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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2023) | Viewed by 7028

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Giovanni Tinè

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Guest Editor

Institute of Marine Engineering (INM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
Interests: electromagnetic compatibility; power-line communications; smart grids

Dr. Valeria Boscaino

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Institute of Marine Engineering (INM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
Interests: power electronics; switching power converters; DC–AC and DC–DC power converters; modeling, design and control of power converters; power converters for renewable energy sources; power converters for fuel cell systems
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Dr. Nicola Panzavecchia

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Guest Editor

Institute of Marine Engineering (INM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
Interests: software development for energy management and embedded systems; smart grids;power line communications

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The rapid growth of distributed generation from renewable energy sources such as fuel cells, wind turbines, solar photovoltaic sources, and marine energy is transforming the distribution network at both the medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) levels. The proliferation of distributed renewable energy sources has resulted in bidirectional power flux, increasing the complexity of network management. In order to deal with the unpredictability of distributed renewable energy sources, static storage systems (ESS) are required. Due to modern Vehicle-To-Grid (V2G, G2V) paradigms, electric vehicles have evolved into a distributed ESS that can aid in network stability. In this framework, the actual grid needs to be re-thought and new infrastructures must be proposed. There are several methodologies, technologies, and tactics available to address the demands of future grids and the rising transition issues. There is space for innovative ideas and applications in this context. In recent years, research has been focused on Demand Side Management (DSM) algorithms, grid ancillary services, supply side flexibility, power quality monitoring and regulation, ESS optimal sizing and locations, V2G, and G2V techniques. Even the integration of green hydrogen, which is produced from renewable sources, results in new challenges for the grid actors and stakeholders. Understanding the distribution grid state is crucial for dealing with real-time grid issues and developing effective remedies. The electricity market has to reflect the changes and implement the same flexibility as the physical system it refers to. Flexibility of the energy system is a very pressing issue, and there is a clear need to collect as many contributions as possible to deal with the changes required by the transition we are presently going through.

Based on these preliminary remarks, the Guest Editors are inviting you to contribute to this Special Issue, submitting papers focused on Smart Grid Management and Applications. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

Micro-grid development and management;
Energy aggregators and demand response strategies for a new distribution network energy market;
Green hydrogen integration;
Distributed generators and energy storage systems integration;
Electric Vehicles integration;
Energy conversion systems for renewable energy sources;
Grid connected power converters;
Bidirectional power converters;
Communication in MV and LV power systems;
Distributed measurement systems;
Monitoring and management;
Load flow algorithms;
Grid Digital Twin;
Data Analysis;
Blockchain applications;
Smart Grids cyber-security;
IoT solutions;
Intelligent electronic devices integrating measurement, control and communication capabilities.

Dr. Giovanni Tinè
Dr. Valeria Boscaino
Dr. Nicola Panzavecchia
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

smart grid
smart districts
smart communities
microgrids
energy market
demand side management
distributed generation
solar photovoltaic sources
fuel cells
V2G-G2V
energy storage system
energy conversion systems
power converters
control engineering
energy management systems
power flow
power quality
smart meters
networking and communications
digital twin
blockchains
IoT
IED
cyber security

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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25 pages, 5095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CZT-Based Harmonic Analysis in Smart Grid Using Low-Cost Electronic Measurement Boards

by Giovanni Artale, Nicola Panzavecchia, Valentina Cosentino, Antonio Cataliotti, Manel Ben-Romdhane, Amel Benazza-Ben Yahia, Valeria Boscaino, Noureddine Ben Othman, Vito Ditta, Michele Fiorino, Giuseppe Del Mastro, Salvatore Guaiana, Giovanni Tinè and Dario Di Cara

Energies 2023, 16(10), 4063; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104063 - 12 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1625

Abstract

This paper validates the use of a harmonic analysis algorithm on a microcontroller to perform measurements of non-stationary signals in the context of smart grids. The increasing presence of electronic devices such as inverters of distributed generators (DG), power converters of charging stations for electric vehicles, etc. can drain non-stationary currents during their operation. A classical fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm may not have sufficient spectral resolution for the evaluation of harmonics and inter-harmonics. Thus, in this paper, the implementation of a chirp-Z transform (CZT) algorithm is suggested, which has a spectral resolution independent from the observation window. The CZT is implemented on a low-cost commercial microcontroller, and the absolute error is evaluated with respect to the same algorithm implemented in the LabVIEW environment. The results of the tests show that the CZT implementation on a low-cost microcontroller allows for accurate measurement results, demonstrating the feasibility of reliable harmonic analysis measurements even in non-stationary conditions on smart grids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Smart Grid Management and Application)

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11 pages, 1185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microgrid Energy Management during High-Stress Operation

by Thomas Price, Gordon Parker, Gail Vaucher, Robert Jane and Morris Berman

Energies 2022, 15(18), 6589; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186589 - 8 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1581

Abstract

We consider the energy management of an isolated microgrid powered by photovoltaics (PV) and fuel-based generation with limited energy storage. The grid may need to shed load or energy when operating in stressed conditions, such as when nighttime electrical loads occur or if there is little energy storage capacity. An energy management system (EMS) can prevent load and energy shedding during stress conditions while minimizing fuel consumption. This is important when the loads are high priority and fuel is in short supply, such as in disaster relief and military applications. One example is a low-power, provisional microgrid deployed temporarily to service communication loads immediately after an earthquake. Due to changing circumstances, the power grid may be required to service additional loads for which its storage and generation were not originally designed. An EMS that uses forecasted load and generation has the potential to extend the operation, enhancing the relief objectives. Our focus was to explore how using forecasted loads and PV generation impacts energy management strategy performance. A microgrid EMS was developed exploiting PV and load forecasts to meet electrical loads, harvest all available PV, manage storage and minimize fuel consumption. It used a Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach with the instantaneous grid storage state as feedback to compensate for forecasting errors. Four scenarios were simulated, spanning a stressed and unstressed grid operation. The MPC approach was compared to a rule-based EMS that did not use load and PV forecasting. Both algorithms updated the generator’s power setpoint every 15 min, where the grid’s storage was used as a slack asset. While both methods had similar performance under unstressed conditions, the MPC EMS showed gains in storage management and load shedding when the microgrid was stressed. When the initial storage was low, the rule-based EMS could not meet the load requirements and shed 16% of the day’s electrical load. In contrast, the forecast-based EMS managed the load requirements for this scenario without shedding load or energy. The EMS sensitivity to forecast error was also examined by introducing load and PV generation uncertainty. The MPC strategy successfully corrected the errors through storage management. Since weather affects both PV energy generation and many types of electrical loads, this work suggests that weather forecasting advances can improve remote microgrid performance in terms of fuel consumption, load satisfaction, and energy storage requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Smart Grid Management and Application)

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Review

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16 pages, 3753 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Cyber-Physical Energy and Power System: Concepts, Applications, Challenges, and Simulation Approaches

by Le Nam Hai Pham

Energies 2023, 16(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010042 - 21 Dec 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2884

Abstract

With the advancement of data-acquisition systems, information technology, and network technologies, the energy and power system has entered the deep integration of the cyber and physical sides as known as cyber-physical energy and power system (CPEPS) leading to more attention from researchers and practitioners in industry. The feedback loops in which physical processes affect cyber parts and vice versa, therefore, can gain greater efficiency, resilience, and intelligence through the data exchange process between two layers. The concept of CPEPS has been existed for a long time and its applications are gradually increasing in the real world, however, there has been still many potential risks and challenges in the research and development process. Simulation method is a common and simple approach for the purpose of analyzing, evaluating, and considering solutions before actual implementation. For this purpose, this paper provides first the framework of CPEPS, and current applications and challenges that researchers are facing. Then, the next section is the overview of simulation methods with different software and tools in CPEPS research in order to provide researchers with an optimal approach to the ongoing and further research towards the transition of digitalization on energy and power system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Smart Grid Management and Application)

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