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Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their...
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Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2022) | Viewed by 48680

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Mariusz Jagiela

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
Interests: machine design; transformers; finite element analysis; electronic engineering; circuit analysis; finite element modeling; harmonics; electrical engineering; finite element method; applied optimization; energy harvesting
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electrical machines are applied increasingly in automotive industry. These applications mainly include (but are not limited to) wound synchronous machines, permanent magnet synchronous machines, wound-rotor asynchronous, and switched/synchronous reluctance machines, which can have both axial- and radial-flux magnetic circuit configurations.
Depending on the application, the machine operates at one or a few predefined operating points. Of special concern are the propulsion applications in which the machine is usually driven from the power converter and has to operate efficiently and reliably over the entire torque/speed range. These issues determine the areas of research to pursue so as to provide the desired drive characteristics.
This Special Issue of MDPI’s Applied Sciences will be connected with the International Symposium on Electrical Machines SME’ 2022 to be held in Poznań, in March 2022, and is intended to help in the expansion of the knowledge that the society has developed in this field to date. Publication topics of concern include but are not limited to theoretical and practical works involving design and optimization methods, measurements and fault diagnostics, the development of dedicated power electronics, and implementation of their control.
For the advancement of electrical machine technology for automotive applications, we welcome all papers linked to the subjects listed above. In addition, we would like to thank the readers and authors interested in this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Mariusz Jagiela
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • permanent-magnet motors;
  • synchronous motors;
  • induction motors;
  • synchronous reluctance motors;
  • switched reluctance motors;
  • electrical propulsion;
  • electrical drives;
  • axial flux;
  • radial flux;
  • in-wheel motors;
  • hub motors;
  • finite elements;
  • equivalent magnetic circuit networks;
  • magnetic materials;
  • core losses;
  • efficiency;
  • thermal analysis;
  • modeling;
  • optimization;
  • magnetic materials;
  • fault diagnostics;
  • condition monitoring;
  • power electronics;
  • power converters;
  • recuperation;
  • torque and speed control.

Published Papers (16 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 7045 KiB  
Article
Experimental Tests on a Spoke-Type Permanent Magnets Synchronous Machine for Light Electric Vehicle Application
by Stefan Breban, Marius Dranca, Mihai Chirca, Alexandru-Madalin Pacuraru, Petre-Dorel Teodosescu and Claudiu-Alexandru Oprea
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(6), 3019; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12063019 - 16 Mar 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2366
Abstract
In an attempt to limit the effects of global warming, virtually all car manufacturers have introduced in the last years Hybrid or full Electric Vehicles. The current study shows the experimental testing of a spoke-type PMSM that was developed based on the requirements [...] Read more.
In an attempt to limit the effects of global warming, virtually all car manufacturers have introduced in the last years Hybrid or full Electric Vehicles. The current study shows the experimental testing of a spoke-type PMSM that was developed based on the requirements of the L6e European light vehicle class. A test bench was developed for this purpose, using a DC machine fed by a bidirectional DC Power Supply that allowed the testing of the PMSM prototype both in motor and generator/brake regimes. The Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) was implemented on the control stage of the testing set-up, allowing an accurate estimation of the PMSM-based E-drivetrain performance. The test results validated the FEM-simulated results and provided an insight on the efficiency of the entire drive system (battery–inverter–PMSM) and the autonomy of the L6e light EV. The electric drive system was integrated and tested on a prototype vehicle in normal operating conditions, validating the results obtained on the developed test bench. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control)
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25 pages, 6611 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Properties of a Five-Phase Induction Motor in the Introduction of New Fault-Tolerant Control
by Jakub Kellner, Slavomír Kaščák and Želmíra Ferková
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(4), 2249; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12042249 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1679
Abstract
Multiphase electric motors in cooperation with power semiconductor converters belong to the future of electric drives. This is because of their better properties compared to three-phase motors, such as better fault tolerance. How a multiphase motor will behave in a fault state is [...] Read more.
Multiphase electric motors in cooperation with power semiconductor converters belong to the future of electric drives. This is because of their better properties compared to three-phase motors, such as better fault tolerance. How a multiphase motor will behave in a fault state is very important when using such motors in EV and HEV. This is the basis of the research in this article; we investigate the options for operating a five-phase motor in a fault condition in order to improve the drive qualities during fault operation. The complete mathematical expressions of the five-phase induction motor model in the normal operation as well as in fault operation and also the control modification to improve the properties of the drive are presented. The new five-phase field-oriented control is next described, which improves the drive qualities in four-phase operation and is the first fundamental aspect of the study. Another important aspect of the project is the development of a specific control on a real motor, followed by measurements of properties of a five-phase motor in normal and fault operation of one phase without and with control modification to enhance drive characteristics. The qualities and appropriateness of employing a five-phase motor as a drive in EV and HEV are then determined by comparing these results. Finally, a comparison of motor attributes is shown with and without control adjustment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control)
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12 pages, 3471 KiB  
Article
Optimization of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for e-Mobility Using Metamodels
by Se-eun Kim and Yong-min You
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(3), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031625 - 3 Feb 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3805
Abstract
Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) with rectangular coils in hairpin windings exhibit improved fill factor and reduced end turn of the coils, which in turn improve the efficiency and power density of PMSMs, making them ideal for e-mobility applications. Herein, the shape of [...] Read more.
Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) with rectangular coils in hairpin windings exhibit improved fill factor and reduced end turn of the coils, which in turn improve the efficiency and power density of PMSMs, making them ideal for e-mobility applications. Herein, the shape of a PMSM was optimized for torque ripple reduction using metamodels to improve the noise and vibrational performance of the motor. The objective function of the optimal design aimed to minimize the torque ripple, and the average torque and efficiency were set as constraints. The notch width and depth and barrier length were selected as the design variables to satisfy the objective function and constraints. Using the optimal Latin hypercube design technique, 27 experimental points were selected, and a finite element analysis (FEA) was performed for each point. Furthermore, a function approximation was performed using six metamodels, and the best metamodel was selected using the root mean square error test. Moreover, the optimization was performed by combining the best metamodels for each variable with a sequential two-point diagonal quadratic approximation optimization algorithm. The torque ripple was improved by approximately 1.63% compared with the initial model, whereas the constraint values remained constant. Finally, an FEA was performed on the optimal point, and the FEA results matched with those of the optimal method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control)
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17 pages, 8649 KiB  
Article
Shape Optimization of Discontinuous Armature Arrangement PMLSM for Reduction of Thrust Ripple
by Jun-Hwan Kwon, Jae-Kyung Kim and Euy-Sik Jeon
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(22), 11066; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112211066 - 22 Nov 2021
Viewed by 1373
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present the optimal design process and an optimized model for a discontinuous armature arrangement permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM). The stator tooth shapes are optimized to reduce detent force. When the shape of the stator [...] Read more.
The aim of this paper is to present the optimal design process and an optimized model for a discontinuous armature arrangement permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM). The stator tooth shapes are optimized to reduce detent force. When the shape of the stator is changed to reduce the detent force, the saturation magnetic flux density and the back electromotive force characteristics change. Multi-objective optimization is used to search for the local lowest point that can improve the detent force, saturation magnetic flux density, and back EMF characteristics. To reduce the detent force generated at the outlet edge, a trapezoidal auxiliary tooth was installed and the performance was analyzed. The experiment’s response surface methodology is used as an optimization method and all the experimental samples are obtained from finite-element analysis. The validity of this method is verified by comparing the optimized FEA model to the initial FEA model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control)
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16 pages, 8421 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study and Overview of Field-Oriented Control Techniques for Six-Phase PMSMs
by Marek Furmanik, Lukáš Gorel, Daniel Konvičný and Pavol Rafajdus
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 7841; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11177841 - 25 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2645
Abstract
This paper targets the main current trend in automotive motor control applications, i.e., six-phase permanent−magnet synchronous machines. Multiphase machines have been studied for more than one decade, but they are currently becoming more and more important for automotive technology. Increased safety and improved [...] Read more.
This paper targets the main current trend in automotive motor control applications, i.e., six-phase permanent−magnet synchronous machines. Multiphase machines have been studied for more than one decade, but they are currently becoming more and more important for automotive technology. Increased safety and improved reliability are the two main reasons why six-phase machines conquer safety-critical motor control applications. The paper provides a detailed description, analysis, and comparison of two field-oriented control strategies for six-phase machines. The article consists of four main parts: (1) a general introduction of the application field of six-phase machines; (2) a description of two different field-oriented control techniques; (3) a presentation of the experimental results, e.g., frequency and step response analysis, as well as a comparison between a mathematical model and a real system; (4) a detailed comparison of strategies including pros and cons, with a strong focus on the main advantages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control)
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18 pages, 6805 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Test Measurements and Simulation on a Series Wound DC Motor
by Attila Szántó, János Kiss, Tamás Mankovits and Gusztáv Áron Szíki
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(10), 4542; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11104542 - 17 May 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2484
Abstract
Previously, a dynamic model and a simulation program for series wound DC motors (SWDCM) were developed in MATLAB/Simulink for modelling them in electric vehicles and mechatronic systems. The electromagnetic characteristics of the motor (electric resistances, dynamic inductances), which serve as input parameters of [...] Read more.
Previously, a dynamic model and a simulation program for series wound DC motors (SWDCM) were developed in MATLAB/Simulink for modelling them in electric vehicles and mechatronic systems. The electromagnetic characteristics of the motor (electric resistances, dynamic inductances), which serve as input parameters of the program, were also measured. Additionally, locked rotor response measurements were performed to test the accuracy of the measured electromagnetic characteristics. This paper presents the experimental procedure and the results of dynamics test measurements that were performed on the same motor, including the procedure for the determination of the necessary input dynamic parameters for the simulation. While the motor spins up from rest, the intensity of the electric current and the angular speed of the rotor are measured. Finally, the simulation and dynamic test results are compared to check the proper operation of the simulation program. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control)
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17 pages, 10377 KiB  
Article
Computationally Efficient PM Power Loss Mapping for PWM Drive Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines
by Guohui Yang and Chengning Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(7), 3246; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11073246 - 5 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1927
Abstract
This paper proposes a computationally efficient approach for mapping permanent magnet (PM) power loss in permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). The PM loss mapping method here uses time-step finite element analysis (FEA) to determine the function parameters representing the loss variation with speed [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a computationally efficient approach for mapping permanent magnet (PM) power loss in permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). The PM loss mapping method here uses time-step finite element analysis (FEA) to determine the function parameters representing the loss variation with speed (frequency), amplitude modulation ratio, carrier ratio, and stator current and is suitable for rapid evaluation of machine performance over the entire torque–speed envelope. The PM loss can be accurately mapped across the full operational envelope, including the field-weakened mode. The loss mapping procedure takes into account the equivalent resistivity of axial segmentation of the PM array calculated by three-dimensional (3-D) FEA. The effect of temperature on the PM loss is also considered. The proposed methodology is validated on two surface-mounted PMSM designs. The results of the loss mapping procedure are consistent with those from direct 3-D finite element prediction and experimental results of PM power loss at each operating point of the machine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control)
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20 pages, 1622 KiB  
Communication
Comparison of Hysteresis Based PWM Schemes ΔΣ-PWM and Direct Torque Control
by Kevin Klarmann, Malte Thielmann and Walter Schumacher
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(5), 2293; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052293 - 5 Mar 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1649
Abstract
This paper presents the differences and similarities of ΔΣ-PWM as a hysteresis-based PWM scheme with direct torque control (DTC) using simulation models. The variable switching frequency caused by the hysteresis element is examined with regard to its instantaneous values. The comparison [...] Read more.
This paper presents the differences and similarities of ΔΣ-PWM as a hysteresis-based PWM scheme with direct torque control (DTC) using simulation models. The variable switching frequency caused by the hysteresis element is examined with regard to its instantaneous values. The comparison is based on an equal maximum switching frequency as a design criterion. With this first assumption, the variation of the instantaneous switching frequency is higher when using DTC because of the temporary prioritization of one inverter leg. Besides the lower variation, ΔΣ-PWM shows a higher average switching frequency. Because the switching frequency is related to the torque ripple, the usage of ΔΣ-PWM results in a smaller torque ripple. Due to the dependence of torque ripple on switching frequency, a second comparison is carried out based on the same average switching frequency. In this comparison the ΔΣ-PWM shows higher torque ripple than DTC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control)
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12 pages, 4417 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Optimization of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle Considering Demagnetization
by Yong-min You and Keun-young Yoon
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(5), 2159; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11052159 - 1 Mar 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3181
Abstract
The irreversible demagnetization of permanent magnets causes the deterioration of the performance in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), which are used for electric vehicles. NdFeB, which is the permanent magnet most commonly used in PMSMs for electric vehicles, is easily demagnetized at high [...] Read more.
The irreversible demagnetization of permanent magnets causes the deterioration of the performance in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), which are used for electric vehicles. NdFeB, which is the permanent magnet most commonly used in PMSMs for electric vehicles, is easily demagnetized at high temperatures. Because traction motors for electric vehicles reach high temperatures, and a high current can be instantaneously applied, permanent magnets of PMSM can be easily demagnetized. Therefore, it is important to study the demagnetization phenomenon of PMSMs for electric vehicles. However, since the demagnetization analysis procedure is complicated, previous studies have not been able to perform optimization considering demagnetization characteristics. In this study, we optimized the shape of a PMSM for electric vehicles by considering the demagnetization characteristics of permanent magnets using an automated design of experiments procedure. Using this procedure, a finite element analysis for each experimental point determined by a sampling method can be performed quickly and easily. The multi-objective function minimizes the demagnetization rate and maximizes the average torque, and the constraints are the efficiency and torque ripple. Various metamodels were generated for each of the multi-objective functions and constraints, and the metamodels with the best prediction performance were selected. By applying a multi-objective genetic algorithm, 1902 various optimal solutions were obtained. When the weight rate of the demagnetization rate to the torque was set to 0.1:0.9, the demagnetization rate and average torque were improved by 4.45% and 2.7%, respectively, compared to those of the initial model. The proposed multi-objective optimization method can guide the design of PMSMs for electric vehicles with high reliability and strong demagnetization characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control)
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14 pages, 8095 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Regenerative Braking Performance of Brushless Direct Current Machine Drive System
by Omer Cihan Kivanc and Ozgur Ustun
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(3), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11031029 - 24 Jan 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4108
Abstract
The brushless direct current (BLDC) machines which are preferred in light electric vehicles (LEVs) come forward as high regenerative braking capability machines due to their permanent magnet excitation and relatively simple operation. In this paper, the regenerative braking capability limits of BLDC machines [...] Read more.
The brushless direct current (BLDC) machines which are preferred in light electric vehicles (LEVs) come forward as high regenerative braking capability machines due to their permanent magnet excitation and relatively simple operation. In this paper, the regenerative braking capability limits of BLDC machines and their drive circuits are examined by taking into account nonlinear circuit parameters and battery internal resistance variation. During energy recovery from mechanical port to electrical port, the inverter of BLDC machine is operated as a boost converter which enables power flow to a battery. However, the regeneration performance is also heavily dependant on the battery condition, particularly the temperature. By means of the developed detailed circuit model including the non-ideal effects of the boosting converter and the increase of the internal resistance variation which is caused by the temperature variation of the battery and ambient temperature, the specific duty cycle can be determined. The specific duty ratio is then applied in a proposed approach for various operation scenarios. The experimental tests are implemented by a 400 W BLDC machine drive system controlled via a TMS320F28335 digital signal processor. The experimental results show that the proposed comprehensive model presents a proper performance estimation of regenerative braking system under varying battery temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control)
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20 pages, 9449 KiB  
Article
Design of an Isolated Bidirectional Symmetric Resonant Converter
by Yih-Her Yan, Hung-Liang Cheng, Shun-Yu Chan, Yu-Da Chen and Yong-Nong Chang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(22), 8144; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10228144 - 17 Nov 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2680
Abstract
An isolated type bidirectional resonant converter is presented in this paper. Using a dual active bridge as the main topology and integrating symmetric resonant mechanism, the developed converter features an isolated type bidirectional resonant converter with bidirectional power conversion and electrical isolation capabilities [...] Read more.
An isolated type bidirectional resonant converter is presented in this paper. Using a dual active bridge as the main topology and integrating symmetric resonant mechanism, the developed converter features an isolated type bidirectional resonant converter with bidirectional power conversion and electrical isolation capabilities to ensure working security and stability. The application of a symmetric resonant scheme enables the control range of input and output voltages to be widened and achieves soft switching during bidirectional power conversion. A converter design process covering all the bases is exhibited in this work. With the digital signal processor (DSP) TMS320F28335 being employed as the control core, the developed isolated bidirectional resonant converter can effectively handle the power conversion between the simulated 400 V DC grid and the energy storage battery ranging from 280 to 403 V. Based on a 1 kW capacity design, the test data reveal that the forward conversion efficiency from grid to battery can reach 93.25%, and the reverse conversion efficiency from battery to grid is as high as 94.60%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control)
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21 pages, 9477 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Core Loss of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine for Vehicle Applications under Different Operating Conditions
by Guohui Yang, Shuo Zhang and Chengning Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(20), 7232; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10207232 - 16 Oct 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3504
Abstract
Permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) are widely used in electric vehicles due to their high power density, high efficiency, etc. Core losses account for a significant component of the total loss in PMSMs. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully consider it when designing [...] Read more.
Permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) are widely used in electric vehicles due to their high power density, high efficiency, etc. Core losses account for a significant component of the total loss in PMSMs. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully consider it when designing PMSMs according to actual scientific research project applications. This paper extracts the characteristic operating points of the PMSMs under different operating conditions at different speeds. Then a harmonic analysis of air-gap flux density, phase current, core loss was completed, and detailed comparative analysis was performed. A novel method for comprehensively analyzing the stator core loss of PMSMs for vehicles is proposed, which reveals the law of the core loss of the PMSM under Maximum-Torque-Per-Ampere (MTPA) and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM). The method was verified by a prototype experiment where the actual core loss of PMSMs was measured to verify the correctness of the method. This research provides a reference for accurately predicting core loss during the forward design of PMSMs and completing core loss evaluation for existing PMSMs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control)
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15 pages, 5471 KiB  
Article
Performance Improvement of Concentrated-Flux Type IPM PMSM Motor with Flared-Shape Magnet Arrangement
by Keun-Young Yoon and Soo-Whang Baek
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(17), 6061; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10176061 - 1 Sep 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4165
Abstract
This study demonstrates that the use of a flared-shape rotor structure in interior permanent magnet (IPM) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) yields better performance than the basic IPM PMSM motor, using a spoke structure with ferrite magnets. To concentrate the effective magnetic flux, [...] Read more.
This study demonstrates that the use of a flared-shape rotor structure in interior permanent magnet (IPM) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) yields better performance than the basic IPM PMSM motor, using a spoke structure with ferrite magnets. To concentrate the effective magnetic flux, the proposed rotor structure is composed of a number of ferrite magnets, which are inserted in a flared shape in the rotor core. This paper shows the comparison with the analysis results of 2D finite element method (FEM), and it is shown that the proposed IPM PMSM motor can be an effective substitute for the basic IPM PMSM motor, which requires low torque ripple and high efficiency. In particular, the proposed flared IPM PMSM motor has lower pulsation of torque and superior efficiency, as well as lower acoustic noise and vibration, compared to the basic IPM PMSM motor. To verify the performance improvement of the proposed model, a prototype of the proposed model was manufactured. It was experimentally confirmed that the proposed model has lower torque ripple and higher efficiency than the basic model. Based on this performance improvement, the proposed flared IPM PMSM motor is suitable for electric vehicles and home appliances. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control)
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16 pages, 7863 KiB  
Article
Design Optimization and Experimental Verification of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Used in Electric Compressors in Electric Vehicles
by Soo-Whang Baek and Sang Wook Lee
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(9), 3235; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093235 - 6 May 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3920
Abstract
In this study, a shape design optimization method is proposed to improve the efficiency of a 3 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) used in an electric compressor intended for use in an electric vehicle. The proposed method improves the efficiency performance of [...] Read more.
In this study, a shape design optimization method is proposed to improve the efficiency of a 3 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) used in an electric compressor intended for use in an electric vehicle. The proposed method improves the efficiency performance of the electric compressor by improving the torque characteristics of the initial PMSM model. The dimensions of the rotor were set as the design variables and were chosen to maximize efficiency and reduce cogging torque. During the determination of the design points with conventional Latin hypercube design, the experimental points may be closely related to each other. Therefore, the optimal Latin hypercube design was used to optimally distribute the experimental points evenly and improve the space filling characteristics. The Kriging model was used as an interpolation model to predict the optimal values of the design variables. This allowed the formulation of more accurate prediction models with multiple design variables, complex reactions, or nonlinearities. A genetic algorithm was used to identify the optimal solution for the design variables. It was used to satisfy the objective function and to determine the optimal design variables based on established constraints. The optimal design results obtained based on the proposed shape optimization method were confirmed by finite element analyses. For practical verification, the optimal model of the prototype PMSM of an electric compressor was manufactured, and a 1.5% improvement in its efficiency performance was confirmed based on an experimental dynamometer test. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control)
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14 pages, 4839 KiB  
Article
A Direct Three-Phase AC–AC Matrix Converter-Based Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles
by Rutian Wang, Min Huang, Chongyi Lu and Weiquan Wang
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(7), 2217; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072217 - 25 Mar 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2638
Abstract
For the bidirectional wireless power transfer system of electric vehicles, the topology proposed in this paper includes a direct three-phase AC–AC matrix converter as the pre-stage main circuit, a bilateral inductor–capacitor–capacitor–inductor (LCCL) as the resonance compensation network, and a full-bridge converter as the [...] Read more.
For the bidirectional wireless power transfer system of electric vehicles, the topology proposed in this paper includes a direct three-phase AC–AC matrix converter as the pre-stage main circuit, a bilateral inductor–capacitor–capacitor–inductor (LCCL) as the resonance compensation network, and a full-bridge converter as the latter stage circuit. According to the characteristics of the system topology, a new control strategy is proposed based on the de-re-coupling method. The control principle of the coordination work of the scheme is expounded, and the corresponding switch combination logic is designed. According to the three-phase voltage amplitude relationship at different stages, combined with the resonant frequency, the switch arms of the matrix converter are alternately controlled separately. The number of switching operations is reduced, the system efficiency and safety are improved, and the full range of soft switching operations of the converter is realized. The theoretical analysis of the bilateral LCCL resonance compensation network is carried out, and its constant voltage/current output characteristic and high power factor transmission characteristic are obtained. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the bidirectional wireless power transfer system for electric vehicles proposed in this paper are verified by simulation analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control)
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15 pages, 4194 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Optimal Design of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle Based on Deep Learning
by Yong-min You
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020482 - 9 Jan 2020
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4325
Abstract
Recently, a large amount of research on deep learning has been conducted. Related studies have also begun to apply deep learning techniques to the field of electric machines, but such studies have been limited to the field of fault diagnosis. In this study, [...] Read more.
Recently, a large amount of research on deep learning has been conducted. Related studies have also begun to apply deep learning techniques to the field of electric machines, but such studies have been limited to the field of fault diagnosis. In this study, the shape optimization of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for electric vehicles (EVs) was conducted using a multi-layer perceptron (MLP), which is a type of deep learning model. The target specifications were determined by referring to Renault’s Twizy, which is a small EV. The average torque and total harmonic distortion of the back electromotive force were used for the multi-objective functions, and the efficiency and torque ripple were chosen as constraints. To satisfy the multi-objective functions and constraints, the angle between the V-shaped permanent magnets and the rib thickness of the rotor were selected as design variables. To improve the accuracy of the design, the design of experiments was conducted using finite element analysis, and a parametric study was conducted through analysis of means. To verify the effectiveness of the MLP, metamodels was generated using both the MLP and a conventional Kriging model, and the optimal design was determined using the hybrid metaheuristic algorithm. To verify the structural stability of the optimized model, mechanical stress analysis was conducted. Moreover, because this is an optimal design problem with multi-objective functions, the changes in the optimal design results were examined as a function of the changes in the weighting. The optimal design results showed that the MLP technique achieved better predictive performance than the conventional Kriging model and is useful for the shape optimization of PMSMs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Machines for Automotive Applications: Dedicated Design Methods and Their Results, Power Electronics and Control)
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