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Phase Change Materials for Building Energy Applications
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Phase Change Materials for Building Energy Applications

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "G: Energy and Buildings".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 March 2025) | Viewed by 14315

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Facundo Bre

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Interests: energy-efficient buildings; nearly zero-energy buildings; energy storage; advanced materials; phase change materials; climate change; resilient buildings; urban environment; building performance simulation; optimization-based design; metamodeling
Dr. Antonio Caggiano

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
Interests: sustainability in construction and building materials; recycling; smart materials; smart buildings; energy-saving; green buildings; eco-friendly materials; nearly zero-energy buildings; energy efficiency; energy storage; phase change materials; renewable energy resources; zero CO2 emissions; CO2 storage in materials; modeling; multiscale; multiphysics; micro- and meso-scale
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Umberto Berardi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
ArCoD Department, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
Interests: energy-efficient buildings; nearly zero-energy buildings; energy storage; advanced materials; nanotechnologies; phase change materials; climate change; resilient buildings
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The building stock handles over 30% of global energy consumption, and nearly 40% of total direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, phase change materials can have several thermal energy applications in buildings to achieve different goals, such as improving the building energy efficiency, increasing the performance of HVAC equipment and on-site renewable energy systems, reducing peak loads, as well as improving the indoor environment by controlling the swings and extreme values of temperatures.

This Special Issue aims to collect recent research contributions, which report experimental, theoretical, and numerical findings related to the energy applications of phase change materials in buildings. Through this article collection, we aspired to help with the acceleration of advanced research and development of innovative technologies and solutions to address the current global energy and climate crises, in which buildings play a vital role. Regular research and review articles falling within the scope of the current Special Issue are welcome.

Dr. Facundo Bre
Dr. Antonio Caggiano
Prof. Dr. Umberto Berardi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • phase change materials
  • energy saving in buildings
  • energy storage in buildings
  • new phase change materials for energy applications in buildings
  • new passive and active applications of phase change materials in buildings
  • new building devices based on phase change materials
  • new building materials enhanced with phase change materials
  • innovative thermal energy storage systems in buildings based on phase change materials
  • design and optimization of phase change materials in buildings
  • modeling and simulation of phase change materials for energy applications in buildings
  • experimental performance demonstrations of phase change materials in buildings

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 9485 KiB  
Article
From Waste to Functional Material—Carbon Aerogels from Citrus Biomass Infiltrated with Phase Change Materials for Possible Application in Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion and Storage
by Katarzyna Suchorowiec, Martyna Bieda, Martyna Szatkowska, Małgorzata Sieradzka, Monika Kuźnia, Magdalena Ziąbka and Kinga Pielichowska
Energies 2025, 18(4), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18040814 - 10 Feb 2025
Viewed by 731
Abstract
Green energy conversion and storage materials have become a focal point of research in recent times, especially in energy-consuming buildings. Phase change materials (PCMs) have gained more and more attention not only for energy storage but also in composites for solar energy conversion. [...] Read more.
Green energy conversion and storage materials have become a focal point of research in recent times, especially in energy-consuming buildings. Phase change materials (PCMs) have gained more and more attention not only for energy storage but also in composites for solar energy conversion. This research investigates a sustainable method for converting orange biomass waste (OBW) into advanced porous carbon aerogel (PCA) composites, designed for solar-thermal energy harvesting and storage in building applications. Using potato starch as a binder, the research develops a process for producing a uniform and lightweight carbon matrix that could be scalable. The best results were found for PCA obtained with 2.5% starch, where the lowest mass loss (8.2, 0.5, 11.2% pt) was observed during the leakage test. This study highlights the suitability of OBW-derived aerogels as effective matrices for PCM impregnation and shape stabilization, indicating their future potential in solar-thermal energy conversion and storage and potentially lowering energy consumption in buildings. By repurposing agricultural waste, this work contributes to sustainable material development and advances the application of renewable energy technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Change Materials for Building Energy Applications)
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20 pages, 11296 KiB  
Article
Effect of Macrocapsule Geometry on PCM Performance for Thermal Regulation in Buildings
by Margarida Gonçalves, António Figueiredo, German Vela, Filipe Rebelo, Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida, Mónica S. A. Oliveira and Romeu Vicente
Energies 2025, 18(2), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020303 - 11 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1021
Abstract
The integration of phase-change materials (PCMs) into thermal energy storage systems offers significant potential for reducing energy consumption and improving thermal comfort, crucial issues for achieving sustainable building stocks. Nevertheless, the performance of PCM-based systems is strongly influenced by the container geometry. Among [...] Read more.
The integration of phase-change materials (PCMs) into thermal energy storage systems offers significant potential for reducing energy consumption and improving thermal comfort, crucial issues for achieving sustainable building stocks. Nevertheless, the performance of PCM-based systems is strongly influenced by the container geometry. Among the various forms of incorporating PCMs into building applications, macroencapsulation is the most versatile and is, therefore, widely used. Herewith, this paper analyzes the impact of macrocapsule geometry on PCM thermal performance. Thermal properties of the material were first tested using Differential Scanning Calorimetry at five heating/cooling rates to evaluate its influence on phase-change temperatures and enthalpy. Then, an experimental setup evaluated four macrocapsule geometries on the enclosed PCM behavior during charging and discharging processes. The PCM characterization revealed that the slowest-tested rate minimized the supercooling effect. Analysis across different macrocapsule geometries showed that sectioning the contact surface improved heat transfer efficiency by fully mobilizing the PCM and reducing phase-change times. Conversely, double-layered geometry designs hindered heat transfer, presenting challenges in completing PCM charging and discharging. These findings suggest that optimizing its performance is a necessary direction for further research, which may include adjusting the PCM operating temperature range across layers or redesigning the geometry to misalign contact surfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Change Materials for Building Energy Applications)
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16 pages, 4132 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Phase Change Energy Storage Flooring for Low-Carbon Energy Systems in Grassland Pastoral
by Kai Wang, Guoqiang Xu, Xiaochen Zhao, Guo Li and Lisi Mai
Energies 2024, 17(19), 4828; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194828 - 26 Sep 2024
Viewed by 668
Abstract
Phase change energy storage technology enhances the integration of renewable resources into low-carbon energy systems for grassland pastoral settlements, further addressing the balance between energy needs and environmental sustainability. This study examines a heating system using an experimental platform in an environmental chamber, [...] Read more.
Phase change energy storage technology enhances the integration of renewable resources into low-carbon energy systems for grassland pastoral settlements, further addressing the balance between energy needs and environmental sustainability. This study examines a heating system using an experimental platform in an environmental chamber, where the thermal storage and release processes of phase change energy storage flooring were monitored. The results revealed that phase change energy storage flooring exhibits higher heat transfer efficiency and faster heating rates. Under 40 °C heating conditions, the heating rate of the thermal storage layer increased by 12.5% within 1 h. The flooring also demonstrated superior heat release performance, with the peak heat flux of the thermal storage layer delayed by 15 min. Higher heating temperatures shortened the heating time and extended the heat release duration of the phase change energy storage flooring. Under 45 °C heating conditions, the heat transfer efficiency of the surface temperature of the thermal storage layer increased by 38% within 1 hour and by 24.7% over 4 h. In addition, energy consumption in different tests was analyzed, and thermal conductivity was discussed according to the heat transfer model. Phase change energy storage flooring, when coupled with the abundant solar energy resources available in grassland pastoral areas, presents a viable option for the construction of low-carbon energy systems in grassland pastoral settlements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Change Materials for Building Energy Applications)
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24 pages, 5167 KiB  
Article
3D Numerical Modeling to Assess the Energy Performance of Solid–Solid Phase Change Materials in Glazing Systems
by Hossein Arasteh, Wahid Maref and Hamed H. Saber
Energies 2024, 17(15), 3759; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153759 - 30 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 999
Abstract
This research investigates the energy efficiency of a novel double-glazing system incorporating solid–solid phase change materials (SSPCMs), which offer significant advantages over traditional liquid–solid phase change materials. The primary objective of this study is to develop a 3D numerical model using the finite [...] Read more.
This research investigates the energy efficiency of a novel double-glazing system incorporating solid–solid phase change materials (SSPCMs), which offer significant advantages over traditional liquid–solid phase change materials. The primary objective of this study is to develop a 3D numerical model using the finite volume method, which will be followed by a parametric study under real climatic boundary conditions. A proposed double-glazing setup featuring a 2 mm layer of SSPCM applied on the inner glass pane within the air gap is modeled and analyzed. The simulations consider various transient temperatures and ranges of the SSPCM to evaluate the energy performance of the system under different weather conditions of Miami, FL during the coldest and hottest days of the year, both in sunny and cloudy conditions. The results demonstrate a notable improvement in energy performance compared to standard double-glazing windows (DGWs), with the most efficient SSPCM configuration exhibiting a phase transition temperature and range of 25 °C and 1 °C, respectively. This configuration achieved energy savings of 24%, 26%, and 23% during summer sunny, winter sunny, and winter cloudy days, respectively, relative to DGWs during cooling and heating degree hours. However, a 3% energy loss was observed during summer cloudy days. Overall, the findings of this study have shown the potential for energy savings by incorporating SSPCM with suitable thermophysical properties into double-glazing systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Change Materials for Building Energy Applications)
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20 pages, 7150 KiB  
Article
The Use of Transparent Structures to Improve Light Comfort in Library Spaces and Minimize Energy Consumption: A Case Study of Warsaw, Poland
by Ivanna Voronkova and Anna Podlasek
Energies 2024, 17(12), 3007; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17123007 - 18 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1355
Abstract
Light plays a key role in shaping the quality and atmosphere of interior spaces, and its importance and contradictions are amplified in the design of libraries. This study focuses on the problems associated with both insufficient natural light and excessive light. In both [...] Read more.
Light plays a key role in shaping the quality and atmosphere of interior spaces, and its importance and contradictions are amplified in the design of libraries. This study focuses on the problems associated with both insufficient natural light and excessive light. In both cases, visual discomfort is the result. The reason for these problems lies in the use of translucent structures with different parameters and properties in library architecture. This study analyzed the lighting environment in the main reading rooms of two university libraries in Warsaw. The research methods were based on a field survey of objects and an analysis of the architectural and construction parameters of the premises, as well as the physical and mechanical properties of various types of translucent materials used in the reading rooms. The results of this study shed light on the relationship between the interior space of the reading room and the geometry of transparent structures, as well as the effectiveness of daylighting in libraries in the natural conditions of Warsaw. The key point of the present study was to recognize the critical role that transparent materials and structures play in mitigating potential operational problems in library spaces. Wise selection of these elements at the design stage can help minimize problems related to thermal energy regulation, ventilation control, acoustic insulation, and increased visual comfort. The importance of this research area lies in its potential to optimize library buildings by increasing energy efficiency and reducing reliance on artificial lighting, heating, and air conditioning. Careful consideration of transparent materials at the design stage promises long-term benefits in the form of sustainable library spaces that not only meet functional requirements, but also contribute to a more environmentally conscious architectural landscape. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Change Materials for Building Energy Applications)
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28 pages, 7058 KiB  
Article
Development of Concrete Façade Sandwich Panels Incorporating Phase Change Materials
by Dervilla Niall and Roger West
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2924; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122924 - 14 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1036
Abstract
Using the mass of a building to store or dissipate heat can reduce the demand on auxiliary heating and/or cooling systems. There is a scarcity of full-scale and full-year studies in the literature, which this study seeks to address, as it is critical [...] Read more.
Using the mass of a building to store or dissipate heat can reduce the demand on auxiliary heating and/or cooling systems. There is a scarcity of full-scale and full-year studies in the literature, which this study seeks to address, as it is critical to assess the performance of real phase change material (PCM) composites throughout all seasons. This study involved the design and manufacture of precast cladding sandwich panels with a PCM–concrete inner leaf used in three full-scale huts which were instrumented to record thermal data over 18 months. Analysis of these data showed that when the internal air temperature fluctuated through the phase change temperature, the PCM–concrete composite was effective at reducing the internal air temperatures by up to 16% if overnight ventilation was provided and 12% without overnight ventilation in a temperate climate. Furthermore, the PCM located deeper than 60 mm from the internal surface of the wall is ineffective at reducing internal air temperatures. The data also highlighted that the thermal conditions required to activate the PCM only occurred during 30% of the year. The thermal data were used to validate a simulation model which can be used to derive bespoke solutions for this form of technology in real scenarios in any geographical location. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Change Materials for Building Energy Applications)
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Review

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41 pages, 4873 KiB  
Review
Building the Future: Integrating Phase Change Materials in Network of Nanogrids (NoN)
by Ali Kalair, Elmira Jamei, Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian, Saad Mekhilef and Naeem Abas
Energies 2024, 17(23), 5862; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235862 - 22 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 690
Abstract
Buildings consume 10% of global energy and 50% of global electricity for heating and cooling. Transitioning to energy-efficient buildings is essential to address the global energy challenge and meet sustainable development goals (SDGs) to limit global temperature rise below 1.5 °C. [...] Read more.
Buildings consume 10% of global energy and 50% of global electricity for heating and cooling. Transitioning to energy-efficient buildings is essential to address the global energy challenge and meet sustainable development goals (SDGs) to limit global temperature rise below 1.5 °C. The shift from traditional to smart grids has led to the development of micro, milli, and nanogrids, which share energy resources symbiotically and balance heating/cooling demands dealing with acute doldrums (dunkelflaute). This scoping review explores the methods by which phase change materials (PCMs) can be used in residential buildings to form a nanogrid. This review examines the components and concepts that promote the seamless integration of PCMs in residential houses. It also discusses the key challenges (e.g., scalability, stability, and economic feasibility in high summer temperatures), proposing the community-scale network of nanogrids (NoN) and the potential of thermochromic and photochromic materials. The findings of this review highlight the importance of latent heat storage methods and ingenious grid architectures such as nanogrids to construct resilient and sustainable houses in the future and thereby offer practical insights for policymakers and industries in the energy sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Change Materials for Building Energy Applications)
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18 pages, 1323 KiB  
Review
An Overview of Phase Change Materials and Their Applications in Pavement
by Kinga Korniejenko, Marek Nykiel, Marta Choinska, Assel Jexembayeva, Marat Konkanov and Lyazat Aruova
Energies 2024, 17(10), 2292; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102292 - 10 May 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2610
Abstract
The composite of a phase change material (PCM) and bitumen or asphalt as a matrix is expected as a new, advanced material for road construction. The main motivation for this article was to show the new possibilities and perspectives of developing the pavement [...] Read more.
The composite of a phase change material (PCM) and bitumen or asphalt as a matrix is expected as a new, advanced material for road construction. The main motivation for this article was to show the new possibilities and perspectives of developing the pavement with the usage of PCMs. Incorporating PCMs into paving materials can improve their properties, including allowing the regulation of the pavement temperature, enhancement of the pavement durability, and avoiding the phenomenon of a heat-island on the road. The main purpose of this article was to evaluate contemporary investigations in the area of the application of PCMs in pavement materials, especially asphalt and bitumen; to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of PCM for road construction; and to discuss further trends in this area. This manuscript explored the state of the art in this area based on research in the literature. It shows the possible material solutions, presenting their composition and discussing their key properties and the manufacturing technologies used. The possibilities for further implementations are considered, especially economic issues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Change Materials for Building Energy Applications)
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18 pages, 1817 KiB  
Review
Harnessing Nanomaterials for Enhanced Energy Efficiency in Transpired Solar Collectors: A Review of Their Integration in Phase-Change Materials
by Cristiana Croitoru, Florin Bode, Răzvan Calotă, Charles Berville and Matei Georgescu
Energies 2024, 17(5), 1239; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051239 - 5 Mar 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2340
Abstract
The building sector plays an important role in the global climate change mitigation objectives. The reduction of CO2 emissions and energy consumption in the building sector has been intensively investigated in the last decades, with solar thermal energy considered to be one [...] Read more.
The building sector plays an important role in the global climate change mitigation objectives. The reduction of CO2 emissions and energy consumption in the building sector has been intensively investigated in the last decades, with solar thermal energy considered to be one of the most promising solutions due to its abundance and accessibility. However, the discontinuity of solar energy has led to the study of thermal energy storage to improve the thermal performance of solar thermal systems. In this review paper, the integration of various types of phase-change materials (PCMs) in transpired solar collectors (TSC) is reviewed and discussed, with an emphasis on heat transfer enhancements, including nanomaterials. Thermal energy storage applied to TSC is studied in terms of design criteria, materials technologies, and its impact on thermal conductivity. This review highlights the potential of nanomaterial technology integration in terms of thermal performance improvements. The utilization of nanomaterials in solar walls holds the potential to significantly enhance their performance. The integration of diverse materials such as graphene, graphite, metal oxides, and carbon nanoparticles can pave the way for improving thermal conductivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Change Materials for Building Energy Applications)
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