You are currently viewing a new version of our website. To view the old version click .
MDPIMDPI
Search all articles
Energies
Download PDF
  • Review
  • Open Access

10 May 2024

An Overview of Phase Change Materials and Their Applications in Pavement

,
,
,
,
and
1
Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
2
Research Institute in Civil and Mechanical Engineering GeM, UMR CNRS 6183, Nantes University—IUT Saint-Nazaire, 44035 Nantes, France
3
Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazhymukan Str. 13, r205, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies2024, 17(10), 2292;https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102292
This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Change Materials for Building Energy Applications
Version Notes
Order Reprints

Abstract

The composite of a phase change material (PCM) and bitumen or asphalt as a matrix is expected as a new, advanced material for road construction. The main motivation for this article was to show the new possibilities and perspectives of developing the pavement with the usage of PCMs. Incorporating PCMs into paving materials can improve their properties, including allowing the regulation of the pavement temperature, enhancement of the pavement durability, and avoiding the phenomenon of a heat-island on the road. The main purpose of this article was to evaluate contemporary investigations in the area of the application of PCMs in pavement materials, especially asphalt and bitumen; to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of PCM for road construction; and to discuss further trends in this area. This manuscript explored the state of the art in this area based on research in the literature. It shows the possible material solutions, presenting their composition and discussing their key properties and the manufacturing technologies used. The possibilities for further implementations are considered, especially economic issues.

1. Introduction

A phase change material (PCM) can be defined as a substance that has the possibility to store thermal energy by absorbing or releasing a large amount of latent heat in the process of changing physical state, especially between a liquid and a solid [1,2]. These materials react to environmental changes and their properties are modified depending on the external conditions by absorbing, storing, or releasing heat without changing their temperature [3]. The first time this kind of material was discovered and successfully applied was in the 1970s [2,4]. The early applications were connected with different kinds of building materials to improve their thermal efficiency through thermal energy storage [4,5,6]. Since then, these materials have also found many other applications, including in cooling systems, heat transfer, and thermal protection devices [7,8]. They also find an application in foamed materials to enhance their thermal properties [9,10]. Nowadays, they also find applications in thermoplastic materials, such as asphalt [3,11,12].
The wide range of applications for these materials is possible thanks to the many advantages that PCMs have compared to traditional materials [7,13]. The most important seems to be the simplicity of application and high reliability of this technology [7]. This led to there being some commercial applications for PCMs today, including in the building, electronic, and logistics industries [13]. In other applications, such as pavements, this technology is still being developed. This group of materials is attractive because of its high energy storage density and low power use at the same time [7]. Nowadays, when the price of energy is rising, it is an additional reason to develop PCMs. It is also worth stressing that during the phase transition process, they have a nearly isothermal temperature, which gives them high energy efficiency [7]. Due to their numerous advantages, PCMs are applied in many areas, including developing energy efficiency in free cooling defrosting, thermal management, and air-conditioning [7,13,14].
One of the promising areas of application for PCMs is pavements. The basic reason for applying PCMs in this area is temperature regulation [15]. These materials can be used for the reduction of consequences of low temperature (anti-ice and snow melting) as well as high temperature (helps in avoiding heat islands). Beyond these most obvious uses, these materials are also used for the improvement of functional properties, including the reduction of oxidative aging, rutting reduction, and the minimalization of creep [16]. However, while the benefits of implementing this kind of solution are significant, implementing a PCM into asphalt and bitumen mixtures as well as concrete for pavement applications is a challenging task [15]. The main challenges in this area are connected with the material properties’ deterioration as a consequence of the implementation of PCMs, including lowering the mechanical properties, increasing the cracking tendency, and others connected with chemical changes [17].
The challenges and limitations in applying PCMs in practice are connected to the temperature of the working and manufacturing technology. PCMs usually work within a temperature range between −50 °C and 150 °C and only part of them is suitable for high-temperature applications [18,19]. This is applicable in high temperatures, usually based on metals and salts, and their applications are connected with a relatively high-cost comparison with this one based on polymer materials. Therefore, it is a challenge to develop a new, low-cost PCM dedicated to higher temperatures [20]. Another challenge is connected with the application of PCMs in the manufacturing process. The usage of bulk PCMs usually negatively influences matrix material properties. Because of that, PCM applications very often require the usage of the technology of encapsulation and closed PCMs in the form of macro- or microcapsules or the infiltration of different types of aggregates by PCMs [21]. It is usually connected with additional technological operations and increasing the cost of the composition. This problem also appears in the pavement applications.
The main goal of this article was to evaluate the current research in the area of the application of PCMs into pavement materials, especially asphalt and bitumen, to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of PCM for road construction, and to discuss further trends in this area. This manuscript is based on the latest research in the literature, especially over the last 5 years. This article shows the overall knowledge in the area of PCM. It discusses the possibility of using compounds as a PCM and their applications. Next, it presents possible material solutions, presenting compositions for pavement applications in detail, including their key properties and the manufacturing technologies used. The possibilities for further implementations are considered, especially economic issues. Eventually, the challenges for further research are analyzed.

2. Methods

The Scopus (ScienceDirect) database was used as a main tool for the preparation of a systematic review. Also, some supportive tools have been used, especially Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, ACS Publications, and IEEE Xplore Digital Library. In the first stage, overall search in the databases was conducted using the combination of two keywords: “pavement” and “PCM”. The 149 results were found in Scopus in this topic (Figure 1).
Figure 1. The results of searching in the Scopus database: (a) numbers of publications per year; (b) the information about the publications by type [22].
Single publications on the analyzed topic were published in 1990, 2005, and 2008. However, only since 2011 have articles been regularly published that explore topics related to the use of PCM in road applications (Figure 1a). The number of publications is changeable year by year, but it is worth noting that the topic started to be popular after 2017. Thus, this conception is very new.
Most of the scientific works were focused on research articles (approximately 62%) or conference papers (approximately 25%). In this area there was only a few review articles; this type of structure of the publication types is also typical for a new topic, where there is a lack of articles that can summarize the new achievement in the area. Taking this fact into consideration, this review article will be a precious supplementation to the state of the art in the application area of PCMs for pavement materials.

3. Phase Change Materials

PCMs can be divided into three main groups: organic, inorganic, and eutectic (Figure 2).
Figure 2. PCM classification according to the type of material.

3.1. Organic

Organic PCMs can be divided into paraffin, fatty acids, and others [15]. The main advantage of this group is that they do not cause corrosion problems [18]. They are usually chemically and physically stable and available for a wide range of temperatures [15]. The potential problem that touches this group is flammability [15].
Paraffin is the most widely used PCM from this group. It finds a lot of applications, especially as a component of building materials with improved thermal properties [23,24]. In the case of application in building materials, including pavements, paraffin is very often encapsulated in other organic polymers, such as a polymer shell made of polymethyl methacrylate [25]. In the case of paraffin materials, the melting point is usually between 1 and 6 °C; however, in the case of some materials it can be much higher, for example, for n-Eicosane it is 36.5 °C [15]. This range of temperature is favorable for application in construction where the temperature phase transition is near 0 °C as it is, for example, in Kazakhstan or Poland. The latent heat for this group is usually approximately 200 kJ/kg and the heat conductivity is between 0.15 and 0.45 W/mK [15]. An alternative method for the effective application of paraffin in pavements is the incorporation of it in lightweight porous aggregate [26,27].
Another wide group of organic PCMs is fatty acids. These compounds are characterized by a long aliphatic chain capped by a carboxyl group. They can have a straight or branched structure and be saturated or unsaturated [15]. The exemplary substances that are used as PCM are lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid [28].
Other popular organic PCMs are different kinds of polymers, especially polyethylene glycol (PEG). This substance has a lot of advantages: among others, it can be easily tunable to phase change temperatures, is characterized by a lack of toxicity, and has high melting/freezing enthalpies [29]. It is worth stressing that PEG as PCM is mostly used in asphalt mixtures [30]. Nevertheless, it has also some disadvantages, including low thermal conductivity [29].
Also, another organic PCM has been tested for pavement solutions, including eicosane, tetradecane and organic mixes [28,31]. Organic PCMs, such as PEG and tetradecane, are often applied to regulate the high and low temperatures of asphalt pavement [15].

3.2. Inorganic

The next group is inorganic PCMs. They can be divided into hydrated salts, molten salts, metals, and others. This group is characterized by high heat fusion, high thermal conductivity, and low volume changes [15]. For example, fatty salts have a more diverse melting point from 0.5 °C for RTM up to 64 °C for palmitic acid [15]. The latent heat is also in the wider range of 46–196.9 kJ/kg [15]. Another advantage is the lack of flammability. They are also relatively easily available [15]. The main problem is their sensitivity to corrosion problems [18]. Among this group, the most popular are salt hydrates and metals [32].
This group of materials was investigated for thermal energy storage applications [33]. In the area of building applications, some of them, such as hydrated salt, were also tested as a part of the composition for roof applications [1,34]. In the case of pavement applications, this group of PCMs is rarely used, although an investigation was conducted by adding NiTi alloy to asphalt mixtures [35].

3.3. Eutectic

The popular classification of this group is based on the organic and inorganic character of the compounds. It can be divided into organic–organic, inorganic–organic, and inorganic–inorganic [15]. This group is a combination of two or more components with different chemical and physical characteristics [36].
The group of eutectic PCMs is characterized by sharp melting points, and high volumetric thermal storage. The main advantage of eutectic PCM is the possibility of the customization of the desired melting temperature [36]. Compared to the two previous groups the properties of these materials are not fully investigated and still require research [15].
The eutectic PCM is also a subject for applications in the building industry. Haily et al. [37] tried to apply a eutectic mixture of lauric acid and capric acid into geopolymer materials to improve the energy efficiency of buildings [37]. They obtained satisfactory results and assessed the material possible to apply for sustainable and energy-efficient buildings. Another study was conducted by Baskar et al. [38] with the addition of lauric and palmitic as PCMs to the paints. The results showed the efficiency of the created paints for thermal regulation, especially in reducing the surface temperature of the concrete that was covered by it [38]. In the last few years, eutectic PCMs also started to be investigated as a potential additive to pavement applications [16,36].

3.4. Current Application of PCM

Nowadays, PCM materials find a wide area of applications (Figure 3). They are used in different kinds of industries for many applications; among the most popular are as follows [15,39]:
Figure 3. PCMs—main applications.
  • Thermal energy storage, primarily in solar thermal applications [15,39];
  • Cooling and heating applications, especially in the building industry and logistics [15,39];
  • Heat dissipation of electric circuits in electronic applications and transportation areas [15,39];
  • Energy-absorbing clothes (textile industry) [15,39];
  • Temperature regulation in pharmaceutical and food preservation [15,39];
  • Others, including energy management [15,39].
Among others, an important application is in the area of energy management, in which a PCM was also investigated as an element of Li-ion battery thermal management system to improve energy efficiency [40]. Another application in this area is a reduction of heating loads for rooms with air-conditioners [18]. It is also worth mentioning modern applications for these materials such as thermo-responsive dielectric switching/pulsing materials and temperature-sensitive electrical switching materials [41,42]. This kind of solution has potential in applications of next-generation smart electronic/electrical technology, including temperature sensors, smart switches, phase shifters, and varactors [41,42].
Among the mentioned applications, it is worth paying attention to the building industry. Li et al. [7] also explored some applications in the building industry, including the usage of PCMs for roofs, ceilings, and walls in residential houses. They showed that thanks to the application of PCM it is possible to reduce heating demand, enhance thermal comfort, and better utilize solar energy through effective storage [7]. The investigation in this area supports the development of PCMs in pavement applications [43].

4. Pavement Application of Phase Change Materials

4.1. Main Area of Investigations

There are many criteria for selection for PCMs for pavement applications. Different authors have different preferences and criteria that decide about the selection of particular substances [44,45,46]. The two main criteria seem to be latent heat and thermal conductivity [15]. However, in the literature there are a lot of other factors that should be taken into consideration [15]. The key properties of PCMs are connected with the following [39]:
  • Thermal properties: latent heat of fusion, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and phase change temperature.
  • Chemical properties: corrosive, toxicity, flammability, chemical stability.
  • Physical properties: volume changes, density, durability against multiple freeze and thaw cycles.
  • Kinetic: nucleation rate, speed of crystal growth, and supercooling.
  • Economic factors: availability and price.
Moreover, the selection of a PCM will also be dependent on the matrix material and the purpose of the pavement modification and technology of the implementation of the PCM into the material [47,48]. In Table 1, the most important research in the area of the application of PCMs in pavements is summarized based on selected literature.
Table 1. Application of PCMs in pavements.
The experiments in the last few years were connected with various matrices of asphalt as well as concrete. They also involve other kinds of PCMs—organic, inorganic, and eutectic. Also, different techniques of implementation were used such as encapsulation, infiltration of aggregates by PCMs, joining with backbone structure, and direct implementation. All the provided research shows a high potential of PCMs for delaying peak temperatures and accumulating heat (regulating the temperature). Depending on the application, the applied PCMs’ distinguished temperature regulating was between a few and a dozen degrees Celsius. The experimental works outside the laboratory also confirmed the effectiveness of regulation between day and night. The regulation of temperature influence also affects the durability and long-term properties of the investigated materials, especially by increasing the rutting resistance. The influence of the additives on other mechanical and physical properties was not always the same and was dependent on the used material and technology. Selected research also shows that the application of PCMs has the potential for defrosting pavements, thereby increasing the safety for traffic. It is worth noticing that the effectiveness of the material, especially the latent heat effect, can influence external factors such as the solar radiation and airflow conditions [81,82,83].

4.2. Technologies of Manufacturing Pavement Composite

There are three main technologies used for incorporating PCM materials into pavement: immersion, impregnation, and encapsulation (macro- and microencapsulation) [32]. The other methods, such as the distribution of a PCM through a pipe system, are used quite rarely [47,80,84]. The direct addition of a PCM has a negative impact on the mechanical strength of concrete because this additive hinders the cement hydration and has a negative impact on aggregate bonding. It also affects the physical and rheological characteristics of bitumen [32,49]. Because of that, in most technologies the material is applied in the form of an encapsulated material or through impregnation into a lightweight material which is next encapsulated in the cementitious material [49]. In this case, it is also important to properly select the encapsulation medium. It has to be resistant to the stresses generated due to traffic loads. Destruction of the incorporated capsules under the influence of mechanical loads will cause PCM leakage and a loss of the material’s properties [49,85].
Nowadays, the most common technology for manufacturing this kind of composite is filling the pores in the material with PCM liquid. In the first step, the matrix material is produced and the water is incorporated into the material pores. A porous matrix for filling is commonly used, such as expanded shale, clay, perlite, diatomite, and others [32,85,86]. Previous research shows that the selection of the carrier material is important for the effectiveness of the whole system [87]. In the next step, the material is drying and the usual parameters are a temperature above 100 °C and a time of approximately 24 h [49]. After this time the material is immersed in PCM liquid. To be effective, the PCM is usually heated above the melting point and the time of exposition is approximately 24 h [49]. This step caused the PCM to infiltrate the material pores. The capsules prepared this way are covered by cementitious material and the composite is eventually encapsulated [49,88].
The technologies of incorporation and encapsulation for PCMs in pavement applications are still being developed to increase the efficiency of the system and avoid potential negative influences on the matrix material [89]. The authors stressed the benefits connected with these technologies, such as preventing leakage, improving heat transfer by raising specific surface area, and protecting the PCM from the external environment [21]. Among the technologies of encapsulation, the microencapsulation of PCMs plays a special role. In the case of pavement applications, it allows for the avoidance of a huge agglomeration of the phase of the PCM in one place, which reduces the negative impact on mechanical properties.
It is also worth mentioning a new perspective for the application of PCM materials, such as fiber-based PCMs by solution spinning [90]. This method was developed over several years and involves a joint fiber reinforcement with PCMs. This kind of combination in pavement materials, besides the enhancing properties typical of a PCM application, can simultaneously improve the flexural strength and reduce brittle behavior. However, this kind of solution has not been tested in pavement applications yet.

4.3. Key Advantages

There are several reasons for incorporating PCMs in pavement materials. The most important is preventing rapid changes in the temperature by properly regulating them. Proper temperature regulation helps to improve the pavement durability, and mitigate the cracks in the material and minimize the heat island effect [32]. The unwanted phenomena in the pavement material, such as cracking and rutting, are very often connected with temperature-related distress [15]. These are caused by high solar radiation and thermal convection between the pavement surface and the air [91]. The application of a PCM helps to avoid this process by lowering the thermal conductivity of the composition and increasing heat capacity [92].
The advantages of applying this technology have also been reflected in socio-economical indicators. Avoiding the urban heat island (UHI) effect has also influenced the minimization of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions [93,94]. The usage of PCMs helps in lowering peak energy demand and decreasing air conditioning costs [93,94].
Additionally, Sharifi et al. [95] proved the positive influence of PCMs on the reduction of fatigue-fracture damage. The implementation of a PCM reduces the stresses that have a periodic nature. This mixture reduces the cyclic flexural curling stresses that lead to the cracking of the concrete slab and are connected with a changeable temperature [95]. They modified Paris’ Law and adopted it to calculate the cumulative fatigue-fracture damage of the PCM-rich concrete slab under the cyclic thermally induced curling stresses. The results showed higher resistance to the surface modified by PCM in terms of fatigue-fracture performance [95].

4.4. Main Challenges

The main challenges with the wider application of PCMs in pavements are connected with the technology of implementing it into the pavement matrix [36]. Most of the problems are connected with potential PCM leakage and the influence of the physical and rheological properties of the concrete or asphalt binder [96,97]. The effects of PCM leakage have been categorized into two categories [17,39]: the reaction with the matrix and the influence on the process of material preparation, for example, cement hydration or lubricant effect in the matrix material. Also, the PCM content could cause other problems with the material’s strength, especially the soft inclusion effect, which increases the material porosity and shell material reactions [17,39]. To avoid these problems, new research needs to be conducted.
Other important points connected with PCM applications are related to the proper PCM selection, not only to ensure proper efficiency but also to avoid potential problems. A lot of PCMs are sensitive to temperature, and because of that to avoid overheating the material the proper heat transfer should be designed [94,98]. It is only one among a number of design questions such as the proper selection of the copolymerization method, problems with in situ polymerization, and the appropriate preparation of mineral-supported effective absorption into the carrier [30,99]. Last, but not least, is the problem with the high cost of investment. This kind of technology requires a high initial cost and complex construction procedures, and the effects are visible only after a longer period of time [94].

5. Further Perspectives

Today, the usage of PCM in the road industry can seem to be not economically justified, because the road industry is focused on cost minimization. However, taking into consideration wider perspectives, including the cost of maintenance and the reduction in the number of potential accidents in the long term, this investment can be beneficial [43].
The further perspective of the development of PCMs in pavements is connected with thermal conductivity investigations, increasing the efficiency of the heat transfer speed as well as the energy consumption [32]. Technological developments will also play an important role, and these may include better methods of avoiding PCM leakage in encapsulation, the improvement of pavement fatigue, and the effective limitation of the UHI effect [32]. New methods for PCM application can also play an important role in further applications, for example, polymer fiber-based PCM by solution spinning [90].
The further perspectives seem to be especially promising for nano-PCM additives [100]. Using nanoparticles and nanofibers as shells is still a very new topic in the area of application PCMs in pavement [39]. Some early-stage research suggests that binders containing nanoparticles of PCM show lower mass during mixing and compaction [49]. This topic is additionally supported by the previous research connected with the application of microencapsulated PCM that reported a wide range of applications, not only in the building industry, but also in other branches [21].
Also, incorporating other materials, for example, mixing in carbon fibers for the further improvement of material properties, seems to be a promising topic [101]. In this area, the possibility of using waste materials or by-products to support this process has to be mentioned. They can be used especially as carriers for PCM. Some previous trials have been performed in this area, including mixing PCMs with used bricks [61] or steel slag [102], as well as their usage as a carrier for industrial by-products such as fly ash [103].
Other environmental aspects worth mentioning are recyclability issues and life-cycle assessments for this kind of composition [104]. There is a lack of work in this area in the literature. The information in the area of the social and environmental effects is focused mainly on the UHI effect [30].
Another interesting area of research work is using PCM materials as an element of the system of harvesting energy from pavements. Tahami et al. [105] tested a heat storage system using renewable energy from solar radiation generated by thermal gradients and heat flow in the pavement layers [105]. This research confirmed the possibility of harvesting heat energy from roadway pavements with the usage of PCMs [94,105]. The development of this technology is one of the interesting points for the usage of this material for an efficient supplementation of green energy [106,107].
It is also worth noticing the development of modeling methods connected with PCM applications [108,109]. In many cases the traditional methods are not sufficient for providing a full insight into the topic and the development of more advanced models is required, including 3D simulation for the particular compositions and more detailed physical modeling [110,111]. Another challenge for simulations is taking into account real conditions, including data from existing roads [112,113,114].

6. Conclusions

The application of PCMs in pavement materials is a new trend and a promising area for research. The provided research shows the application of PCMs in pavement as a dynamically developed area with a lot of possibilities for innovative investigations. The development of this technology to application on a full scale requires interdisciplinary knowledge from the areas of numerical modeling, technology material science, civil engineering, and environmental engineering.
The analysis of further perspectives allows us to formulate the most important areas for the nearest period:
  • Improvement numerical modeling for complex problems;
  • Development of modern PCM materials with wider possibilities;
  • Development carriers, also with usage waste materials;
  • Improvement of the technology of encapsulation and impregnation;
  • Implementation of complex methods for environmental assessment.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, K.K. and M.C.; methodology, M.N.; validation, A.J., M.K. and L.A.; formal analysis, M.C.; investigation, K.K. and M.N.; resources, L.A.; data curation, K.K.; writing—original draft preparation, K.K. and M.N.; writing—review and editing, M.C., A.J. and M.K.; supervision, L.A.; project administration, A.J. and M.K; funding acquisition, L.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (grant number BR18574214).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

References

  1. Reddy, V.J.; Ghazali, M.F.; Kumarasamy, S. Advancements in Phase Change Materials for Energy-Efficient Building Construction: A Comprehensive Review. J. Energy Storage 2024, 81, 110494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Łach, M.; Pławecka, K.; Bąk, A.; Adamczyk, M.; Bazan, P.; Kozub, B.; Korniejenko, K.; Lin, W.-T. Review of Solutions for the Use of Phase Change Materials in Geopolymers. Materials 2021, 14, 6044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Kakar, M.R.; Refaa, Z.; Bueno, M.; Worlitschek, J.; Stamatiou, A.; Partl, M.N. Investigating Bitumen’s Direct Interaction with Tetradecane as Potential Phase Change Material for Low Temperature Applications. Road Mater. Pavement Des. 2020, 21, 2356–2363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Fantini, P. Phase Change Memory Applications: The History, the Present and the Future. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2020, 53, 283002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Kheradmand, M.; Azenha, M.; De Aguiar, J.L.B.; Castro-Gomes, J. Experimental and Numerical Studies of Hybrid PCM Embedded in Plastering Mortar for Enhanced Thermal Behaviour of Buildings. Energy 2016, 94, 250–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Guarino, F.; Athienitis, A.; Cellura, M.; Bastien, D. PCM Thermal Storage Design in Buildings: Experimental Studies and Applications to Solaria in Cold Climates. Appl. Energy 2017, 185, 95–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Li, Y.; Nord, N.; Xiao, Q.; Tereshchenko, T. Building Heating Applications with Phase Change Material: A Comprehensive Review. J. Energy Storage 2020, 31, 101634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Bouhal, T.; El Rhafiki, T.; Kousksou, T.; Jamil, A.; Zeraouli, Y. PCM Addition inside Solar Water Heaters: Numerical Comparative Approach. J. Energy Storage 2018, 19, 232–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Bąk, A.; Pławecka, K.; Łach, M. Comparison of Thermal Conductivity of Foamed Geopolymers Containing Phase Change Materials. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2023, 2423, 012003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Bąk, A.; Pławecka, K.; Bazan, P.; Łach, M. Influence of the Addition of Phase Change Materials on Thermal Insulation Properties of Foamed Geopolymer Structures Based on Fly Ash. Energy 2023, 278, 127624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Somani, P.; Gaur, A. Evaluation and Reduction of Temperature Stresses in Concrete Pavement by Using Phase Changing Material. Mater. Today Proc. 2020, 32, 856–864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Partl, M.N. Quest for Improving Service Life of Asphalt Roads. RILEM Tech. Lett. 2020, 4, 154–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Mehling, H.; Brütting, M.; Haussmann, T. PCM Products and Their Fields of Application—An Overview of the State in 2020/2021. J. Energy Storage 2022, 51, 104354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Li, F.; Zhou, S.; Chen, S.; Yang, J.; Zhu, X.; Du, Y.; Yang, Z. Low-Temperature Organic Phase Change Material Microcapsules for Asphalt Pavement: Preparation, Characterisation and Application. J. Microencapsul. 2018, 35, 635–642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Chen, Y.; Wang, H.; You, Z.; Hossiney, N. Application of Phase Change Material in Asphalt Mixture—A Review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 263, 120219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Zhao, H.; Guo, J.; Ma, S.; Zhang, H.; Su, C.; Wang, X.; Li, Z.; Wei, J.; Cui, S. Effect of Solid-Solid Phase Change Material’s Direct Interaction on Physical and Rheological Properties of Asphalt. Coatings 2022, 12, 625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Marani, A.; Nehdi, M.L. Integrating Phase Change Materials in Construction Materials: Critical Review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 217, 36–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Barreneche, C.; Navarro, M.E.; Cabeza, L.F.; Fernández, A.I. New Database to Select Phase Change Materials: Chemical Nature, Properties, and Applications. J. Energy Storage 2015, 3, 18–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Farnam, Y.; Krafcik, M.; Liston, L.; Washington, T.; Erk, K.; Tao, B.; Weiss, J. Evaluating the Use of Phase Change Materials in Concrete Pavement to Melt Ice and Snow. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2016, 28, 04015161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Sharifi, N.P.; Sakulich, A. Application of Phase Change Materials to Improve the Thermal Performance of Cementitious Material. Energy Build. 2015, 103, 83–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Ghasemi, K.; Tasnim, S.; Mahmud, S. PCM, Nano/Microencapsulation and Slurries: A Review of Fundamentals, Categories, Fabrication, Numerical Models and Applications. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 2022, 52, 102084. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Analyze Search Results. Available online: https://www.scopus.com/Term/Analyzer.Uri?Sort=plf-f&src=s&sid=de161c49f931b5c99e9295953af65520&sot=a&sdt=a&sl=48&s=%28TITLE-ABS-KEY%28pavement%29+AND+TITLE-ABS-KEY%28PCM%29%29&origin=resultslist&count=10&analyzeResults=Analyze+results (accessed on 11 March 2024).
  23. Akeiber, H.J.; Hosseini, S.E.; Hussen, H.M.; Wahid, M.A.; Mohammad, A.T. Thermal Performance and Economic Evaluation of a Newly Developed Phase Change Material for Effective Building Encapsulation. Energy Convers. Manag. 2017, 150, 48–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Mizwar, I.K.; Napiah, M.; Sutanto, M.H. Thermal Properties of Cool Asphalt Concrete Containing Phase Change Material. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2019, 527, 012049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Kravchenko, E.; Liu, J.; Li, X. Numerical Modeling of the Thermal Performance of Soil Containing Microencapsulated PCM. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 298, 123865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Farnam, Y.; Esmaeeli, H.S.; Zavattieri, P.D.; Haddock, J.; Weiss, J. Incorporating Phase Change Materials in Concrete Pavement to Melt Snow and Ice. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2017, 84, 134–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Manning, B.J.; Bender, P.R.; Cote, S.A.; Lewis, R.A.; Sakulich, A.R.; Mallick, R.B. Assessing the Feasibility of Incorporating Phase Change Material in Hot Mix Asphalt. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2015, 19, 11–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Zhang, D.; Muhammad Sani, B.; Xu, P.; Liu, K.; Gu, F. Preparation and Characterization of Binary Eutectic Phase Change Material Laden with Thermal Conductivity Enhancer for Cooling Steel Slag Asphalt Pavement. Constr. Build. Mater. 2023, 388, 131688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Kim, A.; Wert, N.A.; Gowd, E.B.; Patel, R. Recent Progress in PEG-Based Composite Phase Change Materials. Polym. Rev. 2023, 63, 1078–1129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Landi, S.; Segundo, I.R.; Homem, N.; Sousa, J.; Freitas, E.; Costa, M.F.M.; Carneiro, J. Reducing the Impact of the Sunlight in Urban Areas Using Asphalt Mixtures with Phase Change Materials: A Review in Scopus in the Last Three Years. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2022, 2407, 012022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Ma, B.; Adhikari, S.; Chang, Y.; Ren, J.; Liu, J.; You, Z. Preparation of Composite Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Materials for Highway Pavements. Constr. Build. Mater. 2013, 42, 114–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Asadi, I.; Jacobsen, S.; Baghban, M.H.; Maghfouri, M.; Hashemi, M. Reviewing the Potential of Phase Change Materials in Concrete Pavements for Anti-Freezing Capabilities and Urban Heat Island Mitigation. Buildings 2023, 13, 3072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Rajamony, R.K.; Paw, J.K.S.; Pasupuleti, J.; Pandey, A.K.; Yaw, C.T.; Tiong, S.K.; Yusaf, T.; Samykano, M.; Sofiah, A.G.N.; Laghari, I.A.; et al. Experimental Investigation on the Performance of Binary Carbon-Based Nano-Enhanced Inorganic Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage Applications. J. Energy Storage 2024, 86, 111373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Bhamare, D.K.; Rathod, M.K.; Banerjee, J.; Arıcı, M. Investigation of the Effect of Air Layer Thickness on the Thermal Performance of the PCM Integrated Roof. Buildings 2023, 13, 488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Ma, B.; Wei, K.; Huang, X.F.; Shi, W.S.; Chen, S.S.; Hu, Y.P.; Shi, H.T. Preparation and Investigation of NiTi Alloy Phase-Change Heat Storage Asphalt Mixture. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2020, 32, 04020250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Dai, J.; Ma, F.; Fu, Z.; Liu, J.; Li, C.; Hou, Y.; Wu, H. Effectiveness of the Different Eutectic Phase-Change Materials in Cooling Asphalt Pavement. Constr. Build. Mater. 2023, 407, 133491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Haily, E.; Ait Ousaleh, H.; Zari, N.; Faik, A.; Bouhfid, R.; Qaiss, A. Use of a Form-Stable Phase Change Material to Improve Thermal Properties of Phosphate Sludge-Based Geopolymer Mortar. Constr. Build. Mater. 2023, 386, 131570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Baskar, I.; Chellapandian, M.; Jaswanth, S.S.H. Development of a Novel Composite Phase Change Material Based Paints and Mortar for Energy Storage Applications in Buildings. J. Energy Storage 2022, 55, 105829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Anupam, B.R.; Sahoo, U.C.; Rath, P. Phase Change Materials for Pavement Applications: A Review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 247, 118553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Li, Y.; Du, Y.; Xu, T.; Wu, H.; Zhou, X.; Ling, Z.; Zhang, Z. Optimization of Thermal Management System for Li-Ion Batteries Using Phase Change Material. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2018, 131, 766–778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Li, Z.; Gong, Y.; Xu, A.; Zhao, J.; Li, Q.; Dong, L.; Xiong, C.; Jiang, M. Relaxation-Induced Significant Room-Temperature Dielectric Pulsing Effects. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2301009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Gong, Y.; Zhao, J.; Li, Z.; Huang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, L.; Xiong, C.; Jiang, M. Unparalleled Dielectric-Switching Effects Caused by Dual Polarization Synergy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2214544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Korniejenko, K.; Nykiel, M.; Choinska, M.; Jexembayeva, A.; Konkanov, M.; Aruova, L. An Overview of Micro- and Nano-Dispersion Additives for Asphalt and Bitumen for Road Construction. Buildings 2023, 13, 2948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Ricklefs, A.; Thiele, A.M.; Falzone, G.; Sant, G.; Pilon, L. Thermal Conductivity of Cementitious Composites Containing Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2017, 104, 71–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Šavija, B.; Schlangen, E. Use of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) to Mitigate Early Age Thermal Cracking in Concrete: Theoretical Considerations. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 126, 332–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Cerón, I.; Neila, J.; Khayet, M. Experimental Tile with Phase Change Materials (PCM) for Building Use. Energy Build. 2011, 43, 1869–1874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Hyun, S.W.; Kim, S.; Jeong, H.; Ko, H.S.; Shin, D.H. Development of Snow Removal System Using Embedded Piped inside Road with Solar Thermal Energy Collector and Packed Bed Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage. J. Energy Storage 2024, 83, 110737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Guan, B.; Ma, B.; Qin, F. Application of Asphalt Pavement with Phase Change Materials to Mitigate Urban Heat Island Effect. In Proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection, Xi’an, China, 20–22 May 2011; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2011; pp. 2389–2392. [Google Scholar]
  49. Anupam, B.R.; Sahoo, U.C.; Rath, P.; Pattnaik, S. Thermal Behavior of Phase Change Materials in Concrete Pavements: A Long-Term Thermal Impact Analysis of Two Organic Mixtures. Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 2022, 17, 366–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Zhang, J.; Dong, Z.; Sun, G. Properties of SBS Modified Asphalt Containing Phase Change Materials. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Road and Airfield Pavement Technology, Beijing, China, 6–8 February 2023; American Society of Civil Engineers: Reston, VA, USA, 2023; pp. 512–523. [Google Scholar]
  51. Najemi, L.; Belyamani, I.; Bouya, M. Effect of Blending of Medium-Temperature Phase Change Material on the Bitumen Storage Heat. Heliyon 2023, 9, e22040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Saberi K., F.; Wang, Y.D.; Liu, J. Improving Rheological and Thermal Performance of Gilsonite-Modified Binder with Phase Change Materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 2023, 399, 132557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Huang, Z.; Wei, J.; Fu, Q.; Zhou, Y.; Lei, M.; Pan, Z.; Zhang, X. Preparation and Experimental Study of Phase Change Materials for Asphalt Pavement. Materials 2023, 16, 6002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Cheng, C.; Liu, J.; Gong, F.; Fu, Y.; Cheng, X.; Qiao, J. Performance and Evaluation Models for Different Structural Types of Asphalt Mixture Using Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Material. Constr. Build. Mater. 2023, 383, 131411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Zhang, J.; Dong, Z.; Sun, G.; Qi, Y.; Zhu, X.; Li, Y. Roles of Phase Change Materials on the Morphological, Physical, Rheological and Temperature Regulating Performances of High-Viscosity Modified Asphalt. Sci. Total Environ. 2023, 875, 162632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Jiao, W.; Sha, A.; Zhang, J.; Jia, M.; Jiang, W.; Hu, L. Design and Properties of Polyurethane Solid–Solid Phase-Change Granular Temperature Regulation Asphalt Mixtures. Sol. Energy 2023, 253, 47–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Anupam, B.R.; Sahoo, U.C.; Rath, P. Experimental and Numerical Investigations on an Organic Phase Change Material Incorporated Cool Concrete Pavement. TOCIEJ 2022, 17, e187414952210310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Anupam, B.R.; Sahoo, U.C.; Rath, P.; Bhattacharya, A. Thermal Performance Assessment of PCM Incorporated Cool Concrete Pavements Using Numerical Analysis. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2023, 24, 2089884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Wang, X.; Ma, B.; Wei, K.; Si, W.; Kang, X.; Fang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Shi, J.; Zhou, X. Thermal Storage Properties of Polyurethane Solid-Solid Phase-Change Material with Low Phase-Change Temperature and Its Effects on Performance of Asphalt Binders. J. Energy Storage 2022, 55, 105686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Betancourt-Jimenez, D.; Montoya, M.; Haddock, J.; Youngblood, J.P.; Martinez, C.J. Regulating Asphalt Pavement Temperature Using Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials (PCMs). Constr. Build. Mater. 2022, 350, 128924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Ru, C.; Li, G.; Guo, F.; Sun, X.; Yu, D.; Chen, Z. Experimental Evaluation of the Properties of Recycled Aggregate Pavement Brick with a Composite Shaped Phase Change Material. Materials 2022, 15, 5565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  62. Dai, M.; Wang, S.; Deng, J.; Gao, Z.; Liu, Z. Study on the Cooling Effect of Asphalt Pavement Blended with Composite Phase Change Materials. Materials 2022, 15, 3208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Dai, J.; Ma, F.; Fu, Z.; Li, C.; Wu, D.; Shi, K.; Dong, W.; Wen, Y.; Jia, M. Assessing the Direct Interaction of Asphalt Binder with Stearic Acid/Palmitic Acid Binary Eutectic Phase Change Material. Constr. Build. Mater. 2022, 320, 126251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Ren, Y.-X.; Hao, P.-W. Low-Temperature Performance of Asphalt Mixtures Modified by Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials with Various Graphene Contents. Coatings 2022, 12, 287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. BR, A.; Sahoo, U.C.; Rath, P. Thermal and Mechanical Performance of Phase Change Material Incorporated Concrete Pavements. Road Mater. Pavement Des. 2022, 23, 1287–1304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Cheng, C.; Gong, F.; Fu, Y.; Liu, J.; Qiao, J. Effect of Polyethylene Glycol/Polyacrylamide Graft Copolymerizaton Phase Change Materials on the Performance of Asphalt Mixture for Road Engineering. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2021, 15, 1970–1983. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Cheng, C.; Cheng, G.; Gong, F.; Fu, Y.; Qiao, J. Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Mixture Using Polyethylene Glycol Polyacrylamide Graft Copolymer as Solid–Solid Phase Change Materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 300, 124221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Dai, J.; Ma, F.; Fu, Z.; Li, C.; Jia, M.; Shi, K.; Wen, Y.; Wang, W. Applicability Assessment of Stearic Acid/Palmitic Acid Binary Eutectic Phase Change Material in Cooling Pavement. Renew. Energy 2021, 175, 748–759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Liao, W.; Zeng, C.; Zhuang, Y.; Ma, H.; Deng, W.; Huang, J. Mitigation of Thermal Curling of Concrete Slab Using Phase Change Material: A Feasibility Study. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2021, 120, 104021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Zhu, S.; Ji, T.; Niu, D.; Yang, Z. Investigation of PEG/Mixed Metal Oxides as a New Form-Stable Phase Change Material for Thermoregulation and Improved UV Ageing Resistance of Bitumen. RSC Adv. 2020, 10, 44903–44911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  71. Ma, B.; Chen, S.; Ren, Y.; Zhou, X. The Thermoregulation Effect of Microencapsulated Phase-Change Materials in an Asphalt Mixture. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 231, 117186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Ma, B.; Wang, X.; Zhou, X.; Wei, K.; Huang, W. Measurement and Analysis of Thermophysical Parameters of the Epoxy Resin Composites Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Material. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 223, 368–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  73. Kakar, M.R.; Refaa, Z.; Worlitschek, J.; Stamatiou, A.; Partl, M.N.; Bueno, M. Effects of Aging on Asphalt Binders Modified with Microencapsulated Phase Change Material. Compos. Part B Eng. 2019, 173, 107007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  74. Kakar, M.R.; Refaa, Z.; Worlitschek, J.; Stamatiou, A.; Partl, M.N.; Bueno, M. Thermal and Rheological Characterization of Bitumen Modified with Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 215, 171–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  75. Du, Y.; Liu, P.; Wang, J.; Wang, H.; Hu, S.; Tian, J.; Li, Y. Laboratory Investigation of Phase Change Effect of Polyethylene Glycolon on Asphalt Binder and Mixture Performance. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 212, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Kakar, M.R.; Refaa, Z.; Worlitschek, J.; Stamatiou, A.; Partl, M.N.; Bueno, M. Use of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials in Bitumen to Mitigate the Thermal Distresses in Asphalt Pavements. In RILEM 252-CMB Symposium; Poulikakos, L.D., Cannone Falchetto, A., Wistuba, M.P., Hofko, B., Porot, L., Di Benedetto, H., Eds.; RILEM Bookseries; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; Volume 20, pp. 129–135. ISBN 978-3-030-00475-0. [Google Scholar]
  77. Mahedi, M.; Cetin, B.; Cetin, K.S. Freeze-Thaw Performance of Phase Change Material (PCM) Incorporated Pavement Subgrade Soil. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 202, 449–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  78. Yeon, J.H.; Kim, K.-K. Potential Applications of Phase Change Materials to Mitigate Freeze-Thaw Deteriorations in Concrete Pavement. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 177, 202–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  79. Zhou, X.; Kastiukas, G.; Lantieri, C.; Tataranni, P.; Vaiana, R.; Sangiorgi, C. Mechanical and Thermal Performance of Macro-Encapsulated Phase Change Materials for Pavement Application. Materials 2018, 11, 1398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  80. Gao, Y.; Huang, L.; Zhang, H. Study on Anti-Freezing Functional Design of Phase Change and Temperature Control Composite Bridge Decks. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 122, 714–720. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  81. Tian, Y.; Ma, B.; Liu, F.; Li, N.; Zhou, X. Thermoregulation Effect Analysis of Microencapsulated Phase Change Thermoregulation Agent for Asphalt Pavement. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 221, 139–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  82. She, Z.; Wei, Z.; Young, B.A.; Falzone, G.; Neithalath, N.; Sant, G.; Pilon, L. Examining the Effects of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials on Early-Age Temperature Evolutions in Realistic Pavement Geometries. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2019, 103, 149–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  83. Arora, A.; Sant, G.; Neithalath, N. Numerical Simulations to Quantify the Influence of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) on the Early- and Later-Age Thermal Response of Concrete Pavements. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2017, 81, 11–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  84. Kim, S.; Oh, H.J.; Han, S.J.; Ko, H.S.; Shin, Y.; Shin, D.H. Development of Black-Ice Removal System with Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage and Solar Thermal Collectors. Energy 2022, 244, 122721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  85. Pinheiro, C.; Landi, S.; Lima, O.; Ribas, L.; Hammes, N.; Segundo, I.R.; Homem, N.C.; Castelo Branco, V.; Freitas, E.; Costa, M.F.; et al. Advancements in Phase Change Materials in Asphalt Pavements for Mitigation of Urban Heat Island Effect: Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Review. Sensors 2023, 23, 7741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  86. Liu, Z.; Wang, Y.; Jia, J.; Sun, H.; Wang, H.; Qiao, H. Preparation and Characterization of Temperature-Adjusting Asphalt with Diatomite-Supported PEG as an Additive. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2020, 32, 04020019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  87. Yinfei, D.; Pusheng, L.; Jiacheng, W.; Hancheng, D.; Hao, W.; Yingtao, L. Effect of Lightweight Aggregate Gradation on Latent Heat Storage Capacity of Asphalt Mixture for Cooling Asphalt Pavement. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 250, 118849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  88. Giro-Paloma, J.; Martínez, M.; Cabeza, L.F.; Fernández, A.I. Types, Methods, Techniques, and Applications for Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials (MPCM): A Review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 53, 1059–1075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  89. Somani, P.; Gaur, A. Temperature Sensitivity Analysis on Mechanical Properties of Phase Changing Material Incorporated Rigid Pavement. Mater. Today Proc. 2023, 93, 387–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  90. Zhang, Z.; Mao, H.; Kong, Y.; Niu, P.; Zheng, J.; Liu, P.; Wang, W.; Li, Y.; Yang, X. Re-Designing Cellulosic Core–Shell Composite Fibers for Advanced Photothermal and Thermal-Regulating Performance. Small 2024, 20, 2305924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  91. Yuan, J.; He, P.; Li, H.; Xu, X.; Sun, W. Preparation and Performance Analysis of Ceramsite Asphalt Mixture with Phase-Change Material. Materials 2022, 15, 6021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  92. Deng, Y.; Shi, X.; Kou, Y.; Chen, J.; Shi, Q. Optimized Design of Asphalt Concrete Pavement Containing Phase Change Materials Based on Rutting Performance. J. Clean. Prod. 2022, 380, 134787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  93. Sha, A.; Zhang, J.; Jia, M.; Jiang, W.; Jiao, W. Development of Polyurethane-Based Solid-Solid Phase Change Materials for Cooling Asphalt Pavements. Energy Build. 2022, 259, 111873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  94. Anupam, B.R.; Sahoo, U.C.; Chandrappa, A.K.; Rath, P. Emerging Technologies in Cool Pavements: A Review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 299, 123892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  95. Sharifi, N.P.; Askarinejad, S.; Mahboub, K.C. Fracture Performance of a PCM-Rich Concrete Pavement under Thermal Stresses. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2022, 23, 221–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  96. Anupam, B.R.; Sahoo, U.C.; Rath, P. Effect of Two Organic Phase Change Materials on the Thermal Performance of Asphalt Pavements. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2023, 24, 2215900. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  97. Liston, L.C.; Farnam, Y.; Krafcik, M.; Weiss, J.; Erk, K.; Tao, B.Y. Binary Mixtures of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters as Phase Change Materials for Low Temperature Applications. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2016, 96, 501–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  98. Young, B.A.; Falzone, G.; She, Z.; Thiele, A.M.; Wei, Z.; Neithalath, N.; Sant, G.; Pilon, L. Early-Age Temperature Evolutions in Concrete Pavements Containing Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 147, 466–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  99. Ryms, M.; Denda, H.; Jaskuła, P. Thermal Stabilization and Permanent Deformation Resistance of LWA/PCM-Modified Asphalt Road Surfaces. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 142, 328–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  100. Cheng, P.; Chen, X.; Gao, H.; Zhang, X.; Tang, Z.; Li, A.; Wang, G. Different Dimensional Nanoadditives for Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Phase Change Materials: Fundamentals and Applications. Nano Energy 2021, 85, 105948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  101. Acıkök, F.; Belendir, U.; Ardoğa, M.K.; Şahmaran, M. Multi-Functional Conductive Cementitious Composites Including Phase Change Materials (PCM) with Snow/Ice Melting Capability. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 2023, 24, 2248347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  102. Xu, P.; Zhang, D.; Miao, Y.; Muhammad Sani, B.; Zhang, K. Development and Characterization of a Novel Steel Slag-Based Composite Phase Change Aggregate for Snow/Ice Melting of Asphalt Pavements. Constr. Build. Mater. 2022, 341, 127769. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  103. Sharifi, N.P.; Jafferji, H.; Reynolds, S.E.; Blanchard, M.G.; Sakulich, A.R. Application of Lightweight Aggregate and Rice Husk Ash to Incorporate Phase Change Materials into Cementitious Materials. J. Sustain. Cem.-Based Mater. 2016, 5, 349–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  104. Athukorallage, B.; Dissanayaka, T.; Senadheera, S.; James, D. Performance Analysis of Incorporating Phase Change Materials in Asphalt Concrete Pavements. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 164, 419–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  105. Tahami, A.; Gholiakhani, M.; Dessouky, S.; Montoya, A.; Papagiannakis, A.T.; Fuentes, L.; Walubita, L.F. Evaluation of a Roadway Thermoelectric Energy Harvester through FE Analysis and Laboratory Tests. Int. J. Sustain. Eng. 2021, 14, 1016–1032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  106. Yang, M.; Zhang, X.; Zhou, X.; Liu, B.; Wang, X.; Lin, X. Research and Exploration of Phase Change Materials on Solar Pavement and Asphalt Pavement: A Review. J. Energy Storage 2021, 35, 102246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  107. Qin, Y. A Review on the Development of Cool Pavements to Mitigate Urban Heat Island Effect. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 52, 445–459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  108. Kant, K.; Shukla, A.; Sharma, A. Heat Transfer Studies of Building Brick Containing Phase Change Materials. Sol. Energy 2017, 155, 1233–1242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  109. Li, Y.; Ding, Z.; Du, Y. Techno-Economic Optimization of Open-Air Swimming Pool Heating System with PCM Storage Tank for Winter Applications. Renew. Energy 2020, 150, 878–890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  110. Mohammadnejad, F.; Hossainpour, S. A CFD Modeling and Investigation of a Packed Bed of High Temperature Phase Change Materials (PCMs) with Different Layer Configurations. J. Energy Storage 2020, 28, 101209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  111. Deng, Y.; Shi, X.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, J. Numerical Modelling of Rutting Performance of Asphalt Concrete Pavement Containing Phase Change Material. Eng. Comput. 2023, 39, 1167–1182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  112. Salem, T.; Bichara, L. Mitigation of UHI Effect with the Incorporation of PCM in Concrete Pavement-Case Study: City of Rotterdam. In Proceedings of the 2023 Fifth International Conference on Advances in Computational Tools for Engineering Applications (ACTEA), Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon, 5–7 July 2023; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2023; pp. 93–97. [Google Scholar]
  113. Si, W.; Ma, B.; Ren, J.; Hu, Y.; Zhou, X.; Tian, Y.; Li, Y. Temperature Responses of Asphalt Pavement Structure Constructed with Phase Change Material by Applying Finite Element Method. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 244, 118088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  114. Nayak, S.; Krishnan, N.M.A.; Das, S. Microstructure-Guided Numerical Simulation to Evaluate the Influence of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) on the Freeze-Thaw Response of Concrete Pavements. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 201, 246–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Article Metrics

Citations

Article Access Statistics

Journal Statistics
Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.
Download PDF
Correction: Alrwashdeh, M.; Alameri, S.A. Chromium-Coated Zirconium Cladding Neutronics Impact for APR-1400 Reactor Core. Energies 2022, 15, 8008
Previous
An Open-Source Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Architecture for Photovoltaic System Monitoring Using ESP32, Banana Pi M4, and Node-RED
Next