Understanding the Professional Learning and Development of Physical Education Teachers and Sport Coaches

A special issue of Education Sciences (ISSN 2227-7102). This special issue belongs to the section "Teacher Education".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 March 2025) | Viewed by 8670

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
School of Education & Lifelong Learning, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
Interests: sport coaching; physical education; sport pedagogy; professional learning and development; coach and teacher education; mentoring; qualitative research; sociology of sport; learning theories

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Across the globe, the demand for the delivery of high-quality physical education (PE) and sport coaching provision across school, community, and high-performance contexts has never been greater. To provide high-quality sporting experiences for individuals, it has been suggested that formal education and continuing professional development (CPD) are integral to supporting the on-going professional learning of PE teachers and sport coaches, enabling them to keep in touch with contemporary trends, refine pedagogical approaches, and ultimately enhance their content knowledge and practice. Indeed, the obtainment of formal education qualifications alongside regular engagement with CPD are often considered to be the cornerstone of a profession, ensuring that individuals are ‘qualified’ and safe to practice.

Despite this, academic research over the past 25 years within the fields of physical education and sport coaching has consistently demonstrated that formal PE teacher/coach education and CPD remains a relatively low-impact endeavour, primarily due to its decontextualised, compulsory, agenda driven, and one-off nature. Therefore, it is perhaps unsurprising that practitioners often disclose a preference for alternative and informal sources of learning, which are more bespoke, valued, and relevant to their current needs and desires. However, as we approach 2025, we are at a stage where we are still striving to decipher what works, why, and for whom, regarding the professional learning and development of PE teachers and sport coaches when considering their evolving roles and responsibilities, diverse working environments, continued technological advancements, and logistical matters (i.e., time, cost, resources).

Consequently, the aim of this Special Issue is to further enhance our understanding of the contemporary innovations and opportunities, alongside the challenges and issues, associated with the professional learning and development of PE teachers and sport coaches across diverse cultures, contexts, and countries. It is hoped that the knowledge and insights generated from this Special Issue will provide practitioners, stakeholders, and relevant organisations with an array of implications and recommendations to ensure that future provision is contextualised, effective, enjoyable, and facilitates meaningful learning and impact for those in attendance.

This Special Issue is interested in conceptual, theoretical, and empirical manuscripts which enhance and build upon our existing understanding of the professional learning and development of PE teachers and sport coaches. These may take the shape of original research articles, theoretical/conceptual essays, or reviews of literature, amongst other formats. Specifically, submissions which draw upon novel methodological approaches and/or theoretical frameworks are most welcomed, in addition to manuscripts which incorporate multiple stakeholders and global perspectives.

Considering the above, potential research areas and topics might include, but are certainly not limited to:

  • PE teachers’ and sport coaches’ perceptions, preferences, and experiences pertaining to formal education, CPD, and informal learning mechanisms;
  • The everyday realities of teacher educators/coach developers/formal mentors in designing and delivering professional development provision for PE teachers and sport coaches, alongside their reflections on facilitating learning;
  • Progressions and innovations in online learning opportunities (i.e., the value, challenges, and impact of e-mentoring, social media, online CPD workshops, etc.) for PE teachers and sport coaches;
  • Longitudinal evidence of impact and change to PE teachers’ and sport coaches’ knowledge and practice following engagement with formal teacher/coach education or CPD;
  • The experiences and reflections of mentors and mentees when engaging with formal and/or informal mentoring opportunities;
  • Bespoke professional learning and development programmes designed to enhance PE teachers’ and/or sport coaches’ content knowledge and understanding of specific topic areas (e.g., pedagogical approaches);
  • The professional learning and development of PE teachers and sport coaches in relation to lifestyle, alternative, and action sports, i.e., those often absent within the PE curriculum and that historically operate without qualified coaching practitioners present;
  • The impact of policy on the design and delivery of formal education and CPD for PE teachers and sport coaches;
  • Diversity and inclusion in PE teacher and sport coach formal education and CPD;
  • PE teachers’ and sport coaches’ learning journeys and transitions in and through the lifecourse, i.e., the athlete-to-coach, teacher-to-teacher educator, and coach-to-coach developer transition;
  • The application of novel methodological approaches and theoretical frameworks to critically understand and analyse the professional learning and development of PE teachers and sport coaches;
  • Multiple stakeholder perspectives towards the challenges and opportunities in facilitating meaningful professional development and learning for PE teachers and sport coaches, from diverse geographical regions. 

Any questions or queries, please feel free to get in contact. I will be happy to chat through any initial ideas or review any tentative abstracts. Thank you for reading and I look forward to your submissions.

Dr. Thomas M. Leeder
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • physical education teacher learning and development
  • sport coach learning and development
  • teacher education
  • coach education
  • mentoring
  • online learning
  • curriculum design
  • sport pedagogy
  • informal learning
  • CPD

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 889 KiB  
Article
“Everything Plays a Part Doesn’t It?’’: A Contemporary Model of Lifelong Coach Development in Elite Sport
by Pete Holmes, Richard L. Light and Andrew C. Sparkes
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 932; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15070932 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 383
Abstract
Coach development is typically considered to consist of a complex mix of experiences, including formal, informal and non-formal. Elements of the early research in this area led to the production of a model of long-term coach development (LTCD) over a decade ago, consisting [...] Read more.
Coach development is typically considered to consist of a complex mix of experiences, including formal, informal and non-formal. Elements of the early research in this area led to the production of a model of long-term coach development (LTCD) over a decade ago, consisting of three core categories of experience: athletic, coaching and education, later published in a number of significant coaching documents. Whilst this model has clearly been of benefit in providing a framework to consider long-term coach development, it can also be considered to have its limitations in focusing on a somewhat narrow coaching context (typically Olympic sports in North America) and lacking currency. This study therefore attempted to consider and update this model to a professional team sport context away from North America by investigating the life stories of head coaches in English rugby league. Data collection consisted of a novel life story approach, whilst analysis utilised elements of constructivist grounded theory. Though supporting elements of the original LTCD model, results here provide an additional category of experience occurring prior to athletic experience, childhood, consisting of a number of sub-themes, alongside several other novel elements with implications for both research and practice. This work points towards a need to further understand coaches’ lifelong developmental journeys across a range of sports and contexts. Full article
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22 pages, 337 KiB  
Article
“I Don’t Believe Any Qualifications Are Required”: Exploring Global Stakeholders’ Perspectives Towards the Developmental Experiences of Esports Coaches
by Matthew Watson, Michael G. Trotter, Sylvain Laborde and Thomas M. Leeder
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15070858 - 4 Jul 2025
Viewed by 461
Abstract
Esports is a global industry, with coaches widely regarded as having a pivotal role in facilitating player development and enhancing performance. Despite this, limited research has investigated the developmental experiences of esports coaches and how they are valued by diverse stakeholder groups. Consequently, [...] Read more.
Esports is a global industry, with coaches widely regarded as having a pivotal role in facilitating player development and enhancing performance. Despite this, limited research has investigated the developmental experiences of esports coaches and how they are valued by diverse stakeholder groups. Consequently, the aim of this research is to explore global stakeholders’ perspectives towards the developmental experiences of esports coaches. Data were collected via a qualitative online survey completed by 98 participants, representing 28 nationalities, across six esports stakeholder groups (head coach, assistant coach, player, team manager, performance staff, analyst). Following a reflexive thematic analysis process, three themes were generated: (1) Speaking the same language: the importance of playing and knowing the game; (2) Walking the walk: the need for coaching experience to demonstrate competency; and (3) Formal professional learning and development: a bone of contention. By understanding how diverse stakeholders value different developmental experiences, the findings offer unique insights into the contested nature of coach development in esports. This research contributes to the esports coaching literature and provides a foundation for future empirical research into this emerging area, with recommendations and implications for esports coach education and practice discussed. Full article
29 pages, 323 KiB  
Article
Using the Principles from Community of Practice: Developing Sustainable Professional Development Programmes in Physical Education
by Daniel Milton, Anna Bryant, Paul R. Appleton and Joan L. Duda
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15060713 - 6 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 465
Abstract
Continuing professional development is vital for enhancing teaching quality in Physical Education, but traditional approaches often lack effectiveness. This study explores the implementation of a Community of Practice framework integrated with motivational theory to develop and evaluate a Physical Education professional development programme [...] Read more.
Continuing professional development is vital for enhancing teaching quality in Physical Education, but traditional approaches often lack effectiveness. This study explores the implementation of a Community of Practice framework integrated with motivational theory to develop and evaluate a Physical Education professional development programme in a Welsh secondary school, assessing its impact, benefits, challenges, and critical considerations. This 18-month longitudinal qualitative study involved eight staff members. Data were collected through interviews, focus groups, researcher reflections, collaborative discussions, and a WhatsApp group. Deductive thematic analysis was employed. Three main themes emerged: understanding effective continuing professional development and community of practice principles, establishing and maintaining professional development opportunities incorporating community of practice, and evaluating the professional development programme’s impact. A boundary spanner (the principal investigator) played a pivotal role in bridging school and external expertise, by facilitating ongoing collaboration and knowledge exchange within the community of practice. The “boundary spanner” played a critical role in facilitating the use of WhatsApp, which enhanced engagement and sustainability. Teachers reported improved planning, increased collaboration, and enhanced understanding of motivational strategies. This study advances physical education professional development literature by demonstrating the effectiveness of integrating community of practice principles with theory-informed professional development programmes. It emphasises the importance of contextual understanding, theoretical grounding, and the ‘boundary spanner’ role. The findings underscore the need for research-informed, context-specific principles to enhance professional development programmes in PE, highlighting technology’s potential in facilitating ongoing professional development. Full article
14 pages, 241 KiB  
Article
Making Learning Happen in Teaching Games for Understanding with Cognitive Load Theory
by Stephen Harvey and Edward Cope
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15050631 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 858
Abstract
Game-Based Approaches (GBAs) to teaching and learning in physical education and sport pedagogy, such as Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU), were initially developed in response to secondary school physical education (PE) students’ difficulties in applying this technique within context. The early noughties experienced [...] Read more.
Game-Based Approaches (GBAs) to teaching and learning in physical education and sport pedagogy, such as Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU), were initially developed in response to secondary school physical education (PE) students’ difficulties in applying this technique within context. The early noughties experienced a significant body of work highlighting the benefits of adopting GBAs such as TGfU across physical education and sport pedagogy contexts. A theme residing in much of this work was understanding TGfU through the lens of social constructivism to the point whereby it seemed this was the only lens through which to consider how learning might happen through TGfU and/or related approaches. However, the exclusive alignment between TGfU and social constructivism is not heavily research-informed and/or evidence-supported, and it seems timely to question if other learning theories from cognitive science might help researchers and practitioners understand the benefits of applying a TGfU approach in teaching and coaching. We specifically approach this topic by appreciating Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) and how pedagogical concepts associated with CLT might help develop a new understanding of how TGfU could support learning. Full article
15 pages, 270 KiB  
Article
Developing Elite Strength and Conditioning Coaches’ Practice Through Facilitated Reflection
by Chris Szedlak, Bettina Callary and Matthew Smith
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15050603 - 14 May 2025
Viewed by 496
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that strength and conditioning (S&C) coach development should consider constructivist learning theories to promote coach development and learning of psychosocial coaching competencies. Reflective practice can encourage holistic learning through promoting an internal dialogue of the meaningfulness of an individual’s [...] Read more.
Recent research has suggested that strength and conditioning (S&C) coach development should consider constructivist learning theories to promote coach development and learning of psychosocial coaching competencies. Reflective practice can encourage holistic learning through promoting an internal dialogue of the meaningfulness of an individual’s experiences. Our study aimed to examine the efficacy of a facilitated, guided, and longitudinal reflective process to promote coach learning of psychosocial coaching practice using Moon’s reflective framework. Over a four-week period, six elite S&C coaches engaged in a guided process reflection process with a facilitator. This included daily journaling in an e-diary with the facilitator providing feedback at the end of each week. At the end, each S&C coach participated in an exit interview. Data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Findings revealed that there were potential benefits for the S&C coach’s process of reflection such as providing accountability through developing a close relationship with the facilitator, which enabled the S&C coaches to more critically link learning to behaviour change. Furthermore, S&C coaches’ learning resulted in developing awareness of self/athlete’s needs, increased flexibility, and enhanced confidence. This resulted in S&C coaches developing psychosocial coaching competencies that enabled them to change their practice to become more athlete centred. Full article
14 pages, 892 KiB  
Article
Examining the Use of Verbal Teacher Feedback in Physical Education Lessons
by Rachel Mackinney
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15050568 - 2 May 2025
Viewed by 739
Abstract
This study analysed the frequency and nature of verbal feedback given by physical education (PE) teachers in a secondary school, focusing on the influence of teacher gender, experience, and student learning stage. Eight PE teachers (four male, four female) were observed across 24 [...] Read more.
This study analysed the frequency and nature of verbal feedback given by physical education (PE) teachers in a secondary school, focusing on the influence of teacher gender, experience, and student learning stage. Eight PE teachers (four male, four female) were observed across 24 lessons, with each teacher observed three times. Feedback was systematically coded using a structured framework for evaluating coaching practises. The results revealed variations in feedback patterns based on teacher experience, gender, and student age. Female teachers provided more specific positive feedback (28%) compared to male teachers (23%). Younger, less experienced students received more corrective feedback (years 7 and 8: 18.7%; years 9 and 10: 12.7%), highlighting the importance of targeted instruction in early learning stages. Additionally, less experienced teachers used less corrective feedback (15%) than their more experienced counterparts (25.6%), suggesting a need for professional development in feedback strategies. These findings emphasise the role of tailored feedback in PE to optimise student learning and engagement. Full article
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18 pages, 266 KiB  
Article
“You Know, Coaching, It Feels Like a Bit of a Magpie Game’’: A Qualitative Investigation into Sources of Teacher-Coach Knowledge and the Subsequent Impact on Espoused Teacher-Coach Pedagogy
by Jack Emmerson and Stephen Macdonald
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(1), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15010109 - 20 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1591
Abstract
The sources of knowledge that sport coaches use have been widely researched however, their impact on espoused pedagogy in the teacher-coach context is comparatively underexplored The purpose of this study was to explore how teacher-coaches view knowledge, develop their knowledge, and espouse pedagogical [...] Read more.
The sources of knowledge that sport coaches use have been widely researched however, their impact on espoused pedagogy in the teacher-coach context is comparatively underexplored The purpose of this study was to explore how teacher-coaches view knowledge, develop their knowledge, and espouse pedagogical practice. Semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis were used to explore this area with eleven teacher-coaches. Results were consistent with previous work on coaches’ and the perceived impact of formal coach education; however, certain aspects conflicted in the teacher-coach context. Teacher-coaches reported certain elements of their knowledge as fixed (such as technical models of skills) while acknowledging others such as pedagogical content as tentative. Similarly, although formal coach education was consistently regarded as low-impact due to prior teacher education, those teacher-coaches who had progressed furthest in this field displayed greater declarative nuance and adaptability. This suggests tacit benefits of formal coach education in the role of the theoretical underpinning of coaches’ practice. Full article

Review

Jump to: Research, Other

16 pages, 488 KiB  
Review
Gender and Diversity Responsive Coaching: Building Capacity Through Relational, Feminist-Informed, Intersectional, Transdisciplinary, and E/Affective Coach Development
by Zoe Avner, Luke Jones, Anna Stodter and Allison Jeffrey
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15070812 - 25 Jun 2025
Viewed by 355
Abstract
Attempts towards achieving gender equality are widely considered to be ‘wicked’ problems and continue to be a global priority in line with other United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. In sport, longstanding gender inequities are reproduced and perpetuated through problematic heteropatriarchal, ableist, and colonial [...] Read more.
Attempts towards achieving gender equality are widely considered to be ‘wicked’ problems and continue to be a global priority in line with other United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. In sport, longstanding gender inequities are reproduced and perpetuated through problematic heteropatriarchal, ableist, and colonial sporting structures and cultures. These negatively impact women and girls and gender expansive people, as well as their access to quality sporting experiences across different pathways. As key actors within sporting ecosystems, sport coaches have a critical role to play in terms of supporting the development of inclusive, ethical, and equitable sporting environments and, more broadly, in the mainstreaming of quality sporting experiences for all. Therefore, the development of a gender and diversity-sensitive, -responsive, and -transformative coaching workforce should be a critical concern. This position paper builds on previous empirical work which has identified gaps in coaching knowledge alongside a range of problematic understandings and assumptions which currently shape coaches’ ‘gender-responsive’ coaching practices. It does so by identifying challenges and ways forward for enhanced coach learning and development strategies targeting the development of a more gender and diversity-responsive coaching workforce. Full article
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15 pages, 640 KiB  
Review
If Assessment Is Learning, Then What?
by Liam McCarthy
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15040480 - 12 Apr 2025
Viewed by 677
Abstract
While recognizing both the difficult yet important nature of sport coaches’ work, as they seek to achieve a wide range of positive outcomes across different participant populations and domains, it is important to acknowledge the value of professional development. As quality coaching becomes [...] Read more.
While recognizing both the difficult yet important nature of sport coaches’ work, as they seek to achieve a wide range of positive outcomes across different participant populations and domains, it is important to acknowledge the value of professional development. As quality coaching becomes an increasingly important agenda item for sport coaching stakeholders, these learning opportunities have come under increased scrutiny. For example, there is growing interest in the role and function of assessment as a consistent feature of these programs. While appearing to be burdened by the legacy of educational concepts such as assessment for learning (formative assessment) and assessment of learning (summative assessment), which depict learning and assessment as distinct entities, the present article sets out to make a compelling case that learning and assessment are one and the same thing. In doing so, this article revisits and summarizes a body of recent work that proposes concepts with which to build a new approach and points to examples of such an approach in action. Engaging in the process of conceptual development, the article will then offer an assessment as learning metaphor for the attention of coach education and development program designers and facilitators. Through engagement with this work, readers are encouraged to reframe and reposition the role, function, and practice of assessment. In doing so, they are invited to consider how they would facilitate assessment opportunities differently if they were considered to be learning opportunities in their own right. Full article
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Other

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26 pages, 1803 KiB  
Case Report
Developing Coaches Through a Cognitive Apprenticeship Approach: A Case Study from Adventure Sports
by Alice Mees, Dave Collins and Loel Collins
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15030288 - 26 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1035
Abstract
A cognitive apprenticeship (CA) approach to the development of professional judgement and decision making has been examined in a variety of professional contexts in recent years. More recently several authors have theorised that CA may be an effective approach to developing judgement and [...] Read more.
A cognitive apprenticeship (CA) approach to the development of professional judgement and decision making has been examined in a variety of professional contexts in recent years. More recently several authors have theorised that CA may be an effective approach to developing judgement and decision making in outdoor professionals. This paper reports on a unique study of an in-house national coach development programme in the Outward Bound Trust (the Trust) in the UK. It examines the extent to which a CA framework is currently utilised in the development of coaches and considers how the current approach to coach development may be enhanced. This embedded mixed methods study proceeded in two parts: firstly a mixed online survey for the coaches, followed by a participatory focus group of the ‘in house’ coach trainers. The results found that aspects of the CA approach are used to varying degrees, depending on the experience and knowledge of the coach trainers, although limitations with the application of the CA approach are compensated by the organisation’s educational culture and through an established community of practice. Additionally, the application is inconsistent across the organisation. The findings highlight the need for increased intentionality, alignment with organisational values, and Trust-wide development of coach trainers in order to expand the existing approach and align it with the application of a CA within the Trust. Full article
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