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New Sight for the Treatment of Dental Diseases: Updates and...
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New Sight for the Treatment of Dental Diseases: Updates and Direction

A special issue of Bioengineering (ISSN 2306-5354). This special issue belongs to the section "Regenerative Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2026 | Viewed by 36760

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Angelo Michele Inchingolo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy
Interests: stem cells regeneration tissue; dental disease; dental biomaterials; orthodontic diseases; orthodontic innovation; oral surgery
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The main aim of this Special Issue is to present new and innovative trends and methods used in every aspect of dentistry. Today, we are witnessing the accelerated development of materials and technology, including those applied in the treatment, and general improvement of the treatment, of dental disease. Constant progress is necessary to meet the growing demands of the profession and take advantage of the latest knowledge in the field of materials and technology applicable in the dental profession. Regenerative methods and biomaterials are finding increasing use in dental clinical practice.

The purpose of this Special Issue, entitled “New Sight for the Treatment of Dental Diseases: Updates and Direction”, is to make relevant work known to our colleagues in the field. To achieve this, this Special Issue, edited by Dr. Angelo Michele Inchingolo, invites scientists to submit research articles, review articles, and short communications focused on this topic.

We look forward to your valuable contributions to make this Special Issue a reference resource for future researchers in the field of treatment for dental diseases.

Dr. Angelo Michele Inchingolo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Bioengineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 789 KB  
Article
Effect of Abutment Screw Design on Torque Loss Under Cyclic Fatigue Loading: A Comparison of TSIII and KSIII Implant Systems
by Jung-Tae Lee, Jae-Chang Lee, Dong-Wook Han and Bongju Kim
Bioengineering 2025, 12(10), 1131; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12101131 - 21 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background: Abutment screw loosening (ASL) is the most frequent mechanical complication in dentistry, leading to prosthetic instability and biological risks. Preload, generated during screw tightening, is critical for maintaining stability but is influenced by torque application, screw geometry, and cyclic loading. Methods: This [...] Read more.
Background: Abutment screw loosening (ASL) is the most frequent mechanical complication in dentistry, leading to prosthetic instability and biological risks. Preload, generated during screw tightening, is critical for maintaining stability but is influenced by torque application, screw geometry, and cyclic loading. Methods: This in vitro study compared torque loss between two implant systems (Osstem TSIII and KSIII) with different abutment screw designs. Fifty implant–abutment assemblies (n = 5 per torque group) were tested under tightening torques of 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 Ncm. Initial removal torque (T1) was measured 5 min after tightening, followed by cyclic loading (150 N, 14 Hz, 100,000 cycles). Post-fatigue removal torque (T2) was then recorded, and torque loss rate (%) was calculated. Independent t-tests and a one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. Results: KSIII consistently exhibited higher T1 and T2 values than TSIII across all torque levels (p < 0.05). The torque loss rate for TSIII ranged from 36.5% (35 Ncm) to 51.8% (20 Ncm), showing a torque-dependent trend (p < 0.05). In contrast, KSIII maintained torque loss rates below 25% at all levels, with no significant differences between torque groups (p > 0.05). On average, torque loss in TSIII was approximately 2.5–3.0 times higher than in KSIII. Conclusions: The KSIII system demonstrated superior biomechanical stability, with significantly lower torque loss compared with TSIII, independent of torque level. Clinically, these findings suggest that the KSIII system may reduce the incidence of screw loosening and associated complications. A tightening torque of approximately 35 Ncm appeared to provide the most stable preload. Long-term in vivo studies are warranted to confirm these results under clinical conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sight for the Treatment of Dental Diseases: Updates and Direction)
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21 pages, 3784 KB  
Article
Orthodontic Bracket Removal and Enamel Roughness: Comparing the Effects of Sapphire and Metallic Brackets in an In Vitro Study
by Cosmin Bogdan Licsăndroiu, Mihaela Jana Țuculină, Adelina Smaranda Bugălă, Petre Costin Mărășescu, Felicia Ileana Mărășescu, Andreea Gabriela Nicola, Cristian Niky Cumpătă, Cosmin Mihai Mirițoiu, Ovidiu Ioan Gheorghe, Maria Cristina Bezna, Elena Verona Licsăndroiu and Ionela Teodora Dascălu
Bioengineering 2025, 12(10), 1041; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12101041 - 28 Sep 2025
Viewed by 398
Abstract
Background: Enamel surface roughness after bracket debonding is an important issue due to its impact on plaque accumulation and the potential development of carious lesions. This in vitro study aimed to assess enamel roughness after the removal of metallic and sapphire brackets and [...] Read more.
Background: Enamel surface roughness after bracket debonding is an important issue due to its impact on plaque accumulation and the potential development of carious lesions. This in vitro study aimed to assess enamel roughness after the removal of metallic and sapphire brackets and the effect of a remineralization treatment. Methods: Two hundred extracted human permanent teeth with healthy enamel were randomly distributed into two groups (n = 100) and bonded with either metallic or sapphire brackets using the same adhesive (3M™ Transbond™ XT (St. Paul, MN, USA), Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, MN, USA). The enamel surface roughness was measured before bonding, after debonding, and after remineralization using SEM and a TR200 roughness (SaluTron GmbH, Frechen, Germany) tester. The parameter Ra was used to quantify the surface roughness. One-way ANOVA, the normality test, variance homogeneity, and the Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Results: Debonding significantly increased the enamel surface roughness in both groups. The sapphire bracket group presented significantly higher mean Ra values post debonding (4.14 ± 0.36 µm) compared to the metallic group (2.56 ± 0.52 µm). Remineralization led to a decrease in surface roughness in both groups, though not to baseline levels. The changes were statistically significant (p < 0.01), with a power of the test of 1.0. Conclusions: The bracket material significantly affects enamel surface roughness after orthodontic debonding. Sapphire brackets produced greater surface irregularities than metallic ones. Remineralization partially reduced roughness in both groups, with the final values in the metallic group being closer to baseline levels. Crucially, these values remained far above the clinical threshold for plaque retention, highlighting the need for improved debonding techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sight for the Treatment of Dental Diseases: Updates and Direction)
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10 pages, 525 KB  
Article
Class III Malocclusion in Growing Patients: Facemask vs. Functional Appliance: Experimental Study
by Lucia Giannini, Guido Galbiati, Cinzia Maspero, Gianna Dipalma and Roberto Biagi
Bioengineering 2025, 12(10), 1027; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12101027 - 26 Sep 2025
Viewed by 525
Abstract
Objective: We compared the skeletal effects of postero-anterior facemask (PAF) and functional appliance (FA) therapy in growing patients with Class III malocclusion. Materials and Methods: A total of 85 patients (mean age 9 ± 0.2 years) were treated with either a PAF (n [...] Read more.
Objective: We compared the skeletal effects of postero-anterior facemask (PAF) and functional appliance (FA) therapy in growing patients with Class III malocclusion. Materials and Methods: A total of 85 patients (mean age 9 ± 0.2 years) were treated with either a PAF (n = 50) or a FA (n = 35). Pre- and post-treatment cephalometric records were analyzed to assess sagittal (SNA, SNB, ANB, Wits appraisal) and vertical changes. Treatment outcomes were compared using Student’s t test for paired samples. Results: PAF therapy produced significantly greater improvements in the ANB angle (mean increase 4.1° vs. 1.7°) and Wits appraisal (2.4 mm vs. 0.9 mm) compared to FAs. Vertical control was superior in the PAF group, which showed a reduction in lower facial height, whereas FA patients exhibited a slight increase. Conclusions: PAF therapy was more effective than FAs in improving both sagittal and vertical skeletal relationships in growing Class III patients. Functional appliances provided only modest skeletal effects, mainly influencing mandibular position. Early intervention with a PAF should be considered the treatment of choice when maxillary protraction and vertical control are required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sight for the Treatment of Dental Diseases: Updates and Direction)
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16 pages, 3631 KB  
Article
Controlled Mandibular Repositioning: A Novel Approach for Treatment of TMDs
by Diwakar Singh, Alain Landry, Martina Schmid-Schwap, Eva Piehslinger, André Gahleitner, Thomas Holzinger, Yilin Wang, Jiang Chen and Xiaohui Rausch-Fan
Bioengineering 2025, 12(8), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12080865 - 11 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1473
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs), particularly disc displacement with reduction (DDwR), are prevalent musculoskeletal conditions characterized by symptoms such as joint clicking, pain, and sometimes limited jaw movements. Accurate diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary approach, including clinical examination, imaging (MRI), and functional analysis. Among conservative [...] Read more.
Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs), particularly disc displacement with reduction (DDwR), are prevalent musculoskeletal conditions characterized by symptoms such as joint clicking, pain, and sometimes limited jaw movements. Accurate diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary approach, including clinical examination, imaging (MRI), and functional analysis. Among conservative treatment modalities, anterior repositioning splints (ARSs) are widely used to recapture the displaced discs and reposition the mandibular condyles. Determining the optimal therapeutic position (Th.P) for anterior repositioning splint fabrication remains challenging due to individual anatomical variability and a lack of standardized guidelines. This study introduces the controlled mandibular repositioning (CMR) method, which integrates clinical examination, imaging (MRI), computerized cephalometry, computerized condylography, neuromuscular palpation, and the Condylar Position Variator (CPV) to define an individualized Th.P. After treatment with CMR stabilizers (splints), the control MRI confirmed that in 36 out of 37 joints, the discs were repositioned to their normal position. There was a reduction in pain, as shown by VAS scores at the 6-month follow-up. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of the CMR method to find a precise therapeutic position, resulting in a 97.3% joint luxation reduction in DDwR. This study underscores the importance of precise, individualized Th.P determination for effective anterior repositioning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sight for the Treatment of Dental Diseases: Updates and Direction)
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19 pages, 12723 KB  
Article
Automated Caries Detection Under Dental Restorations and Braces Using Deep Learning
by Yi-Cheng Mao, Yuan-Jin Lin, Jen-Peng Hu, Zi-Yu Liu, Shih-Lun Chen, Chiung-An Chen, Tsung-Yi Chen, Kuo-Chen Li, Liang-Hung Wang, Wei-Chen Tu and Patricia Angela R. Abu
Bioengineering 2025, 12(5), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12050533 - 15 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3148
Abstract
In the dentistry field, dental caries is a common issue affecting all age groups. The presence of dental braces and dental restoration makes the detection of caries more challenging. Traditionally, dentists rely on visual examinations to diagnose caries under restoration and dental braces, [...] Read more.
In the dentistry field, dental caries is a common issue affecting all age groups. The presence of dental braces and dental restoration makes the detection of caries more challenging. Traditionally, dentists rely on visual examinations to diagnose caries under restoration and dental braces, which can be prone to errors and are time-consuming. This study proposes an innovative deep learning and image processing-based approach for automated caries detection under restoration and dental braces, aiming to reduce the clinical burden on dental practitioners. The contributions of this research are summarized as follows: (1) YOLOv8 was employed to detect individual teeth in bitewing radiographs, and a rotation-aware segmentation method was introduced to handle angular variations in BW. The method achieved a sensitivity of 99.40% and a recall of 98.5%. (2) Using the original unprocessed images, AlexNet achieved an accuracy of 95.83% for detecting caries under restoration and dental braces. By incorporating the image processing techniques developed in this study, the accuracy of Inception-v3 improved to a maximum of 99.17%, representing a 3.34% increase over the baseline. (3) In clinical evaluation scenarios, the proposed AlexNet-based model achieved a specificity of 99.94% for non-caries cases and a precision of 99.99% for detecting caries under restoration and dental braces. All datasets used in this study were obtained with IRB approval (certificate number: 02002030B0). A total of 505 bitewing radiographs were collected from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taoyuan, Taiwan. Patients with a history of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were excluded from the dataset. The proposed system effectively identifies caries under restoration and dental braces, strengthens the dentist–patient relationship, and reduces dentist time during clinical consultations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sight for the Treatment of Dental Diseases: Updates and Direction)
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19 pages, 2357 KB  
Systematic Review
Predictability of Dental Distalization with Clear Aligners: A Systematic Review
by Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Vincenzo Carpentiere, Gaetano Del Vecchio, Laura Ferrante, Angela Di Noia, Andrea Palermo, Daniela Di Venere, Gianna Dipalma and Francesco Inchingolo
Bioengineering 2023, 10(12), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10121390 - 4 Dec 2023
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7341
Abstract
The current review aims to evaluate the scientific evidence relating to the effectiveness of treatment with clear aligners (CAs) in controlling distalization orthodontic tooth movement. “Orthodontics, aligners” and “distalization” were the search terms used on the Scopus, Web of Science and Pubmed databases [...] Read more.
The current review aims to evaluate the scientific evidence relating to the effectiveness of treatment with clear aligners (CAs) in controlling distalization orthodontic tooth movement. “Orthodontics, aligners” and “distalization” were the search terms used on the Scopus, Web of Science and Pubmed databases with the Boolean operator “AND”. The results of the last ten years of research were 146 studies; of these, 19 publications were included for this review. The distalization movement is possible with invisible masks alone, but the risk of losing anchorage in the anterior sectors is very probable. The stability of the results and the reduction of unwanted effects can be guaranteed by the use of skeletal anchoring devices and interproximal enamel reduction (IPR), with which compensations are obtained to reduce the initial overjet. Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) can be used to manage posterior anchorage after distalization of maxillary molars with aligners. This hybrid approach has demonstrated the greatest orthodontic success. TADs are useful aids to provide direct and indirect skeletal anchorage. The opposite effect must be considered when planning dental distalization, especially of the molars, in patients with large overjet, and corrective measures or the use of auxiliaries may be necessary to prevent midcourse corrections. This systematic review provides a critical evidence-based assessment of the predictability of dental distalization with CAs, an ever-evolving orthodontic technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sight for the Treatment of Dental Diseases: Updates and Direction)
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15 pages, 1591 KB  
Systematic Review
Analysis of Dental Enamel Remineralization: A Systematic Review of Technique Comparisons
by Giuseppina Malcangi, Assunta Patano, Roberta Morolla, Matteo De Santis, Fabio Piras, Vito Settanni, Antonio Mancini, Daniela Di Venere, Francesco Inchingolo, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Gianna Dipalma and Angelo Michele Inchingolo
Bioengineering 2023, 10(4), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10040472 - 12 Apr 2023
Cited by 58 | Viewed by 21145
Abstract
The demineralization process conditions the structure of the enamel and begins with a superficial decalcification procedure that makes the enamel surface porous and gives it a chalky appearance. White spot lesions (WSLs) are the first clinical sign that can be appreciated before caries [...] Read more.
The demineralization process conditions the structure of the enamel and begins with a superficial decalcification procedure that makes the enamel surface porous and gives it a chalky appearance. White spot lesions (WSLs) are the first clinical sign that can be appreciated before caries evolves into cavitated lesions. The years of research have led to the testing of several remineralization techniques. This study’s objective is to investigate and assess the various methods for remineralizing enamel. The dental enamel remineralization techniques have been evaluated. A literature search on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed. After screening, identification, and eligibility processes 17 papers were selected for the qualitative analysis. This systematic review identified several materials that, whether used singly or in combination, can be effective in the process of remineralizing enamel. All methods have a potential for remineralization when they come into contact with tooth enamel surfaces that have early-stage caries (white spot lesions). From the studies conducted in the test, all of the substances used to which fluoride has been added contribute to remineralization. It is believed that by developing and researching new remineralization techniques, this process might develop even more successfully. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sight for the Treatment of Dental Diseases: Updates and Direction)
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