and prediction needs of built flow fields. Therefore, combining machine learning (ML) with CFD to predict flow fields in built environments offers a promising way to increase simulation speed while maintaining reasonable accuracy. This review briefly reviews traditional surrogate models and focuses on ML-based surrogate models, especially the specific application of neural network architectures in rapidly predicting flow fields in the built environment. The review indicates that ML accelerates the three core aspects of CFD, namely mesh preprocessing, numerical solving, and post-processing visualization, in order to achieve efficient coupled CFD simulation. Although ML surrogate models still face challenges such as data availability, multi-physics field coupling, and generalization capability, the emergence of physical information-driven data enhancement techniques effectively alleviates the above problems. Meanwhile, the integration of traditional methods with ML can further enhance the comprehensive performance of surrogate models. Notably, the online ministry of trained ML models using transfer learning strategies deserves further research. These advances will provide an important basis for advancing efficient and accurate operational solutions in sustainable building design and operation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews for Fluids 2025–2026)
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17 pages, 327 KB  
Review
Renormalization Group and Effective Field Theories in Magnetohydrodynamics
by Amir Jafari
Fluids 2025, 10(8), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10080188 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1501
Abstract
We briefly review the recent developments in magnetohydrodynamics, which in particular deal with the evolution of magnetic fields in turbulent plasmas. We especially emphasize (i) the necessity and utility of renormalizing equations of motion in turbulence where velocity and magnetic fields become Hölder [...] Read more.
We briefly review the recent developments in magnetohydrodynamics, which in particular deal with the evolution of magnetic fields in turbulent plasmas. We especially emphasize (i) the necessity and utility of renormalizing equations of motion in turbulence where velocity and magnetic fields become Hölder singular; (ii) the breakdown of Laplacian determinism of classical physics (spontaneous stochasticity or super chaos) in turbulence; and (iii) the possibility of eliminating the notion of magnetic field lines in magnetized plasmas, using instead magnetic path lines as trajectories of Alfvénic wave packets. These methodologies are then exemplified with their application to the problem of magnetic reconnection—rapid change in magnetic field pattern that accelerates plasma—a ubiquitous phenomenon in astrophysics and laboratory plasmas. Renormalizing rough velocity and magnetic fields on any finite scale l in turbulence inertial range, to remove singularities, implies that magnetohydrodynamic equations should be regarded as effective field theories with running parameters depending upon the scale l. A high wave-number cut-off should also be introduced in fluctuating equations of motion, e.g., Navier–Stokes, which makes them effective, low-wave-number field theories rather than stochastic differential equations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews for Fluids 2025–2026)
19 pages, 3372 KB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review of Biomass Gasification Characteristics in Fluidized Bed Reactors: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions
by Lu Wang, Tuo Zhou, Bo Hou, Hairui Yang, Nan Hu and Man Zhang
Fluids 2025, 10(6), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10060147 - 1 Jun 2025
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 10313
Abstract
Biomass fluidized bed gasification technology has attracted significant attention due to its high efficiency and clean energy conversion capabilities. However, its industrial application has been limited by insufficient technological maturity. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on biomass fluidized bed gasification characteristics; [...] Read more.
Biomass fluidized bed gasification technology has attracted significant attention due to its high efficiency and clean energy conversion capabilities. However, its industrial application has been limited by insufficient technological maturity. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on biomass fluidized bed gasification characteristics; compares the applicability of bubbling fluidized beds (BFBs), circulating fluidized beds (CFBs), and dual fluidized beds (DFBs); and highlights the comprehensive advantages of CFBs in large-scale production and tar control. The gas–solid flow characteristics within CFB reactors are highly complex, with factors such as fluidization velocity, gas–solid mixing homogeneity, gas residence time, and particle size distribution directly affecting syngas composition. However, experimental studies have predominantly focused on small-scale setups, failing to characterize the impact of flow dynamics on gasification reactions. Therefore, numerical simulation has become essential for in-depth exploration. Additionally, this study analyzes the influence of different gasification agents (air, oxygen-enriched, oxygen–steam, etc.) on syngas quality. The results demonstrate that oxygen–steam gasification eliminates nitrogen dilution, optimizes reaction kinetics, and significantly enhances syngas quality and hydrogen yield, providing favorable conditions for downstream processes such as green methanol synthesis. Based on the current research landscape, this paper employs numerical simulation to investigate oxygen–steam CFB gasification at a pilot scale (500 kg/h biomass throughput). The results reveal that under conditions of O2/H2O = 0.25 and 800 °C, the syngas H2 volume fraction reaches 43.7%, with a carbon conversion rate exceeding 90%. These findings provide theoretical support for the industrial application of oxygen–steam CFB gasification technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews for Fluids 2025–2026)
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