Actuators

Advanced Actuators and Dampers for Next-Generation Vibration and Noise Control

edited by Hermann Rottengruber,

and Tommy Luft

submission deadline 15 May 2026 | 2 articles | Viewed by 1502 | Submission Open

Keywords: active vibration control; passive damping systems; hybrid damping technologies; smart actuators and materials; acoustic noise reduction; structural dynamics and control; adaptive vibration suppression; broadband noise mitigation; intelligent damping solutions; advanced actuator technologies

Design and Control of Soft Assistive Wearable Robots

edited by

Inderjeet Singh

, Veysel Erel and

Muthu B. J. Wijesundara

submission deadline 15 May 2026 | 1 articles | Viewed by 1266 | Submission Open

Keywords: soft robotics; wearable robots; assistive robots; flexible sensors; exoskeletons; human-robot interaction; biomechanical design; control strategies; medical rehabilitation; industrial assistance; compliant actuators; safety and intuitiveness; advanced materials and technologies

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)

Human-Centered Actuation: Algorithms, Design, and Robotic Applications

edited by

Wojciech Wolanśki

and

Andrzej Burghardt

submission deadline 20 May 2026 | 1 articles | Viewed by 875 | Submission Open

Keywords: actuation; algorithms; design; robotic; control; safety; manipulation; human-centered robotic; assistive robotics; human-robot interaction; intelligent robotic systems

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)

Magnetic Levitation and Actuator Integration: From Fundamental Research to Emerging Applications

edited by

,

, Jin Zhou,

,

and

submission deadline 30 May 2026 | 10 articles | Viewed by 8056 | Submission Open

Keywords: magnetic levitation; intelligent control; vibration control; system applications; robust algorithms

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Surface Vehicles)

Advances in Piezoelectric Actuators and Materials

edited by

Dalius Mažeika

,

Piotr Vasiljev

and

Andrius Čeponis

submission deadline 31 May 2026 | 3 articles | Viewed by 6581 | Submission Open

Keywords: piezoelectric actuators; piezoelectric motors; piezoelectric transducers; piezoelectric energy harvesters; materials; applications

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuator Materials)

Advances in Electrorheological and Magnetorheological Materials: Material Design, Control and Industrial Applications

edited by

Ramin Sedaghati

,

Norman M. Wereley

and Subhash Rakheja

submission deadline 31 May 2026 | 6 articles | Viewed by 5753 | Submission Open

Keywords: electrorheological (ER) and magnetorheological Materials (MR); ER- and MR-based adaptive systems and structures; fabrication; characterization and modeling of ER and MR materials; magneto-active soft robotic actuators; ER- and MR-based energy harvesting devices; electro- and magneto-active metamaterials

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuator Materials)

Human-Centric Intelligent Actuation Systems: Innovations in Control, Sensing, and Multidisciplinary Applications

edited by Shenglin Mu and Satoru Shibata

submission deadline 31 May 2026 | 5 articles | Viewed by 5530 | Submission Open

Keywords: human-centric actuation; intelligent control systems; human– machine interaction; advanced sensing technologies; multidisciplinary applications; high-precision actuation; energy-efficient actuation; miniaturized actuators; smart materials for actuation

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)

Advanced Underwater Robotics

edited by

João Falcão Carneiro

and

Nuno Cruz

submission deadline 31 May 2026 | 2 articles | Viewed by 2087 | Submission Open

Keywords: underwater robotics; autonomous underwater vehicles; underwater sensor platforms; underwater energy harvesting; underwater robot actuators; underwater robot sensors; underwater navigation

Dynamics and Design of Aerospace Actuators

edited by

Mohammad H. Sadraey

and

Musavir Bashir

submission deadline 31 May 2026 | Viewed by 254 | Submission Open

Keywords: flight control actuation systems; multi-axis actuators; smart actuation control; heavy-duty actuators; precision load-handling capabilities; nonlinear actuator design techniques; adaptive actuators; smart control actuators; piezoelectric actuators; integration testing and validation; actuator comprehensive modelling and simulation; utility actuation systems; actuator mechanisms design for extreme environmental conditions

(This special issue belongs to the Section Aerospace Actuators)

Actuators for Haptic and Tactile Stimulation Applications

edited by Ali Mohammadi and

Uriel Martinez-Hernandez

submission deadline 15 Jun 2026 | 2 articles | Viewed by 5223 | Submission Open

Keywords: tactile actuators; tactile perception; transduction mechanisms; tactile sensing; robotics; manipulation; human– robot interaction/collaboration; assistive devices; autonomous systems; machine learning

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)

Analysis and Design of Linear/Nonlinear Control System—2nd Edition

edited by

Chao-Chung Peng

submission deadline 15 Jun 2026 | 6 articles | Viewed by 3266 | Submission Open

Keywords: system modeling and parameter identification; linear/nonlinear control design; sliding mode control (SMC) systems; model reference adaptive control (MRAC) systems; proportional– integral– derivative (PID) control; robust observer design for disturbance/state estimation; sensor-fusion-based control technology; servo mechanism control design and applications; artificial intelligence (AI)-based technology for control systems; system digital twin modeling for diagonisis and control decision-making; path planning and optimization; control design of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); advanced control applications and optimization; robot control; navigation; localization; and mapping

(This special issue belongs to the Section Control Systems)

Fault Diagnosis and Tolerant Control of Aerospace Systems

edited by

Alex Caon

and

Stefano Silvestrini

submission deadline 15 Jun 2026 | Viewed by 298 | Submission Open

Keywords: fault diagnosis; fault-tolerant control; adaptive control; model-based methods; data-driven approaches; system reconfiguration; autonomous space systems; machine learning; in orbit servicing; active debris removal

(This special issue belongs to the Section Aerospace Actuators)

Feature Papers in Actuators for Surface Vehicles

edited by

Hai Wang

,

Xiaozheng Jin

,

Edi Kurniawan

and Jinlin Sun

submission deadline 30 Jun 2026 | 10 articles | Viewed by 19077 | Submission Open

Keywords: surface vehicles; control systems; autonomous navigation; artificial intelligence; path planning; obstacle avoidance

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Surface Vehicles)

Shape Memory Alloys and Piezoelectric Materials and Their Applications—2nd Edition

edited by

Hongli Ji

and Chao Zhang

submission deadline 30 Jun 2026 | 5 articles | Viewed by 10346 | Submission Open

Keywords: shape memory alloys; piezoelectric materials; modeling of 3D SMA; modeling of flexible piezoelectric intelligent structure with large deformation; adaptive aerostructures; piezoelectric energy harvesting; vibration and noise control; precision drive; structural health monitoring

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuator Materials)

Advanced Technologies in Actuators for Control Systems

edited by

Guanghong Yang

, Yuanxin Li and Chao Deng

submission deadline 30 Jun 2026 | 5 articles | Viewed by 8506 | Submission Open

Keywords: data-driven control; learning-based control; adaptive control; cooperative control; secured control; applications to robotic systems; unmanned aerial vehicles; intelligent transportation; smart grids and smart manufacturing

(This special issue belongs to the Section Control Systems)

Active Flow Control: Recent Advances in Fundamentals and Applications—3rd Edition

edited by

Hui Tang

, Xin Wen and

Feng Ren

submission deadline 30 Jun 2026 | 6 articles | Viewed by 7736 | Submission Open

Keywords: active flow control; sensors and actuators; control of flow instability; flow separation control; mixing control; turbulence control; flow-induced vibration control; aeroacoustics control

(This special issue belongs to the Section Control Systems)

The Impact of Smart Structures in Contemporary and Future Aerospace Scenarios

edited by

Matteo Davide Lorenzo Dalla Vedova

,

Carlo Giovanni Ferro

and

Stefano Valvano

submission deadline 30 Jun 2026 | 2 articles | Viewed by 4414 | Submission Open

Keywords: smart structures; aerospace engineering; embedded actuation; closed-loop systems; sensor technologies; real-time processing; smart materials; actuation mechanisms; performance evaluation; resilient aircraft

(This special issue belongs to the Section Aerospace Actuators)

Modeling and Control for Chassis Devices in Electric Vehicles—2nd Edition

edited by

Seongjin Yim

and

Kanghyun Nam

submission deadline 30 Jun 2026 | 2 articles | Viewed by 2742 | Submission Open

Keywords: vehicle chassis devices; dynamic modeling and control; state/parameter estimation; coordinated control; fault-tolerant control; ride comfort

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Surface Vehicles)

Motion Planning and Control of Wearable Device Driven by Advanced Actuator

edited by

Qing Guo

,

Feiyan Min

and Wei Li

submission deadline 30 Jun 2026 | 1 articles | Viewed by 2060 | Submission Open

Keywords: wearable device design; flexible manipulator design; motion trajectory planning; motion gait learning; human posture identification; wearable exoskeleton control; impedance control; admittance control; flexible actuator design; flexible joint drive

Multifunctional Actuators: Design, Control and Integration

edited by

Lucian Pîslaru-Dănescu

and Marius Popa

submission deadline 30 Jun 2026 | 1 articles | Viewed by 1320 | Submission Open

Keywords: multifunctional actuator systems; functional and/or multifunctional materials; actuator-based adaptive control; hybrid actuation systems; electronic drives; advanced manufacturing of multifunctional actuator; micro sensors and actuators

(This special issue belongs to the Section Miniaturized and Micro Actuators)

Vibration Control Based on Intelligent Actuators and Sensors

edited by

Tongfei Tian

,

Yingdan Liu

,

Shou-Hu Xuan

and Yuhiro Iwamoto

submission deadline 30 Jun 2026 | 2 articles | Viewed by 1004 | Submission Open

Keywords: intelligent actuators; smart sensors; vibration control; adaptive structures; magnetorheological materials; electrorheological materials; piezoelectric actuators; active and semi-active control; structural health monitoring; advanced control algorithms

(This special issue belongs to the Section Control Systems)

Miniature and Micro-Actuators—2nd Edition

edited by

Jose Luis Sanchez-Rojas

submission deadline 30 Jun 2026 | 1 articles | Viewed by 797 | Submission Open

Keywords: materials for microactuators; processes and fabrication of miniaturized actuators; modelling and simulation; actuation principles micromechanisms and geometry scaling; characterization and testing techniques for micro-actuators; final applications of miniaturized or micro-actuator devices and systems

(This special issue belongs to the Section Miniaturized and Micro Actuators)

Embodied Intelligence and Actuator Co-Design for Autonomous Vehicles

edited by Zirui Li,

Xiaocong Zhao

, Xiaolin He,

Guodong Du

and

Chen Lyu

submission deadline 30 Jun 2026 | Viewed by 331 | Submission Open

Keywords: embodied intelligence and actuator selection/placement; integrated perception– control– actuation loops; predictive and robust control; learning-based approaches for actuation; active chassis and motion control; human-machine interaction; co-optimization of energy and thermal management; digital twins for actuator design and validation; actuation systems for autonomous vehicles

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Surface Vehicles)

Innovative Actuators Based on Shape Memory Alloys—2nd Edition

edited by

Todor Stoilov Todorov

and

Rosen Mitrev

submission deadline 30 Jun 2026 | Viewed by 214 | Submission Open

Keywords: SMA-based actuators for precise linear or rotary displacement; microactuators driven by SMAs in smart structures; SMA actuators for application in medicine; aerospace; robotics; and micro- and nanorobotics; bistable SMA actuators; multidomain modeling and control of SMA-based actuators; innovative industry applications of SMA-based actuators; innovative methods for the design of SMA actuators; methods for improving the dynamics of SMA actuators; machine learning; numerical and FEM models of SMA actuators; energy harvesting with SMAs

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuator Materials)

Advances in Dynamics and Motion Control of Unmanned Aerial/Underwater/Ground Vehicles—2nd Edition

edited by

Han Sol Kim

submission deadline 15 Jul 2026 | 3 articles | Viewed by 2652 | Submission Open

Keywords: unmanned vehicle; vehicle dynamic modeling and control; remotely operated vehicle; unnamed aerial vehicle; actuator and sensor faults

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Surface Vehicles)

AI, Designing, Sensing, Instrumentation, Diagnosis, Controlling, and Integration of Actuators in Digital Manufacturing—3rd Edition

edited by

,

,

,

,

and

submission deadline 15 Jul 2026 | Viewed by 197 | Submission Open

Keywords: literature surveys on working principles; methodologies; and applications of actuators; AI; openAI; and chatGPT in engineering; smart actuators; macro/micro systems; temperature-compensation actuators; mechatronic designs of actuators; new fabrication; assembly; and testing of actuators; actuators from additive manufacturing; predictive controls; improvement of existing actuators; actuators in defense and space explorations and other applications; actuators in productions; actuators in digital manufacturing; actuators in cyber– physical systems; actuators in robotics; new technologies such as sensing; diagnosis; modelling; and analysis relevant to actuators; self-powered actuators; sensors; and cyber– physical sensors; modelling methods for analyses and optimization of actuators; actuators in digital manufacturing; designs of actuators in special applications; especially in deep sea or space explorations; actuators in mechatronic products and systems

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Manufacturing Systems)

Wearable and Soft Robotics for Rehabilitation Applications

edited by

Ching-yi Wu

submission deadline 20 Jul 2026 | Viewed by 204 | Submission Open

Keywords: wearable robotics; soft robotics; rehabilitation engineering; human robot interaction; assistive devices; exoskeletons; sensor based control; neurorehabilitation; compliant actuators; smart rehabilitation systems

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)

Intelligent Planning and Collaborative Control for Unmanned Swarm Systems

edited by

Guangtao Ran

,

Yanning Guo

,

Kai Zhang

and Chuanjiang Li

submission deadline 30 Jul 2026 | 3 articles | Viewed by 1332 | Submission Open

Keywords: unmanned swarm systems; aerospace systems; collaborative control; intelligent decision-making; mission planning; learning-based intelligent control

(This special issue belongs to the Section Aerospace Actuators)

Modeling and Nonlinear Control for Complex MIMO Mechatronic Systems—2nd Edition

edited by Gang Li, Huimin Ouyang and Tong Yang

submission deadline 30 Jul 2026 | 1 articles | Viewed by 229 | Submission Open

Keywords: intelligent designing and modeling of MIMO systems; trajectory planning; adaptive control; vibration control; observer-based control; robotics; robustness; fault diagnostics

(This special issue belongs to the Section Control Systems)

Intuitive Actuation and Control for Assistive Robots and Exoskeletons for Workers

edited by Cristian Camardella and Massimiliano Solazzi

submission deadline 30 Jul 2026 | Viewed by 174 | Submission Open

Keywords: exoskeleton; robotics; control; soft design; usability; actuation; artificial intelligence; assistive device; industry; acceptability

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)

Advances in Fluid Power Systems and Actuators

edited by Mercè Garcia-Vilchez and

Pedro Javier Gamez-Montero

submission deadline 31 Jul 2026 | 5 articles | Viewed by 4878 | Submission Open

Keywords: fluid power; simulation; hydraulics; mechanical design; manufacturing; experimental techniques; fault detection; noise; vibration

(This special issue belongs to the Section High Torque/Power Density Actuators)

Advanced Theory and Application of Magnetic Actuators—3rd Edition

edited by

,

, Jin Zhou,

,

and

submission deadline 31 Jul 2026 | 7 articles | Viewed by 3902 | Submission Open

Keywords: magnetic bearing; maglev train; magnetic suspension; suspension control; new maglev technology; new applications of maglev technology

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Surface Vehicles)

Actuation and Biomedical Development of Micro/Nano Robotics

edited by

Kihan Park

submission deadline 31 Jul 2026 | 1 articles | Viewed by 2901 | Submission Open

Keywords: microbots; nanorobots; untethered robot; wireless actuation; biomedical robotics; biocompatible; healthcare; diagnosis; treatment

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Medical Instruments)

Advanced High-Precision Control Systems in Industrial Applications

edited by Yaoming Zhuang, Chengdong Wu and Jingyu Ru

submission deadline 31 Jul 2026 | 1 articles | Viewed by 1635 | Submission Open

Keywords: high-precision control systems and actuators; control systems and actuators dedicated to industrial applications; multi-axis cooperative control and actuators; intelligent control and actuators; industrial robotics and actuators; control systems and actuators dedicated to Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

(This special issue belongs to the Section Precision Actuators)

Advanced Actuation, Intelligent Sensor and Precise Manipulation Technology in Human–Robot Interaction—2nd Edition

edited by

Tao Chen

,

Minglu Zhu

and

Haidong He

submission deadline 31 Jul 2026 | 1 articles | Viewed by 935 | Submission Open

Keywords: microactuation techniques; micro-/nanoactuators; electronic drives; high-power drives; manipulation; sensor; haptic feedback; artificial muscle

Intelligent Actuation and Advanced Control for Robotics and Autonomous Systems

edited by

Hai Wang

submission deadline 31 Jul 2026 | 1 articles | Viewed by 739 | Submission Open

Keywords: actuators; motion control; robotics; autonomous systems; human– robot interaction; intelligent control; mechatronics

(This special issue belongs to the Section Control Systems)

Microfluidic and MEMS Devices for Biologically Inspired Actuators

edited by

Snehan Peshin

and

Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh

submission deadline 31 Jul 2026 | Viewed by 647 | Submission Open

Keywords: microfluidics; bio-MEMS; actuators; microelectromechanical systems (MEMS); fluid manipulation; biomedical engineering; precision control; fabrication techniques; experimental research; theoretical models

(This special issue belongs to the Section Miniaturized and Micro Actuators)

Advanced Electric Motor Technologies for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles and Future Air Mobility Propulsion Systems

edited by Yong-Min You,

Youngkeun Yoon

and Kyu-yun Hwang

submission deadline 31 Jul 2026 | Viewed by 179 | Submission Open

Keywords: electric propulsion systems; axial-flux motors; permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM); advanced air mobility (AAM); high-power-density electric machines; thermal management of electric motors; fault-tolerant motor design; high-speed motor technology; AI-driven motor optimization; motor– inverter integration

(This special issue belongs to the Section High Torque/Power Density Actuators)

Servoactuators, Hydraulic or Mechanical, in the Era of Electric (Aero)Space and Automotive Vehicles

edited by

Ioan Ursu

and Liviu Dinca

submission deadline 31 Jul 2026 | Viewed by 148 | Submission Open

Keywords: PID control; LQG control; backstepping; sliding mode and geometric control; adaptive control synthesis; intelligent control synthesis: neural; and fuzzy control; systems with delay; switching systems; critical stability; absolute stability; robustness theory

(This special issue belongs to the Section Aerospace Actuators)

Micro- and Nanorobotics for Biomedical Applications

edited by

Gwangjun Go

submission deadline 15 Aug 2026 | 1 articles | Viewed by 1651 | Submission Open

Keywords: micro/nano robotics; biomimetic robotics; soft robotics; wireless actuation; targeted delivery; biomedical applications

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)

Flight Control Systems and Dynamic Simulation for Aerospace Applications—2nd Edition

edited by

Antonio Carlo Bertolino

and

Andrea De Martin

submission deadline 15 Aug 2026 | 1 articles | Viewed by 876 | Submission Open

Keywords: dynamic modeling of aerospace actuators; electromechanical (EMA); electro-hydraulic (EHA); and electro-hydrostatic (EHA) actuators; modeling of flight control actuation system components and architectures; multiphysics; multidomain; and multiscale simulation; model-based actuator design and optimization; simulation; virtual prototyping; virtual test-benches; flight control actuation systems digital twin for PHM

(This special issue belongs to the Section Aerospace Actuators)

Rehabilitation Robotics and Intelligent Assistive Devices

edited by Hussein A. Abdullah

submission deadline 15 Aug 2026 | 1 articles | Viewed by 838 | Submission Open

Keywords: rehabilitation robotics; assistive devices; machine learning; advanced sensing; man-machine interface; impermeant limbs; intelligent systems; adaptive control; machine vision

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)

Actuation and Sensing of Intelligent Soft Robots—2nd Edition

edited by

Guanbin Gao

submission deadline 20 Aug 2026 | 3 articles | Viewed by 1660 | Submission Open

Keywords: intelligent soft robots; soft actuation mechanisms; flexible and embedded sensors; bio-inspired robotics; sensor fusion and data integration; soft robotic control and modeling; human– robot interaction (HRI); shape memory alloys and electroactive polymers; pneumatic and hydraulic actuators; wearable robotics and assistive devices

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)

Machine Learning for Actuation and Control in Robotic Joint Systems

edited by Gao Huang and Pan Yu

submission deadline 25 Aug 2026 | 1 articles | Viewed by 898 | Submission Open

Keywords: robotic joint control; robot joint design; machine learning; modeling; control; and optimization of electromechanical systems; adaptive control; neural networks; soft robot and actuation; humanoid robot; bio-inspired robot design; optimization of robot transmission; machine learning-based motion control

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)

Harnessing Morphological Computation for Intelligent Actuated Systems

edited by

Matteo Cianchetti

,

Niccolò Pagliarani

, Perla Maiolino and

Marco Pontin

submission deadline 30 Aug 2026 | Viewed by 510 | Submission Open

Keywords: morphological computation; physical control; embodied intelligence; bioinspired simplification principles; control simplification; interaction-based intelligence; smart actuators; soft actuators; nonlinear systems; smart mechanisms

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)

Actuators in Fluid Power and Electro-Hydraulic Systems

edited by Roberto Strada and

Paolo Righettini

submission deadline 30 Aug 2026 | Viewed by 207 | Submission Open

Keywords: modeling and simulation of electro-hydraulic systems and components; modeling and simulation of pneumatic systems and components; numerical methods for the simulation of pneumatic and hydraulic components; management and control strategies for optimal motion control; management and control strategies for energy saving optimization; energy consumption assessment; new design solutions for components and systems; soft robotic actuators; electro-hydrostatic actuators and their control techniques; hydrostatic transmissions and their control techniques

(This special issue belongs to the Section Control Systems)

Advanced Technologies on the Control Method of Electromagnetic Actuator—Second Edition

edited by

Biao Xiang

,

Cong Peng

and Haitao Li

submission deadline 31 Aug 2026 | 6 articles | Viewed by 6083 | Submission Open

Keywords: magnetic bearing; electromagnetic actuator; electromagnetic analysis; electromagnetic compatibility; advanced control theory; signal processing

(This special issue belongs to the Section Control Systems)

Active Disturbance Rejection Control: Theory, Design, and Applications in Advanced Actuation Systems

edited by Yan Wu,

Seenith Sivasundaram

and

Thomas Yang

submission deadline 31 Aug 2026 | 8 articles | Viewed by 4767 | Submission Open

Keywords: extended state observer; nonlinear control; bandwidth parametrization; error feedback control; dynamic compensation; robustness; model independence; decoupling; tracking differentiator

(This special issue belongs to the Section Control Systems)

Mechanical, Optical, and Acoustic Metamaterials and Anisotropic Design for Dynamic Control in Actuators and Sensors

edited by

Yasu Sakai

, Tomohisa Tanaka,

Xinyi Xie

and

Koki Jimbo

submission deadline 31 Aug 2026 | 2 articles | Viewed by 4101 | Submission Open

Keywords: mechanical metamaterials ; anisotropic design ; dynamic control ; actuators and actuators ; soft robotics ; functional materials

(This special issue belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)

Innovations in Hydrostatic Pumps, Motors, and Fluid Power Systems: Design, Control, and Applications

edited by

Kyoung Kwan Ahn

, Ji-Seong Jang,

Sangwon Ji

and

Kyeong-Ju Kong

submission deadline 31 Aug 2026 | 2 articles | Viewed by 1933 | Submission Open

Keywords: hydrostatic pumps and motors; fluid power systems; volumetric displacement mechanisms; port plate design; pressure-transition optimization; leakage and noise reduction; advanced control and monitoring; electro-hydrostatic actuators; energy-efficient hydraulics

(This special issue belongs to the Section High Torque/Power Density Actuators)

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