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Background: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-based vaccines show the potential to disrupt spermatogenesis without disturbing sexual function and libido in males. Herein, we developed a novel FSH vaccine based on the tandem of a conserved 13-amino a...

Population aging is the most significant demographic transformation of the 21st century, reshaping health systems, economies, and societies. The biological processes of immunosenescence and inflammaging weaken host defenses, reduce vaccine effectiven...

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of hospitalization in early infancy, with the greatest burden occurring in the first months of life. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries experienced intensified RSV circulat...

Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection has raised concerns about altered immune responses, creating a need to evaluate influenza vaccine performance in the post-COVID period. This study aimed to compare the immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent inact...

Background/Objectives: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted virus worldwide and is frequently detected in women of reproductive age. In this population, HPV-related diseases and their management may affect reproductive h...

Persistent infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV), also known as hepatitis delta, is considered the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis. HDV is a defective RNA virus that depends on hepatitis B virus (HBV) for propagation. Despite its global...

Background: The emergence of coccidial drug resistance has intensified the search for sustainable, residue-free solutions to control poultry coccidiosis. This challenge has positioned plant essential oils as promising candidates among the priority re...

Peptide-based vaccines offer a modular and readily manufacturable platform for both prophylactic and therapeutic immunization. However, their broader translation has been constrained by the limited capacity to predict protective immunity directly fro...

Background: People with HIV (PWH) face elevated risk of pneumococcal disease despite optimal antiretroviral therapy. In Italy, pneumococcal vaccination coverage in adults remains suboptimal. For PWH, access barriers may be amplified because adult vac...

Background/Objectives: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has a history of low coverage (<50%) with all first-year-of-life vaccines for children aged 12–23 months, resulting in frequent outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. In r...

This study aimed to explore the cognitive levels and influencing factors of Shanghai residents regarding non-immunization program vaccines. A population-based study was conducted in Shanghai in 2024. Objective: To examine awareness levels and factors...

The development of a universal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine holds great promise for achieving broad and durable protection against existing and future coronavirus variants. The identification, selection, and rational redesign of conserved viral epitopes consti...

Background: The prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM) patients remains poor. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination has been investigated as an immunotherapy option, mainly in early-phase clinical studies. Herein, we report the feasibility, safety, and descriptiv...

Background/Objectives: Aged care residents are highly vulnerable to vaccine-preventable diseases. Despite recommendations and funding under Australian programs, vaccination rates among residents for COVID-19, influenza, pneumococcal and shingles rema...

Background: Highly potent vaccines are essential for the effective control of classical swine fever (CSF). Since CSF re-emerged in 2018 in Japan, the live CSF virus (CSFV) vaccine—a guinea pig exaltation of Newcastle disease virus-negative stra...

Objectives: In response to the challenge that Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) vaccines fail to induce durable protective immunity, this study aims to develop a novel antigen-adjuvant co-design strategy. Specifically, we rationally combined the immu...

The prompt and extensive use of COVID-19 vaccines has dramatically reduced both cases and casualties, but it has also underscored a number of critical issues that need to be addressed for their full exploitation at global level. This Special Issue wa...

Background: Large urban centers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) often have persistent pockets of under-immunized children, despite higher overall vaccination coverage than rural areas. Lahore, a megacity in Pakistan, had the lowest rate o...

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are pivotal in influenza containment, serving as both high-risk individuals and vaccine advocates. However, influenza vaccination coverage among Chinese HCWs remains suboptimal. Existing research is often constra...

Background: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted a benefit–risk assessment for Moderna’s COVID vaccine mRNA-1273 prior to its full approval, announced 31 January 2022. The FDA’s assessment focused on males 18–...

Background: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a severe viral infection of the central nervous system transmitted by tick bites. Vaccination represents the only effective preventive measure, yet data on TBE vaccine effectiveness in Italy are lacking. T...

The authors would like to make the following correction to the published paper [...]

As Guest Editors of the Special Issue “Trust, Willingness, and Associated Factors towards COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake” [...]

Background/Objectives: Sabin strain-based inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV) is increasingly used in China’s routine immunization program and is often administered concomitantly with other childhood vaccines. However, large-scale real-world...

Background/Objectives: Maternal immunization against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an emerging strategy to protect infants during early life when they are most vulnerable to severe RSV infection. However, little is known about the willingness...

The development of safe, effective, and durable vaccines remains a central goal in preventing infectious diseases in humans and animals [...]

Spatial transcriptomics (ST) enables genome-wide gene expression profiling while preserving tissue architecture, bridging the gap between bulk, single-cell, and histological analyses. Originating in 2016 and rapidly evolving since, ST has transformed...

Background/Objectives: The rapid development of safe and efficacious vaccines is often hindered by extensive, mandated non-clinical safety evaluations in animals. With the aim to provide scientific evidence supporting a “vaccine platform approa...

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of cervical and oropharyngeal cancers. Vaccination can prevent over 90% of HPV-attributed cancers. Rural populations are less likely to initiate and complete HPV vaccinations than urban. The primary...

Background/Objectives: Adjuvants, added to vaccines to enhance immune responses, are central to shaping the magnitude and durability of immunity, yet their precise mechanisms remain incompletely defined. This study evaluated how diverse adjuvant comb...

Respiratory infections cause substantial morbidity and mortality in older adults and other at-risk adult populations. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, adult vaccination coverage remains suboptimal. This narrative review examines strate...

Background/Objectives: Vaccination coverage among adolescents remains below the recommended target, highlighting the need for effective educational strategies to improve vaccine knowledge. This study aimed to assess baseline knowledge of vaccines and...

Background: Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) caused by Neisseria meningitidis remains a major public health concern due to its severity, lethality, and long-term sequelae. To address the rise in serogroups W and Y in Spain, the Community of Madri...

Background/Objectives: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), particularly the emerging GII genotype, poses a severe threat to the swine industry in affected regions, primarily in Asia. Current vaccines based on classical strains often provide limit...

Background/Objectives: HPV vaccination rates among U.S. young adults remain unchanged at 47% since 2019. Barriers including misinformation, vaccine hesitancy, and stigma surrounding HPV’s long-standing association with sexually transmitted infe...

Background: Children with special healthcare needs (CSHCNs) face persistent barriers to timely immunization in China, but comparative evidence across disease groups and vaccines, and data on immune function, are limited. Methods: We conducted a retro...

Background/Objectives: Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can lead to malignancies of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx. The increasing incidence of HPV-related head and neck cancers has raised concerns regarding pot...

Introduction: Cholera remains a major public health threat in endemic settings, and oral cholera vaccine (Shanchol™) campaigns are increasingly used amid constrained global supply. However, practical decisions on revaccination require clearer,...

Background: ExPEC9V is a 9-valent vaccine candidate designed to prevent invasive Escherichia coli disease, a life-threatening condition occurring when extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) invade sterile sites. We evaluated immunogenicity and sa...

Background: The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is crucial for antigen presentation and vaccine efficacy. This study examined the association between HLA polymorphisms and the immune response to hepatitis B vaccination in children with acute lymphoblas...

Background/objectives. Emerging viral diseases represent an increasing threat to global health security, driven by environmental change, globalization, and intensified human–animal–environment interactions. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed c...

In the original publication [...]

Objective: To develop a novel and efficient vaccine for controlling scuticociliatosis in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), this study targeted the parasitic ciliate Pseudocohnilembus persalinus for membrane protein vaccine preparation. Methods: The immu...

Background: Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the key driver of cervical carcinogenesis and post-treatment recurrence. Although excisional treatment effectively removes dysplastic tissue, it does not directly target vi...

Next-generation human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines encompass newly licensed and emerging formulations that employ alternative production platforms, expanded valency, or novel antigenic targets beyond conventional L1-based vaccines. These vaccines ai...

Objectives: To analyze the changes in the proportion of the rotavirus vaccine among children born in the 2017–2023 cohort and to assess the current status of rotavirus vaccination coverage in Suzhou, China. To monitor adverse events following i...

In the original publication [...]

Background/Objectives: We previously developed a low-cost vaccine based on Newcastle disease virus expressing a stabilized pre-fusion spike of SARS-CoV-2 (NDV-HXP-S), which has shown safety and immunogenicity in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Due...

Background: Patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD) are susceptible to influenza infections and their complications. However, they may avoid vaccination for fear of exacerbating their IRD. This study evaluates the 2023/24 influenza vaccin...

Immunotherapy has become a cornerstone of cancer treatment in both the early and advanced setting in recent years, leading to the achievement of substantial and durable responses with an excellent safety profile across different tumor types. This dem...