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Cancers
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Thyroid Cancer: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment (2nd Edition)
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Thyroid Cancer: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment (2nd Edition)

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Therapy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2025 | Viewed by 737

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Luca Giovanella

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Diseases, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
2. Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Diseases, Gruppo Ospedaliero Moncucco, Lugano, Switzerland
Interests: clinical thyroidology; laboratory medicine; ultrasonography; molecular imaging; PET/CT; thyroid cancer; thyroid diseases; molecular endocrinology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Petra Petranović Ovčariček

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia
Interests: thyroid diseases; nuclear medicine; molecular imaging; theranostics; endocrine tumors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system, representing approximately 4% of all new cancer cases. The prognosis and treatment of thyroid cancer depend on the tumor type and its stage at the time of diagnosis. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can improve prognosis and reduce mortality. The well-established treatments (surgery and radioiodine) and new options (molecular targeting drugs) for patients with aggressive thyroid cancers have kept the mortality rate from this malignancy low, despite the increase in its incidence. This Special Issue will highlight the role of different diagnostic procedures (i.e., ultrasound, molecular imaging, laboratory, cytology, and molecular cytology), therapeutic approaches (i.e., surgery, theranostics, hormone therapy, non-invasive procedures, radiotherapy, molecular targeting drugs, redifferentiating agents), and prognostic markers in personalized thyroid cancer treatment.

Prof. Dr. Luca Giovanella
Dr. Petra Petranović Ovčariček
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cancers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • thyroid cancer
  • ultrasound
  • molecular imaging
  • fine-needle aspiration cytology
  • thyroidectomy
  • radioactive iodine
  • radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer
  • tyrosine kinase inhibitors

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1544 KiB  
Article
Inflammation and Thyroid Cancer: Deciphering the Role of Blood Immune Indexes
by Salvatore Sorrenti, Gregorio Scerrino, Eleonora Lori, Fabrizio Vassallo, Stefania Saverino, Calogera Amato, Giuseppina Melfa, Pierina Richiusa, Sergio Mazzola, Antonella Lopes, Giuseppina Orlando and Giuseppa Graceffa
Cancers 2025, 17(8), 1363; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17081363 - 19 Apr 2025
Viewed by 150
Abstract
Background: Inflammation within tumor microenvironments has been correlated to numerous malignancies. This study aims to explore its significance in thyroid cancer (TC). Methods: Retrospective analysis of 157 thyroid carcinomas and 40 benign cases involved initial univariate analysis. The value of neutrophils/value of lymphocytes [...] Read more.
Background: Inflammation within tumor microenvironments has been correlated to numerous malignancies. This study aims to explore its significance in thyroid cancer (TC). Methods: Retrospective analysis of 157 thyroid carcinomas and 40 benign cases involved initial univariate analysis. The value of neutrophils/value of lymphocytes (NLR), value of platelets/value of lymphocytes (PLR), value of lymphocytes/value of monocytes (LMR), and value of platelets × value of neutrophils/value of lymphocytes (SII) indexes were related to TC characteristics and number and location of involved lymph nodes using χ2 or Fischer’s exact tests for categorical variables and Student’s t-tests for continuous ones. A 1:1 propensity score matching balanced malignant and benign TC groups based on age, sex, and tumor size was used. Post-matching, a multivariate logistic model integrated sex, age, Central lymph node metastases (CLNM), and SII index. Statistically significant immune index values underwent ROC curve analysis for determining cut-offs. Among the 157 malignant TC, median test and density plots were performed. Results: The SII index emerged as a predictor of malignancy in both univariate and multivariate analyses (p-value = 0.0202). The ROC curve indicated a cut-off SII value of 465.71, (specificity = 58% [95% CI: 0.43–0.73]; sensitivity = 80% [95% CI: 0.68–0.93]). Median SII index values for tumor sizes of 1 and >1 were 522.8 and 654.8, respectively (p-value = 0.016). When central lymph nodes metastases(CLNMs) was considered (CLNM = 0 vs. CLNM > 0), median SII values were 530.7 and 1121.7, respectively (p-value = 0.011). Conclusions: The SII index appears to be a valuable tool in the presence of TC, showing correlations with malignancy, tumor size, and CLNMs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Cancer: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment (2nd Edition))
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Review

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11 pages, 1620 KiB  
Review
Super-Superselective Level VB Neck Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Cancer
by Dana M. Hartl, Davide Lombardi, Ricard Simo, Radu Mihai, Aleix Rovira, Enyi Ofo and Iain J. Nixon
Cancers 2025, 17(9), 1497; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17091497 - 29 Apr 2025
Abstract
Objective: Therapeutic lateral neck dissection is recommended for papillary thyroid cancer with metastatic lymph nodes detected on palpation or on preoperative imaging. Current guidelines recommend systematic dissection of levels IIA, III, IV and VB in these patients. Despite this recommendation, management of level [...] Read more.
Objective: Therapeutic lateral neck dissection is recommended for papillary thyroid cancer with metastatic lymph nodes detected on palpation or on preoperative imaging. Current guidelines recommend systematic dissection of levels IIA, III, IV and VB in these patients. Despite this recommendation, management of level V remains controversial due to a varying degree of clinical and occult lymph node involvement reported in published retrospective studies, but also due to the functional risk involved in level V dissection in which the spinal accessory nerve may be temporarily or permanently injured. The aim of this review was to address the issues involved in level VB dissection and to provide our view of surgical management of level VB. Method: Narrrative review. Result: We propose a new concept of a partial or “super-superselective” level VB dissection in patients with clinical disease in levels IIA, III and IV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Cancer: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment (2nd Edition))
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Other

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18 pages, 2146 KiB  
Systematic Review
Impact of Molecular Testing on Surgical Decision-Making in Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Recent Advancements
by Raisa Chowdhury, Jessica Hier, Kayla E. Payne, Mawaddah Abdulhaleem, Orr Dimitstein, Netanel Eisenbach, Véronique-Isabelle Forest and Richard J. Payne
Cancers 2025, 17(7), 1156; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17071156 - 29 Mar 2025
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Abstract
Background: The management of indeterminate thyroid nodules (Bethesda III/IV) has evolved with molecular testing, aiming to reduce unnecessary surgeries. However, the comparative effectiveness of different platforms in influencing surgical decision-making remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluate the impact of molecular [...] Read more.
Background: The management of indeterminate thyroid nodules (Bethesda III/IV) has evolved with molecular testing, aiming to reduce unnecessary surgeries. However, the comparative effectiveness of different platforms in influencing surgical decision-making remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluate the impact of molecular testing on surgical avoidance rates. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across eight electronic databases, including Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library, from January 2019 to December 2024, following PRISMA guidelines to encompass most recent advancements in the last 5 years. Studies evaluating Afirma Gene Expression Classifier (GEC), Afirma Genomic Sequencing Classifier (GSC), ThyroSeq V2, ThyroSeq V3, and ThyGenX/ThyraMIR were included. The primary outcome was surgical avoidance, analyzed using a random-effects model. Results: Thirty-one studies comprising 4464 indeterminate thyroid nodules met inclusion criteria. Pooled surgical avoidance rates varied across platforms: ThyroSeq V2 (50.3%, 95% CI: 20.8–79.6%), ThyroSeq V3 (62.5%, 95% CI: 54.8–70.0%), Afirma GEC (58.8%, 95% CI: 43.6–73.1%), Afirma GSC (50.6%, 95% CI: 34.3–66.8%), and ThyGenX/ThyraMIR (68.6%, 95% CI: 63.1–73.9%). ThyGenX/ThyraMIR had the highest surgical avoidance rate and lowest heterogeneity (I2 = 51.2%), while ThyroSeq showed improvement from V2 to V3. Conclusions: Molecular testing reduces unnecessary thyroid surgeries, with avoidance rates ranging from 50.3% to 68.6%. While ThyGenX/ThyraMIR showed the highest avoidance rate, its limited representation warrants cautious interpretation. Standardized protocols are needed to optimize clinical application. Further prospective studies should compare platforms and assess long-term outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Cancer: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment (2nd Edition))
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