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Electronics
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Cyber-Physical System Applications in Smart Power and Microgrids
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Cyber-Physical System Applications in Smart Power and Microgrids

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Power Electronics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 July 2026 | Viewed by 4476

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Keng-Weng Lao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau 999086, China
2. The State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau 999086, China
Interests: cyber-physical security; energy IoT protection against cyberattacks; power system resilience under extreme weather; energy IoT; digital twins; digital-empowered intelligence in smart grids; artificial intelligence and machine learning
Dr. Siqi Bu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
Interests: power system stability, operation, and economics considering renewable energy integration; smart grid application; transport electrification
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Hongjun Gao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
Interests: smart electrical distribution system planning and operation; zero-carbon energy system optimization; microgrids; smart grids; renewable energy integration
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cyber-physical power systems—an advanced integration of the traditional physical power grid infrastructure with cyber information technologies—have led to the concept of smart grids, the energy Internet of Things, and power digital twins. This advancement enables real-time interaction between physical and digital power components to monitor, control, and optimize the operation, reliability, security, and efficiency of power systems. The increasing integration of renewable energy resources (solar, wind, etc.), rapid occurrence of extreme weather, and digitalization has presented significant technological challenges. However, with the rapid evolution and increasing complexity of energy and power system formation (distributed resources, gas, heat, cooling, electric vehicle, mobile storage, etc.), new approaches and analysis are required to understand and optimize the cyber-physical power and microgrid system. Moreover, the dependence of the physical power system on cyber information technologies (ICT, data) has made future power systems more vulnerable to attacks and data anomalies, and there is an urgent need to develop efficient strategies and measures to protect our power grid. These are a few key challenges in the cyber-physical system applications in smart power and microgrids.

This special issue explores cutting-edge advancements in cyber-physical systems (CPS) for modern power systems and microgrids, focusing on integrating computation, communication, and control to enhance efficiency, resilience, and sustainability. Submissions should address theoretical, experimental, or practical innovations bridging the digital and physical layers of energy systems.

This Special Issue aims to publish articles that are related to cutting-edge technologies in cyber-physical system applications in smart power and microgrids. We invite researchers to submit original research papers and review articles with the following topics of interest, which include but are not limited to:

  • Cyber-Physical Power Systems;
  • Cyber-Physical Social Power Systems;
  • Smart Grids;
  • Microgrids;
  • Energy Conversion and Storage;
  • Electric Vehicles;
  • Heat, Power, and Gas Networks;
  • Renewables;
  • Distribution;
  • Digitalization;
  • Data Analytics;
  • Control Systems;
  • Energy Markets;
  • Optimization, Planning, and Scheduling in Smart Grids;
  • Cyber-Physical Security in Power and Energy Systems;
  • Cyberattacks on Power and Energy Systems;
  • Reliability and Resilience of Integrated Power Systems;
  • Cyber-Physical Power System Protection against Extreme Weather.

Dr. Keng-Weng Lao
Dr. Siqi Bu
Dr. Hongjun Gao
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cyber-physical systems
  • cyber-physical social systems
  • cyber-physical security
  • smart grids and microgrids
  • optimization, planning, and scheduling in smart grids
  • energy conversion and storage
  • electric vehicles
  • heat, power, and gas networks
  • energy markets
  • data analytics
  • cyberattacks on power and energy systems
  • cyber-physical power system protection against extreme weather

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 13514 KB  
Article
Low-Frequency Oscillation Suppression Strategy for Ship Microgrid Based on Virtual PSS Adaptive Damping Control with Supercapacitor
by Yue Ding, Ke Zhao, Jiandong Duan and Li Sun
Electronics 2026, 15(2), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15020390 - 15 Jan 2026
Viewed by 222
Abstract
A virtual power system stabilizer (PSS) adaptive damping control strategy based on a supercapacitor is used to suppress oscillations in a ship microgrid. The energy transmission path of the proposed strategy is to apply the equivalent damping power to the rotor by varying [...] Read more.
A virtual power system stabilizer (PSS) adaptive damping control strategy based on a supercapacitor is used to suppress oscillations in a ship microgrid. The energy transmission path of the proposed strategy is to apply the equivalent damping power to the rotor by varying the electromagnetic power of the generator. Compared with conventional PSSs based on supercapacitors, storage devices not only enhance the capacity of damping power injected into the microgrid but also have more flexible configurations applicable to the size constraints of the ship microgrid. In addition, the adaptive control ensures that the DC bus voltage of the converter of the energy storage device is controlled within the neighborhood of the steady-state operating point, ensuring the asymptotic stability of the damping system. Finally, an experimental platform was built to verify the correctness and validity of the above theory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber-Physical System Applications in Smart Power and Microgrids)
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16 pages, 1632 KB  
Article
Dynamic Time Warping-Based Differential Protection Scheme for Transmission Lines in Flexible Fractional Frequency Transmission Systems
by Wei Jin, Shuo Zhang, Rui Liang and Jifeng Zhao
Electronics 2026, 15(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15010045 - 23 Dec 2025
Viewed by 274
Abstract
The integration of large-scale offshore wind power, facilitated by Flexible Fractional Frequency Transmission Systems (FFFTS), presents significant challenges for traditional transmission line protection. The fault current fed by the Modular Multilevel Matrix Converter (M3C) exhibits weak-infeed and controlled characteristics during faults, severely degrading [...] Read more.
The integration of large-scale offshore wind power, facilitated by Flexible Fractional Frequency Transmission Systems (FFFTS), presents significant challenges for traditional transmission line protection. The fault current fed by the Modular Multilevel Matrix Converter (M3C) exhibits weak-infeed and controlled characteristics during faults, severely degrading the sensitivity of conventional current differential protection. Moreover, the stringent synchronization requirement for data from both line ends further compromises reliability. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel differential protection scheme based on the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm. The method leverages the DTW algorithm to quantify and compare the variation trends of current waveforms on both sides of the line before and after a fault. By utilizing the pre-fault current as a reference sequence, the scheme constructs a protection criterion that is inherently insensitive to synchronization errors. A key innovation is its capability for fault identification and phase selection under weak synchronization conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme operates correctly within 0.5 ms, exhibits high sensitivity with a DTW ratio significantly greater than 2.0 during internal faults, and remains stable during external faults. It also shows strong robustness against high transition resistance, noise interference, and current transformer sampling errors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber-Physical System Applications in Smart Power and Microgrids)
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22 pages, 4142 KB  
Article
Bayesian Prony Modal Identification and Hierarchical Control Strategy for Low-Frequency Oscillation of Ship Microgrid
by Yue Ding, Ke Zhao, Jiandong Duan and Li Sun
Electronics 2025, 14(23), 4669; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14234669 - 27 Nov 2025
Viewed by 330
Abstract
A Bayes–Prony oscillating modal identification and hierarchical control strategy for low-frequency oscillation (LFO) of a ship microgrid (SM) is presented in this paper. The modal probabilistic estimation of the proposed algorithm replaces point estimation of the traditional Prony method and improves the robustness [...] Read more.
A Bayes–Prony oscillating modal identification and hierarchical control strategy for low-frequency oscillation (LFO) of a ship microgrid (SM) is presented in this paper. The modal probabilistic estimation of the proposed algorithm replaces point estimation of the traditional Prony method and improves the robustness of modal identification. The hierarchical control strategy first performs modal identification by means of the batch least squares Prony (BLS-Prony) algorithm. The modal identification results are calibrated by the explanatory variance score (EVS), and the control process is transferred to recursive least squares Prony (RLS-Prony) real-time detection. The third layer of decision making transfers to Bayesian Prony (Bayes–Prony) identification in case of a loss of modality or failure of identification. The designed Bayes–Prony algorithm identifies the oscillatory modal of signals with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) equal to 2 dB. Compared to BLS-Prony and RLS-Prony, Bayes–Prony reduces the SNR convergence domain of the signal by 30 dB as the last layer of hierarchical control. Therefore, the third-layer decision commands are used as a scheduling reference for damping control in SM power plants. The proposed algorithms and strategies maximize the saving of computational resources while ensuring that the modal identification is effective. Finally, the correctness of the proposed algorithm and strategy is verified by the LFO waveforms of the experimental platform. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber-Physical System Applications in Smart Power and Microgrids)
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19 pages, 7104 KB  
Article
Proactive Power Compensation Strategy of Pulsed Load for Transient Ride-Through of Ship Microgrid
by Yue Ding, Ke Zhao, Jiandong Duan and Li Sun
Electronics 2025, 14(23), 4665; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14234665 - 27 Nov 2025
Viewed by 309
Abstract
A proactive power compensation strategy applicable to achieving transient ride-through of ship microgrid (SM) under pulsed load is presented in this paper. The essence of this strategy can be summarized as the generator enters a transient process when a large portion of the [...] Read more.
A proactive power compensation strategy applicable to achieving transient ride-through of ship microgrid (SM) under pulsed load is presented in this paper. The essence of this strategy can be summarized as the generator enters a transient process when a large portion of the pulsed load is connected to the islanded microgrid. Next, the pulsed load power is calculated and predicted over a 20 ms time scale based on the changes in stator current, stator voltage, excitation current and excitation voltage during the process. As a result, the predicted power is used as the control desired value of the compensation device to ensure that the microgrid recovers the power balance and achieves transient ride-through. Finally, the proposed control strategy not only replaces the one machine infinite bus (OMIB) with the transient model of the SG but also utilizes the energy storage device to actively guide the generator to output the differential power in the microgrid. The power response time of the compensation system is in the range of 6–20 ms, which is able to realize the transient ride-through of the SG within one cycle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber-Physical System Applications in Smart Power and Microgrids)
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12 pages, 2218 KB  
Article
Comprehensively Improve Fireworks Algorithm and Its Application in Photovoltaic MPPT Control
by Jijun Liu, Qiangqiang Cheng, Qianli Zhang, Guisuo Xia and Min Nie
Electronics 2025, 14(23), 4573; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14234573 - 22 Nov 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2177
Abstract
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control is a key technology for increasing the power generation of photovoltaic arrays under varying light and temperature conditions. Traditional perturb and observe methods and incremental conductance methods can achieve good tracking performance for single-peak characteristics. However, under [...] Read more.
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control is a key technology for increasing the power generation of photovoltaic arrays under varying light and temperature conditions. Traditional perturb and observe methods and incremental conductance methods can achieve good tracking performance for single-peak characteristics. However, under complex conditions such as partial shading or dust accumulation, the power-voltage curve of a photovoltaic array exhibits multi-peak characteristics. In such cases, traditional methods may get trapped in local optima, preventing the photovoltaic array from operating at the maximum power point. Swarm intelligence algorithms perform well when solving multi-extremum functions and can be used for MPPT control of photovoltaic arrays in complex environments. Therefore, this paper focuses on the fireworks algorithm (FWA). To improve the computational speed and global optimization capability of the FWA, the characteristics of each stage of the algorithm are analyzed, a comprehensive improved fireworks algorithm (CIFWA) is proposed, and it is applied to the MPPT control of photovoltaic systems. The improved algorithm introduces an adaptive resource allocation and selection strategy with community inheritance features and applies tent chaos mapping to the algorithm’s explosion behavior. Multiple sets of test functions are used to compare the performance metrics of the optimization algorithm, demonstrating improvements in computational speed and global search capability of CIFWA. Finally, a control strategy for the MPPT of photovoltaic arrays based on CIFWA is presented, and a simulation experimental platform is built to analyze and verify the control performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber-Physical System Applications in Smart Power and Microgrids)
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21 pages, 1266 KB  
Article
A Novel Gating Adversarial Imputation Method for High-Fidelity Restoration of Missing Electrical Disturbance Data
by Lidan Chen, Guangxu Feng and Lei Wang
Electronics 2025, 14(20), 4108; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14204108 - 20 Oct 2025
Viewed by 461
Abstract
The ongoing evolution of cyber-physical power systems renders them susceptible to frequent and multifaceted electrical disturbances. Critically, missingness resulting from cascading cyber-physical failures severely impedes the ability to accurately monitor and diagnose these electrical disturbances. To address this serious challenge, this paper proposes [...] Read more.
The ongoing evolution of cyber-physical power systems renders them susceptible to frequent and multifaceted electrical disturbances. Critically, missingness resulting from cascading cyber-physical failures severely impedes the ability to accurately monitor and diagnose these electrical disturbances. To address this serious challenge, this paper proposes a novel gating adversarial imputation (GAI) framework specially tailored for the high-fidelity restoration of missing electrical disturbance data. The proposed GAI efficiently introduces the latest gating mechanism into a stability-improved adversarial imputation process, enabling robust feature representation while maintaining high imputation accuracy. To validate its efficacy, a synthetic dataset encompassing 15 distinct disturbance types is constructed based on precise mathematical equations and standard missingness. A comprehensive experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed GAI consistently outperforms five representative imputation benchmarks across all tested missing percentages. Moreover, GAI effectively preserves the original critical characteristics during data recovery, thereby enhancing accurate system monitoring and operational security. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber-Physical System Applications in Smart Power and Microgrids)
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