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Trustworthy AI: Security, Safety and Privacy

A Special Issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417) belonging to the section "Computing and Artificial Intelligence".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 February 2027 | Viewed by 360

Editors


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Guest Editor
College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
Interests: trustworthy ML; responsible AI; AI copyright protection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Natural and Computing Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
Interests: AI security; AI safety; AI privacy; trustworthy AI

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has been deeply integrated into a wide range of applications, including autonomous driving, healthcare, and natural language processing. In particular, the advent of generative AI has enabled models to produce human-like content with remarkable fidelity, dramatically broadening the practical deployment of AI systems. More recently, the emergence of AI agents, which are systems capable of autonomously perceiving environments, planning multi-step actions, invoking external tools, and executing complex tasks with minimal human intervention, has further expanded the frontier of AI applications, from intelligent personal assistants and automated scientific discovery to multi-agent collaborative systems. However, these rapid advances also amplify existing security concerns. AI systems, including both conventional models and agentic pipelines, face significant threats such as adversarial vulnerability, backdoor attacks, fairness violations, and privacy breaches. In agentic settings, these risks are further compounded: an agent's ability to autonomously interact with external environments and chain together sequences of actions means that a single compromised component can propagate failures across an entire pipeline. Due to the inherent complexity and limited interpretability of deep neural networks, detecting and mitigating such risks remains a formidable challenge. This challenge is especially acute in safety-critical domains such as aerospace, intelligent medicine, and unmanned aerial vehicles, where the trustworthiness, reliability, and interpretability of AI systems are of paramount importance. Consequently, ensuring the safety and security of AI, spanning both foundational models and emerging agentic systems, has become a central research priority and a pressing concern for the international AI community.

This Special Issue will consolidate research efforts to identify security and privacy challenges in AI models and systems, develop secure and robust AI algorithms and protocols, and create fairness- and copyright-preserving techniques. We invite prospective authors to submit original research contributions on topics including, but not limited to, the following:

1. Safety, Security, Privacy of AI Agents.

2. Jailbreak Attacks and Defenses for Large Models;

3. The hallucination of Large Language Models;

4. AIGC Detection and Attribution;

5. Adversarial Attacks and Defenses for AI;

6. Backdoor Attacks and Defenses for AI;

7. Data Poisoning Attacks and Defenses for AI;

8. Copyright Issues in AI;

9. Privacy Issues in AI;

10. Fairness Issues in AI;

11. Model Interpretability and its Applications in AI Security.

Dr. Yiming Li
Dr. Zhongliang Guo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • trustworthy ML
  • responsible AI
  • AI security
  • LLM safety
  • agent safety
  • AI copyright protection
  • fairness and privacy

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

21 pages, 646 KB  
Article
AMAF-FCL: Adaptive Multi-Factor Accurate Forgetting for Heterogeneous Federated Continual Learning
by Weimeng Wang, Guoping Fu, Weiqiao Zhu, Ge Meng, Li Fan, Bocheng Ju, Chenghao Yu and Xiaolin Chang
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(16), 8204; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168204 - 18 Aug 2026
Viewed by 176
Abstract
Federated continual learning (FCL) must preserve useful historical knowledge while learning from evolving and statistically heterogeneous client streams. However, indiscriminate replay can retain client-specific bias, noise, or task conflicts and thereby cause negative transfer. In this paper, we propose Adaptive Multi-Factor Accurate Forgetting [...] Read more.
Federated continual learning (FCL) must preserve useful historical knowledge while learning from evolving and statistically heterogeneous client streams. However, indiscriminate replay can retain client-specific bias, noise, or task conflicts and thereby cause negative transfer. In this paper, we propose Adaptive Multi-Factor Accurate Forgetting for Heterogeneous Federated Continual Learning (AMAF-FCL), a selective memory-management framework that jointly assesses replay reliability and adapts the influence of generated historical features. AMAF-FCL achieves this goal by (1) modeling historical knowledge in feature space with a conditional real-valued non-volume-preserving (RealNVP) normalizing flow; (2) combining class-conditional likelihood, predictive uncertainty, and global distribution consistency; and (3) adjusting replay weights according to client–global heterogeneity. The local objective combines a classification loss for learning the current task, a reliability-weighted replay loss for retaining useful historical knowledge, and a feature-distillation loss for limiting drift in the feature representation. In the EMNIST long-task-pool (EMNIST-LTP) benchmark, each client learns six two-class tasks drawn from a client-specific set of handwritten letters. AMAF-FCL achieves 51.2% average accuracy and 7.6% average forgetting, improving over the likelihood-based AF-FCL baseline by 3.7 and 1.5 percentage points, respectively. In the cross-domain digit-and-fashion setting, it reports 71.2% average accuracy and 6.8% average forgetting; with four noisy clients, it obtains 56.1% average accuracy and 9.8% average forgetting. These results indicate that multi-factor reliability assessment and heterogeneity-aware adaptive forgetting improve the balance between useful knowledge retention and harmful-knowledge suppression in heterogeneous FCL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trustworthy AI: Security, Safety and Privacy)
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