Antibiotics

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19 pages, 3904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solid- and Vapor-Phase Antibacterial Activities and Mechanisms of Essential Oils Against Fish Spoilage Bacteria

by Hsuan-Ju Lin, Pang-Hung Hsu, Tze-Chia Lin, Wen-Jung Lu and Hong-Ting Victor Lin

Antibiotics 2024, 13(12), 1137; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13121137 - 26 Nov 2024

Viewed by 975

Abstract

Essential oils (EOs), regarded as secondary metabolites from plants, possess effective antibacterial properties. This study investigates the antibacterial efficacy of seven citrus EOs against six spoilage bacteria: Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, Photobacterium damselae, Shewanella putrefaciens, Carnobacterium divergens, and [...] Read more.

Essential oils (EOs), regarded as secondary metabolites from plants, possess effective antibacterial properties. This study investigates the antibacterial efficacy of seven citrus EOs against six spoilage bacteria: Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, Photobacterium damselae, Shewanella putrefaciens, Carnobacterium divergens, and Lactobacillus pentosus. The antibacterial activity of these EOs was evaluated using solid- and vapor-phase applications. All tested EOs demonstrated effective antibacterial activity at a concentration of 294 μL/L against Gram-negative bacteria. Notably, lemon and orange EOs exhibited dose-dependent inhibition in both solid- and vapor-phase applications, with minimum effective concentrations ranging from 29.4 to 58.8 μL/L. Following treatment with lemon and orange EOs for 6 h at 1/4 minimum inhibitory concentration, leakage of intracellular DNA and proteins was observed, indicating damage to the cell membrane/wall. Proteomic analysis revealed distinct mechanisms: lemon EO impaired bacterial antioxidant defenses, while orange EO disrupted cell division, leading to reduced bacterial viability. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of different EO application forms in controlling spoilage bacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oil of the Plants: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, and Biological Applications)

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15 pages, 5510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chitosan-Integrated Curcumin–Graphene Oxide/Copper Oxide Hybrid Nanocomposites for Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Applications

by Anandhavelu Sanmugam, Logesh Kumar Sellappan, Abbishek Sridharan, Swathy Manoharan, Ananda Babu Sairam, Abdulrahman I. Almansour, Subha Veerasundaram, Hyun-Seok Kim and Dhanasekaran Vikraman

Antibiotics 2024, 13(7), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13070620 - 3 Jul 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1641

Abstract

This study deals with the facile synthesis of a single-pot chemical technique for chitosan–curcumin (CUR)-based hybrid nanocomposites with nanostructured graphene oxide (GO) and copper oxide (CuO) as the antibacterial and cytotoxic drugs. The physicochemical properties of synthesized hybrid nanocomposites such as CS-GO, CS-CuO, [...] Read more.

This study deals with the facile synthesis of a single-pot chemical technique for chitosan–curcumin (CUR)-based hybrid nanocomposites with nanostructured graphene oxide (GO) and copper oxide (CuO) as the antibacterial and cytotoxic drugs. The physicochemical properties of synthesized hybrid nanocomposites such as CS-GO, CS-CuO, CS-CUR-GO, and CS-CUR-GO/CuO were confirmed with various advanced tools. Moreover, the in vitro drug release profile of the CS-CUR-GO/CuO nanocomposite exhibited sustained and controlled release during different time intervals. Also, the antibacterial activity of the CS-CUR-GO/CuO hybrid nanocomposite presented the maximum bactericidal effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli pathogens. The hybrid nanocomposites revealed improved cytotoxicity behaviour against cultured mouse fibroblast cells (L929) via cell adhesion, DNA damage, and proliferation. Thus, the chitosan-based hybrid nanocomposites offer rich surface area, biocompatibility, high oxidative stress, and bacterial cell disruption functionalities as a potential candidate for antibacterial and cytotoxicity applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oil of the Plants: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, and Biological Applications)

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19 pages, 3991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lippia graveolens Essential Oil to Enhance the Effect of Imipenem against Axenic and Co-Cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii

by Jorge O. Fimbres-García, Marcela Flores-Sauceda, Elsa Daniela Othón-Díaz, Alfonso García-Galaz, Melvin R. Tapia-Rodriguez, Brenda A. Silva-Espinoza, Andres Alvarez-Armenta and J. Fernando Ayala-Zavala

Antibiotics 2024, 13(5), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13050444 - 14 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1524

Abstract

This research focuses on assessing the synergistic effects of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens) essential oil or carvacrol when combined with the antibiotic imipenem, aiming to reduce the pathogenic viability and virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study highlighted the [...] Read more.

This research focuses on assessing the synergistic effects of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens) essential oil or carvacrol when combined with the antibiotic imipenem, aiming to reduce the pathogenic viability and virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study highlighted the synergistic effect of combining L. graveolens essential oil or carvacrol with imipenem, significantly reducing the required doses for inhibiting bacterial growth. The combination treatments drastically lowered the necessary imipenem doses, highlighting a potent enhancement in efficacy against A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa. For example, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for the essential oil/imipenem combinations were notably low, at 0.03/0.000023 mg/mL for A. baumannii and 0.0073/0.000023 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa. Similarly, the combinations significantly inhibited biofilm formation at lower concentrations than when the components were used individually, demonstrating the strategic advantage of this approach in combating antibiotic resistance. For OXA-51, imipenem showed a relatively stable interaction during 30 ns of dynamic simulation of their interaction, indicating changes (<2 nm) in ligand positioning during this period. Carvacrol exhibited similar fluctuations to imipenem, suggesting its potential inhibition efficacy, while thymol showed significant variability, particularly at >10 ns, suggesting potential instability. With IMP-1, imipenem also displayed very stable interactions during 38 ns and demonstrated notable movement and positioning changes within the active site, indicating a more dynamic interaction. In contrast, carvacrol and thymol maintained their position within the active site only ~20 and ~15 ns, respectively. These results highlight the effectiveness of combining L. graveolens essential oil and carvacrol with imipenem in tackling the difficult-to-treat pathogens A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oil of the Plants: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, and Biological Applications)

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15 pages, 975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Activity of Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) Essential Oil Vapors against Microbial Contaminants of Food-Contact Surfaces

by Loris Pinto, Salvatore Cervellieri, Thomas Netti, Vincenzo Lippolis and Federico Baruzzi

Antibiotics 2024, 13(4), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13040371 - 18 Apr 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 9723

Abstract

The antimicrobial effect of eight essential oils’ vapors against pathogens and spoilage bacteria was assayed. Oreganum vulgare L. essential oil (OVO) showed a broad antibacterial effect, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranging from 94 to 754 µg cm⁻³ air, depending on [...] Read more.

The antimicrobial effect of eight essential oils’ vapors against pathogens and spoilage bacteria was assayed. Oreganum vulgare L. essential oil (OVO) showed a broad antibacterial effect, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranging from 94 to 754 µg cm⁻³ air, depending on the bacterial species. Then, gaseous OVO was used for the treatment of stainless steel, polypropylene, and glass surfaces contaminated with four bacterial pathogens at 6–7 log cfu coupon⁻¹. No viable cells were found after OVO treatment on all food-contact surfaces contaminated with all pathogens, with the exception of Sta. aureus DSM 799 on the glass surface. The antimicrobial activity of OVO after the addition of beef extract as a soiling agent reduced the Sta. aureus DSM 799 viable cell count by more than 5 log cfu coupon⁻¹ on polypropylene and glass, while no viable cells were found in the case of stainless steel. HS-GC-MS analysis of the headspace of the boxes used for the antibacterial assay revealed 14 different volatile compounds with α-Pinene (62–63%), and p-Cymene (21%) as the main terpenes. In conclusion, gaseous OVO could be used for the microbial decontamination of food-contact surfaces, although its efficacy needs to be evaluated since it depends on several parameters such as target microorganisms, food-contact material, temperature, time of contact, and relative humidity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oil of the Plants: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, and Biological Applications)

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15 pages, 3290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antifungal Activity of Thirty Essential Oils to Control Pathogenic Fungi of Postharvest Decay

by Mohamed Bechir Allagui, Marwa Moumni and Gianfranco Romanazzi

Antibiotics 2024, 13(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13010028 - 28 Dec 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4839

Abstract

Essential oils (EOs) extracted from aromatic or medicinal plants are biodegradable, safe, and regarded as alternatives to chemical pesticides to reduce fungal species attacking different crops. In this study, thirty EOs at 0.5 mg/mL were evaluated for in vitro growth inhibition of the [...] Read more.

Essential oils (EOs) extracted from aromatic or medicinal plants are biodegradable, safe, and regarded as alternatives to chemical pesticides to reduce fungal species attacking different crops. In this study, thirty EOs at 0.5 mg/mL were evaluated for in vitro growth inhibition of the main postharvest fungi, which are Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, and Penicillium italicum. Cinnamomum verrum EO completely inhibited the mycelial growth of A. alternata and B. cinerea, and Syzygium aromaticum EO completely inhibited the mycelia of A. alternata. B. cinerea mycelial growth was completely inhibited by Gautheria fragrantissima, Cymbopogon nardus, Pelargonium asperum, and Cupressus sempervirens EOs. G. fragrantissima EO inhibited the mycelia growth of P. italicum by 98%. Overall, B. cinerea displayed the highest sensitivity to EOs than P. italicum and A. alternata. G. fragrantissima, C. sempervirens, C. nardus, P. asperum, Mentha piperita, Foeniculum vulgare, C. verrum, and S. aromaticum EOs showed the highest inhibition for these three pathogens. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were lower for C. verrum and S. aromaticum EOs, ranging between 0.31 and 0.45 mg/mL and 0.37 to 0.57 mg/mL, respectively, against the three pathogens. The tested EOs inhibited the in vitro growth of three of the main postharvest fungal pathogens. Further studies are needed to confirm these activities in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oil of the Plants: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, and Biological Applications)

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20 pages, 10519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Untargeted Metabolomics for Unraveling the Metabolic Changes in Planktonic and Sessile Cells of Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076 after Treatment with Lippia origanoides Essential Oil

by Yuliany Guillín, Marlon Cáceres, Elena E. Stashenko, William Hidalgo and Claudia Ortiz

Antibiotics 2023, 12(5), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050899 - 12 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2793

Abstract

Nontyphoidal Salmonella species are one of the main bacterial causes of foodborne diseases, causing a public health problem. In addition, the ability to form biofilms, multiresistance to traditional drugs, and the absence of effective therapies against these microorganisms are some of the principal [...] Read more.

Nontyphoidal Salmonella species are one of the main bacterial causes of foodborne diseases, causing a public health problem. In addition, the ability to form biofilms, multiresistance to traditional drugs, and the absence of effective therapies against these microorganisms are some of the principal reasons for the increase in bacterial diseases. In this study, the anti-biofilm activity of twenty essential oils (EOs) on Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076 was evaluated, as well as the metabolic changes caused by Lippia origanoides thymol chemotype EO (LOT-II) on planktonic and sessile cells. The anti-biofilm effect was evaluated by the crystal violet staining method, and cell viability was evaluated through the XTT method. The effect of EOs was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Untargeted metabolomics analyses were conducted to determine the effect of LOT-II EO on the cellular metabolome. LOT-II EO inhibited S. Enteritidis biofilm formation by more than 60%, without decreasing metabolic activity. Metabolic profile analysis identified changes in the modulation of metabolites in planktonic and sessile cells after LOT-II EO treatment. These changes showed alterations in different metabolic pathways, mainly in central carbon metabolism and nucleotide and amino acid metabolism. Finally, the possible mechanism of action of L. origanoides EO is proposed based on a metabolomics approach. Further studies are required to advance at the molecular level on the cellular targets affected by EOs, which are promising natural products for developing new therapeutic agents against Salmonella sp. strains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oil of the Plants: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, and Biological Applications)

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21 pages, 1885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolomic Analysis of the Effect of Lippia origanoides Essential Oil on the Inhibition of Quorum Sensing in Chromobacterium violaceum

by Marlon Cáceres, William Hidalgo, Elena E. Stashenko, Rodrigo Torres and Claudia Ortiz

Antibiotics 2023, 12(5), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12050814 - 26 Apr 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2778

Abstract

Bacteria can communicate through quorum sensing, allowing them to develop different survival or virulence traits that lead to increased bacterial resistance against conventional antibiotic therapy. Here, fifteen essential oils (EOs) were investigated for their antimicrobial and anti-quorum-sensing activities using Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 as [...] Read more.

Bacteria can communicate through quorum sensing, allowing them to develop different survival or virulence traits that lead to increased bacterial resistance against conventional antibiotic therapy. Here, fifteen essential oils (EOs) were investigated for their antimicrobial and anti-quorum-sensing activities using Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 as a model. All EOs were isolated from plant material via hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC/MS. In vitro antimicrobial activity was determined using the microdilution technique. Subinhibitory concentrations were used to determine anti-quorum-sensing activity by inhibition of violacein production. Finally, a possible mechanism of action for most bioactive EOs was determined using a metabolomic approach. Among the EOs evaluated, the EO from Lippia origanoides exhibited antimicrobial and anti-quorum activities at 0.37 and 0.15 mg/mL, respectively. Based on the experimental results, the antibiofilm activity of EO can be attributed to the blockage of tryptophan metabolism in the metabolic pathway of violacein synthesis. The metabolomic analyses made it possible to see effects mainly at the levels of tryptophan metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, arginine metabolism and vitamin biosynthesis. This allows us to highlight the EO of L. origanoides as a promising candidate for further studies in the design of antimicrobial compounds against bacterial resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oil of the Plants: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, and Biological Applications)

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Review

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31 pages, 2538 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mechanisms and Applications of Citral’s Antimicrobial Properties in Food Preservation and Pharmaceuticals Formulations

by María Melissa Gutiérrez-Pacheco, Heriberto Torres-Moreno, María Liliana Flores-Lopez, Norma Velázquez Guadarrama, J. Fernando Ayala-Zavala, Luis Alberto Ortega-Ramírez and Julio César López-Romero

Antibiotics 2023, 12(11), 1608; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12111608 - 9 Nov 2023

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6571

Abstract

Citral is a monoterpene constituted by two isomers known as neral and geranial. It is present in different plant sources and recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In recent years, investigations have demonstrated that this compound exhibited several [...] Read more.

Citral is a monoterpene constituted by two isomers known as neral and geranial. It is present in different plant sources and recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In recent years, investigations have demonstrated that this compound exhibited several biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antiparasitic, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, by in vitro and in vivo assays. Additionally, when incorporated into different food matrices, citral can reduce the microbial load of pathogenic microorganisms and extend the shelf life. This compound has acceptable drug-likeness properties and does not present any violations of Lipinski’s rules, which could be used for drug development. The above shows that citral could be a compound of interest for developing food additives to extend the shelf life of animal and vegetable origin foods and develop pharmaceutical products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oil of the Plants: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, and Biological Applications)

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