Bioengineering 2025, 12(9), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12090954 (registering DOI) - 5 Sep 2025
Abstract
Deep learning (DL) has revolutionized medical image analysis (MIA), enabling early anomaly detection, precise lesion segmentation, and automated disease classification. However, its clinical integration faces two major challenges: reliance on limited, narrowly annotated datasets that inadequately capture real-world patient diversity, and the inherent
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Deep learning (DL) has revolutionized medical image analysis (MIA), enabling early anomaly detection, precise lesion segmentation, and automated disease classification. However, its clinical integration faces two major challenges: reliance on limited, narrowly annotated datasets that inadequately capture real-world patient diversity, and the inherent “black-box” nature of DL decision-making, which complicates physician scrutiny and accountability. Eye tracking (ET) technology offers a transformative solution by capturing radiologists’ gaze patterns to generate supervisory signals. These signals enhance DL models through two key mechanisms: providing weak supervision to improve feature recognition and diagnostic accuracy, particularly when labeled data are scarce, and enabling direct comparison between machine and human attention to bridge interpretability gaps and build clinician trust. This approach also extends effectively to multimodal learning models (MLMs) and vision–language models (VLMs), supporting the alignment of machine reasoning with clinical expertise by grounding visual observations in diagnostic context, refining attention mechanisms, and validating complex decision pathways. Conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement and registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024569630), this review synthesizes state-of-the-art strategies for ET-DL integration. We further propose a unified framework in which ET innovatively serves as a data efficiency optimizer, a model interpretability validator, and a multimodal alignment supervisor. This framework paves the way for clinician-centered AI systems that prioritize verifiable reasoning, seamless workflow integration, and intelligible performance, thereby addressing key implementation barriers and outlining a path for future clinical deployment.
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(This article belongs to the Section Biosignal Processing)
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