Animals

13 pages, 568 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Microbiota in the Early Lives of Sheep: A Short Overview on the Rumen Microbiota

by Antonio Bevilacqua, Suleman Khan, Mariangela Caroprese, Barbara Speranza, Angela Racioppo and Marzia Albenzio

Animals 2026, 16(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010080 - 27 Dec 2025

Viewed by 603

Abstract

A key area of research is the role played by the gut microbiota in the health of sheep during the early period of life; consequently, understanding its complexity may have significant implications for sheep farming. While factors such as diet, age, health status, [...] Read more.

A key area of research is the role played by the gut microbiota in the health of sheep during the early period of life; consequently, understanding its complexity may have significant implications for sheep farming. While factors such as diet, age, health status, and environmental conditions are crucial for determining the composition of the gut microbiota, there are very few summaries on the gut microbiota in early life and only a limited number of reviews considering the gut microbiota in adult (sheep) life. Accordingly, after a brief introduction to the generic qualitative and quantitative composition of the gut microbiota in sheep, this review focuses on its development in early life, with primary attention given to the rumen. It then provides an overview of factors that may modulate the microbiota, with a particular focus on prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. The optimisation of these processes in sheep may enhance digestibility, immunity, and overall production efficiency. The review also highlights key challenges associated with the adoption of management strategies based on the integration of microbial approaches in modern livestock systems with the aim of enhancing animal welfare, sustainability, and production efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Small Ruminants)

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18 pages, 932 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Assessing Executive Cognitive Functions in Sheep: A Scoping Review of Recent Literature on Cognitive Tasks

by Davide Galanti, Emanuela Dalla Costa, Sara Barbieri and Michela Minero

Animals 2025, 15(24), 3647; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15243647 - 18 Dec 2025

Viewed by 578

Abstract

The study of cognitive processes in sheep (Ovis aries) has gained interest in recent years, particularly for their potential as a model species in translational medicine. This scoping review aimed to identify, classify, and describe cognitive tasks developed to assess executive [...] Read more.

The study of cognitive processes in sheep (Ovis aries) has gained interest in recent years, particularly for their potential as a model species in translational medicine. This scoping review aimed to identify, classify, and describe cognitive tasks developed to assess executive functions in sheep. A literature search followed PRISMA guidelines and used CAB Abstracts, PubMed, and Scopus to identify studies on cognitive tasks in sheep from 1 January 2010, to 4 August 2025. The search yielded 2873 records; after removing duplicates and applying inclusion criteria, 20 studies were analyzed. Data on animal categories, test methods, and timing were collected. The selected studies were grouped by cognitive domain: memory and flexibility (13), sensory discrimination (6), and problem-solving (6). All studies describe specific testing apparatuses tailored to assess distinct cognitive functions, detailing materials, apparatus dimensions, and the importance of pre-test periods, as well as the necessity of a reward system. The review emphasizes ethical testing that minimizes animal stress, supporting welfare. Standardizing cognitive tests can improve reliability, and comparability while integrating neurobiology, ethology, and welfare knowledge advances research and livestock care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Small Ruminant Welfare)

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13 pages, 254 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Attributing Farm-to-Slaughter Emissions to Hides: Evidence from Beef Supply Chains

by Mondina Francesca Lunesu, Fabio Correddu, Silvia Carta, Sara Sechi, Marco Farina and Giuseppe Pulina

Animals 2025, 15(24), 3546; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15243546 - 9 Dec 2025

Viewed by 529

Abstract

To ensure transparent Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), climate impacts from cattle production must be consistently allocated among meat, milk and raw hides. This review examines allocation boundaries, compares physical and economic methods, and evaluates the upstream burden attributable to hides using extensive data [...] Read more.

To ensure transparent Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), climate impacts from cattle production must be consistently allocated among meat, milk and raw hides. This review examines allocation boundaries, compares physical and economic methods, and evaluates the upstream burden attributable to hides using extensive data from the Italian beef sector. Three hypotheses were tested: that hides, as marketable co-products, bear a non-zero share of upstream emissions (H1); that the burden assigned by economic allocation is lower than that assigned by physical (mass-based) allocation (H2); that allocation shares vary over time according to hide/meat price ratios (H3). The results from large-scale Italian datasets confirmed all three hypotheses. Physical allocation attributed an average of 5.9% of live weight to hides, whereas economic allocation assigned an average of 2.7% in 2023, decreasing over the historical price series. Consistent with available inventories, the upstream carbon footprint of raw hides was found to range from 1.63 kg CO₂e/kg (economic allocation) to 3.55 kg CO₂e/kg (physical allocation) when GWP₁₀₀ was used. These findings demonstrate that neglecting co-product allocation leads to the systematic overestimation of the environmental impact of meat and the underestimation of the environmental impact of leather. Overall, economic allocation is the most appropriate and policy-aligned approach to hide accounting, reflecting market value and reducing methodological bias in beef-chain life cycle assessments (LCAs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

13 pages, 520 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Alfalfa and Linseed Oil in Diet for Fattening Rabbits: Performance, Meat Quality, and Nutritional Characteristics

by Alessandro Dal Bosco, Cesare Castellini, Simone Mancini, Luigia Bosa, Francesca Di Federico, Lorenzo Nompleggio, Simona Huja and Simona Mattioli

Animals 2025, 15(23), 3409; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15233409 - 26 Nov 2025

Viewed by 627

Abstract

The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of adding linseed oil to an alfalfa-based diet for fattening rabbits. At 30 days, 360 hybrid rabbits were divided into three homogeneous groups and fed: Control feed composed of 15% wheat, 17% alfalfa hay, and 8% [...] Read more.

The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of adding linseed oil to an alfalfa-based diet for fattening rabbits. At 30 days, 360 hybrid rabbits were divided into three homogeneous groups and fed: Control feed composed of 15% wheat, 17% alfalfa hay, and 8% dehydrated alfalfa; experimental feed composed of 40% alfalfa hay and 30% dehydrated alfalfa (Alfalfa); another experimental feed composed of 38% alfalfa hay, 30% dehydrated alfalfa, and 2% linseed oil (Alfalfa+Linseed). The alfalfa-based diet showed higher crude fiber, but lower lipid, protein, and digestible energy content. Regarding performance, a reduction in slaughter weight was observed only in the Alfalfa group, while the addition of linseed oil eliminated the gap with the Control group. The lipid content of the meat was significantly lower in the Alfalfa group. Significant changes were observed in the fatty acid composition, with higher levels of n-3 precursors and derivatives of the n-3 series in the Alfalfa+Linseed group, followed by Alfalfa and Control. Furthermore, the addition of linseed oil worsened lipid oxidative stability. In conclusion, the proposed dietary treatment represents a promising strategy for producing rabbit meat with a high nutritional profile, without compromising productive performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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15 pages, 875 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Selenitetriglyceride-Induced Modulation of Selected Cellular and Humoral Immune Parameters in Kamieniecka Sheep

by Bartosz Orzechowski, Jan Miciński, Katarzyna Ząbek, Grzegorz Zwierzchowski and Roman Wójcik

Animals 2025, 15(23), 3362; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15233362 - 21 Nov 2025

Viewed by 456

Abstract

With the aim to investigate the immunomodulatory potential of selenitetriglycerides (SeTG), a new lipophilic Se (IV) compound, 30 sheep (15 sheep/treatment) were used in a completely random design to receive the SeGT supplement as follows: (1) no SeGT supplement (Control) and (2) daily [...] Read more.

With the aim to investigate the immunomodulatory potential of selenitetriglycerides (SeTG), a new lipophilic Se (IV) compound, 30 sheep (15 sheep/treatment) were used in a completely random design to receive the SeGT supplement as follows: (1) no SeGT supplement (Control) and (2) daily dosage of 2 mL of SeGT (equivalent to 1 mg Se/kg BW) during the first 7 days of the evaluation, which lasted 28 d. Individually, blood samples were collected on days 0, 14, and 28 to measure and assess parameters of innate cellular and humoral immunity, including respiratory burst activity (RBA) and potential killing activity (PKA) of monocytes and granulocytes, proliferative response of lymphocytes stimulated with ConA (Concovalin A) and LPS (lipopolisaccharidde), lysozyme activity, ceruloplasmin activity, and gamma globulin levels. From the 14th day, supplemental SeTG saw significant increases (p ≤ 0.001) in RBA and PKA parameters, as well as enhanced proliferative responses of lymphocytes compared with controls. Both innate humoral immunity (elevated lysozyme activity) and adaptive humoral immunity (increased gamma globulin levels) were positively influenced (p ≤ 0.01), whereas ceruloplasmin activity remained unchanged. Under the conditions in which the current experiment was carried out, SeGT showed good promise to modulate immunity in a short period (28 d). Further research should explore experiments with a greater number of animals over long-term periods of evaluation under production system conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Small Ruminant Welfare)

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19 pages, 687 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

From Sensors to Sustainability: Integrating Welfare, Management, and Climate Resilience in Small Ruminant Farm Systems

by Maria Giovanna Ciliberti, Marzia Albenzio and Agostino Sevi

Animals 2025, 15(22), 3240; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15223240 - 8 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1088

Abstract

In recent years, animal welfare has become a high priority in livestock production systems owing to the pressure to balance environmental sustainability, productivity, and ethics as demand continues to grow. This review presents the latest advances in small ruminant welfare, with emphasis on [...] Read more.

In recent years, animal welfare has become a high priority in livestock production systems owing to the pressure to balance environmental sustainability, productivity, and ethics as demand continues to grow. This review presents the latest advances in small ruminant welfare, with emphasis on the effects of climate change, the main new innovative managerial and husbandry methods, and the use of precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies. In the first part, this review will examine how climate change is already re-shaping environmental and physiological conditions for farmed sheep and goats, with rising heat stress and negative impacts on both productive and reproductive performance. Secondly, more recent advances in small ruminant management will be presented, including improved housing systems, nutritional strategies, and behavioral monitoring, aimed at enhancing animal resilience and performance. Finally, particular focus will be given to the use of PLF tools for assessing milk quality and monitoring animal welfare. Evidence suggests that real-time monitoring technologies and sensor systems can accurately capture physiological and production parameters and provide an early sign of stress or health issues. Overall, the findings suggest that an integrated approach, combining climate adaptation strategies, welfare management, and the integration of precision technologies can serve as a key driver toward more ethical, sustainable, and resilient livestock production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Small Ruminant Welfare)

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24 pages, 1558 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Messaging Impacts Public Perspectives Towards Fur Farming in the Northeastern United States

by Lori R. Kogan, Rebecca Niemiec and Andrew Mertens

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3158; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213158 - 30 Oct 2025

Viewed by 753

Abstract

Animal fur has long symbolized luxury and social status, but growing concerns about animal welfare, environmental harm, and zoonotic disease risks have prompted global reforms, with over 22 countries banning fur production. In the United States, however, public attitudes toward fur farming and [...] Read more.

Animal fur has long symbolized luxury and social status, but growing concerns about animal welfare, environmental harm, and zoonotic disease risks have prompted global reforms, with over 22 countries banning fur production. In the United States, however, public attitudes toward fur farming and sales bans remain underexplored. This study surveyed 2014 adults from Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York to assess views on fur farming, acceptability, and support for state-level bans, as well as the influence of message framing. Participants were randomly assigned to one of six message conditions (animal welfare, environmental, public health, economic, faux fur alternatives, or social norms) or a control group. Most respondents supported bans on fur sales and fur from commercial farms (approximately 65% weighted). Messages highlighting animal welfare, environmental impacts, public health, and social norms significantly increased support, while economic and faux fur messages did not. Political affiliation moderated these effects, with independents most responsive. Beliefs about cruelty, environmental harm, and zoonotic risks predicted support, whereas conservatism, opposition to regulation, and consumer rights beliefs predicted opposition. Overall, appeals to ethics, sustainability, and social change appear most effective for advancing fur-related policy initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

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25 pages, 2907 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Machine-Milking Practices, Animal Welfare-Related Reactions and Quality of Milk Produced in Dairy Sheep Farms

by Dimitra V. Liagka, George C. Fthenakis, Stella N. Kalonaki, Konstantina S. Dimoveli, Daphne T. Lianou, Vasia S. Mavrogianni, Charalambia K. Michael, Mariangela Caroprese, Vassiliki Spyrou and Natalia G. C. Vasileiou

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3078; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213078 - 23 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 610

Abstract

There is a scarcity of relevant information in the international literature regarding the welfare of dairy ewes during the milking process and the potential impact on the quality of the produced milk. Hence, there is a scope to further study potential interactions between [...] Read more.

There is a scarcity of relevant information in the international literature regarding the welfare of dairy ewes during the milking process and the potential impact on the quality of the produced milk. Hence, there is a scope to further study potential interactions between the milking process and animal welfare in dairy sheep flocks. The specific objectives of this study were (i) the evaluation of the frequency of reactions potentially associated with the reduced welfare of dairy sheep during the milking process, (ii) the identification of predictors associated with the presence of these reactions, and (iii) the evaluation of associations with the quality of milk produced on a farm. The study was conducted in 52 dairy sheep farms in Greece. The farms were visited, and the milking process was observed and monitored, and the reactions of ewes during the milking process were recorded; samples from the bulk-tank milk were collected for somatic cell and total bacterial counting. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed. The median duration of milking per row was 7.9 min, and the median duration of the milking process was 105 min. The reaction observed less often from ewes was vocalisation (in 9.6% of farms), and the one observed more frequently was ‘spot stepping’ (in 98.1% of farms). In total, eight different predictors were identified for the displaying of the various reactions observed and recorded; of these, two were related to the milking parlour and six were related to the milking process. Moreover, three different predictors were identified for the milk quality parameters; of these, one was related to the milking parlour and two were related to the milking process. Finally, a mild correlation was seen between the proportion of ewes that attempted to remove the milking cluster, and the somatic cell counts in the bulk-tank milk (p = 0.023). The results confirmed that incorrect practices during machine-milking can be stress factors for dairy sheep. In light of the present findings, procedures by milkers should be carefully carried out, which will contribute to minimising the nervousness and aggravation of ewes during milking. Stress factors can adversely affect the quality of milk produced on the farm. The findings underline that maintenance of animal welfare is linked to high product quality. This connection can further extend to consumer perceptions: the ethical treatment of dairy sheep is considered as an important facet of the overall food quality and sustainable production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Small Ruminant Welfare)

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28 pages, 2175 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Chelated Trace Mineral Supplementation in the Form of Proteinates on Broiler Performance Parameters and Mineral Excretion: A Meta-Analysis

by Laurann Byrne, Stephen Ross, Jules Taylor-Pickard and Richard Murphy

Animals 2025, 15(21), 3062; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15213062 - 22 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1262

Abstract

Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software, using data from 64 global studies (288 dietary assessments, 194,356 broilers) evaluated the effects of substituting inorganic trace minerals (ITM) with proteinate trace minerals (PTM) in broiler diets at various inclusion levels. Replacing ITM with PTM at equivalent (100%) [...] Read more.

Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software, using data from 64 global studies (288 dietary assessments, 194,356 broilers) evaluated the effects of substituting inorganic trace minerals (ITM) with proteinate trace minerals (PTM) in broiler diets at various inclusion levels. Replacing ITM with PTM at equivalent (100%) or reduced (11–80%) levels improved performance metrics, showing reduced total feed intake (FI) (−6 g/bird), lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) (−0.43 g/bird), higher average daily gain (ADG) (+0.36g), greater body weight gain (BWG) (+4.29 g/bird), higher final body weight (BW) (+7.50 g/bird), improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) (−1.26%), and lower mortality (−10.95%), all significant (p < 0.05). Median mineral inclusion reductions of 40% Cu, 59.82% Fe, 41.41% Mn, and 34.67% Zn had no adverse effects, instead enhancing outcomes. Across 17 studies (25,144 broilers, 85 dietary assessments), mineral excretion decreased significantly with PTM versus ITM by 16% Cu, 14% Fe, 21% Mn, and 15% Zn (p < 0.001). When PTM replaced ITM at 50–80% inclusion, further benefits were observed, including lower total FI (−7 g/bird), lower ADFI (−1.07 g/bird), higher ADG (+1.67), higher BWG (+2.65 g/bird), lower FCR (−4.50%) and lower mortality (−11.09%) with mineral inclusion reductions of 17% Cu, 42.16% Fe, 42.89% Mn, and 50% Zn. Meta-regression identified significant influences (p < 0.05) from study variables such as strain, study duration, and region. Life cycle assessment modelling demonstrated PTM inclusion lowered gross carbon emissions by 3.5% and lower emission intensities per unit live weight of both feed use and overall lifecycle by 4.5% and 4.1%, respectively on diets of high and low soybean meal inclusion. Overall, replacing ITM with PTM in broiler diets can promote production performance of broilers and lower mineral excretion levels while contributing to a lower CFP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Effects of Feed Ingredients on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Animals)

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18 pages, 4359 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Deep Learning Methods for Automatic Identification of Male and Female Chickens in a Cage-Free Flock

by Bidur Paneru, Ramesh Bahadur Bist, Xiao Yang, Anjan Dhungana, Samin Dahal and Lilong Chai

Animals 2025, 15(13), 1862; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15131862 - 24 Jun 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2041

Abstract

Rooster behavior and activity are critical for egg fertility and hatchability in broiler and layer breeder houses. Desirable roosters are expected to have good leg health, reach sexual maturity, be productive, and show less aggression toward females during mating. However, not all roosters [...] Read more.

Rooster behavior and activity are critical for egg fertility and hatchability in broiler and layer breeder houses. Desirable roosters are expected to have good leg health, reach sexual maturity, be productive, and show less aggression toward females during mating. However, not all roosters are desirable, and low-productive roosters should be removed and replaced. The objectives of this study were to apply an object detection model based on deep learning to identify hens and roosters based on phenotypic characteristics, such as comb size and body size, in a cage-free (CF) environment, and to compare the performance metrics among the applied models. Six roosters were mixed with 200 Lohmann LSL Lite hens during the pre-peak phase in a CF research facility and were marked with different identifications. Deep learning methods, such as You Only Look Once (YOLO) models, were innovated and trained (based on a comb size of up to 2500 images) for the identification of male and female chickens based on comb size and body features. The performance matrices of the YOLOv5u and YOLOv11 models, including precision, recall, mean average precision (mAP), and F1 score, were statistically compared for hen and rooster detection using a one-way ANOVA test at a significance level of p < 0.05. For rooster detection based on comb size, YOLOv5lu, and YOLOv11x variants performed the best among the five variants of each model, with YOLOv5lu achieving a precision of 87.7%, recall of 56.3%, and mAP@0.50 of 60.1%, while YOLOv11x achieved a precision of 86.7%, recall of 65.3%, and mAP@0.50 of 61%. For rooster detection based on body size, YOLOv5xu, and YOLOv11m outperformed other variants, with YOLOv5xu achieving a precision of 88.9%, recall of 77.7%, and mAP@0.50 of 82.3%, while YOLOv11m achieved a precision of 89.0%, recall of 78.8%, and mAP@0.50 of 82.6%. This study provides a reference for automatic rooster monitoring based on comb and body size and offers further opportunities for tracking the activities of roosters in a poultry breeder farm for performance evaluation and genetic selection in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)

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14 pages, 1426 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Rumination Time, Reticulorumen Temperature, and Activity in Relation to Postpartum Health Status in Dairy Cows During Heat Stress

by Szilvia Szalai, Ákos Bodnár, Hedvig Fébel, Mikolt Bakony and Viktor Jurkovich

Animals 2025, 15(11), 1616; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111616 - 30 May 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2781

Abstract

Effective health management during the transition period depends on early disease detection, which can be achieved through continuous monitoring using precision livestock farming tools. This study assessed reticulorumen temperature, rumination time, and activity in dairy cows during the periparturient period under summer heat [...] Read more.

Effective health management during the transition period depends on early disease detection, which can be achieved through continuous monitoring using precision livestock farming tools. This study assessed reticulorumen temperature, rumination time, and activity in dairy cows during the periparturient period under summer heat stress. We hypothesized differences in these parameters between healthy (HE) cows and those developing postpartum disorders (DI). Forty clinically healthy, multiparous cows were monitored from 5 days prepartum to 14 days after calving (days in milk; DIM). A cow was considered healthy and allocated to the HE group (n = 26) if she was not affected by any postpartum health disorders until the end of the study period. A cow was considered diseased and allocated to the DI group (n = 14) if she had been diagnosed with mastitis, metritis, lameness, or ketosis. Weather loggers recorded barn microclimate data, while rumination, activity, and rumen temperature were tracked using a microphone-based sensor in the neck collar (Ruminact HR) and rumen bolus (Smaxtec). THI values remained above 68 throughout the study, peaking at 80, indicating sustained heat stress. Rumen temperature ranged between 39 and 41 °C and moderately correlated with THI (correlation coefficient was 0.27; 95% CI: 0.20; 0.33; p < 0.0001). Both groups exhibited a nadir in rumen temperature at calving, with no differences. Rumination time declined prepartum, reaching its lowest at 2 DIM in DI cows. It was significantly affected by days around calving, postpartum disorders, and THI. Activity increased prepartum and normalized by 4 DIM in HE cows, while DI cows showed higher activity at 4 DIM, stabilizing by 5–7 DIM. These findings underscore the value of precision monitoring tools for early disease detection and intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Stress and Livestock: Effects on the Physiology)

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11 pages, 1699 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

The Effect of Ambient Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Temperature–Humidity Index on Stress Hormone and Inflammatory Response in Exercising Adult Standardbred Horses

by Francesca Arfuso, Maria Rizzo, Laura Perillo, Federica Arrigo, Elisabetta Giudice, Giuseppe Piccione, Caterina Faggio and Vincenzo Monteverde

Animals 2025, 15(10), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15101436 - 15 May 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1626

Abstract

In the present study, the changes in the markers of stress and inflammatory responses of 12 Standardbred horses were investigated before and after exercise during late spring and summer. The environmental temperature, relative humidity, and temperature–humidity index (THI) were assessed during this study. [...] Read more.

In the present study, the changes in the markers of stress and inflammatory responses of 12 Standardbred horses were investigated before and after exercise during late spring and summer. The environmental temperature, relative humidity, and temperature–humidity index (THI) were assessed during this study. From horses, blood sampling, measurement of heart and respiratory rate (HR and RR), and measurement of rectal temperature (RT) were performed before exercise (Pre) and within 5 min following the end of the exercise (Post). THI values showed mild stress in June and high stress in July. Direct erythrocyte indices statistically increased after exercise compared to the rest condition (p < 0.05). Higher serum cortisol, α1-, α2-, and β-globulin values were found at Post than at Pre (p < 0.05), whereas lower serum albumin and A/G ratio values were found at Post than at Pre. The HR, RR, and RT statistically increased at Post than at Pre (p < 0.05). The month influenced the values of RR, platelets, cortisol, albumin, α1-, α2-, and β-globulins (p < 0.05). Overall, the results of this study confirmed the well-recognized physiological response of athletic horses to re-establish homeostasis following exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Monitoring and Treatment of Physiological Inflammatory in Equids)

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23 pages, 7105 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Attenuation of Stress Responses to Human Handling Through Habituation in Goats

by Tharun Tej Erukulla, Phaneendra Batchu, Priyanka Gurrapu, Arshad Shaik, Thomas H. Terrill and Govind Kannan

Animals 2025, 15(10), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15101385 - 10 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1855

Abstract

Goats raised on pastures are seldom handled except for purposes such as weighing and providing veterinary care. Regular positive interactions with human caretakers have been reported to attenuate fear and stress responses to routine human handling; however, this has not been adequately studied [...] Read more.

Goats raised on pastures are seldom handled except for purposes such as weighing and providing veterinary care. Regular positive interactions with human caretakers have been reported to attenuate fear and stress responses to routine human handling; however, this has not been adequately studied in meat goats. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of habituation to handling on behavioral, physiological, and metabolomic responses in goats when subjected to routine handling. Seventy-two male (uncastrated) Spanish goats (6 mo; BW = 25.2 ± 0.37 kg) were randomly allocated to one of two treatment (Trt) groups: (i) regularly handled by stroking the back of each goat before feeding time for 90 days (handled: H) or (ii) not subjected to handling during the same period, but all other conditions were the same (non-handled: NH). After the 90-day habituation period, the goats were subjected to an arena test in the presence of an observer. Immediately after the test, the goats were subjected to routine veterinary exams that involved blood sampling (0 min) and measuring heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), and body weight (BW). Blood samples were also collected after the veterinary exam (20 min) to determine physiological and metabolomic responses. Data from the arena test were analyzed using a Mann–Whitney U Test, and blood physiological responses were analyzed using MIXED procedures in SAS with sampling time (Time) as a repeated measure. Unpaired t-tests showed that the increase in BW was higher in the H goats (p < 0.01) compared to the NH goats over the 90 d habituation period. The approach distance from the observer (p < 0.05) and frequency of urination (p < 0.05) were greater in the NH goats during the arena test. HR (p < 0.01) and RR (p < 0.01) were higher in the NH group compared to the H group. Plasma cortisol concentrations were higher at 20 min than at 0 min (p < 0.05), while epinephrine (p < 0.05), metanephrine, normetanephrine, phenylethylamine, and 5-methoxytryptamine concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in the NH goats than in the H goats. A targeted metabolomics analysis showed that six of the eight affected amino acids were lower (p < 0.05), and six of the seven affected phosphatidylcholines were higher (p < 0.05) in the NH goats compared to the H goats. The results show that habituation reduces fear and stress responses to routine handling, in addition to increasing BW, which can improve the welfare of meat goats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Small Ruminant Welfare)

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20 pages, 3332 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Innovations in Cattle Breeding Technology: Prospects in the Era of Gene Editing

by Yu Wang, Xiangshun Cui and Zhi Chen

Animals 2025, 15(10), 1364; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15101364 - 8 May 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 10955

Abstract

As a core species in the global livestock industry, cattle play an irreplaceable role in human food security and economic development. Beef cattle and dairy cattle meet the dietary needs of billions of people around the world by providing high-quality protein and dairy [...] Read more.

As a core species in the global livestock industry, cattle play an irreplaceable role in human food security and economic development. Beef cattle and dairy cattle meet the dietary needs of billions of people around the world by providing high-quality protein and dairy products, respectively. With the growth in population and the intensification of the pressure of climate change, traditional breeding techniques may be unsuitable to meet the increasingly growing demands for sustainable and highly adaptable processes. In recent years, the rapid development of genomics, bioinformatics, and gene-editing technologies has provided unprecedented tools and perspectives for the genetic improvement of cattle, driving the precise design and efficient development of new cattle breeds. However, the development of new cattle breeds still faces multiple bottlenecks pertaining to scientific, ethical, and industrialization aspects, which can be addressed through interdisciplinary collaboration. In this review, we will systematically assess the technological progress in the genetic breeding of beef cattle and dairy cattle, analyze the integration path of traditional breeding and modern biotechnology, and explore the future directions of cattle breeding research under the sustainable development goals, with the aim of providing theoretical support for cattle breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats)

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18 pages, 3395 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Polyphenol-Containing Feed Additive Polygain™ Reduces Methane Production and Intensity from Grazing Dairy Cows Measured Using an Inverse-Dispersion Technique

by Mei Bai, Pragna Prathap, Muhammed Elayadeth-Meethal, Matthew Flavel, Richard Eckard, Frank R. Dunshea, Richard Osei-Amponsah, Mohammad Javed Ashar, Deli Chen and Surinder Chauhan

Animals 2025, 15(7), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15070926 - 24 Mar 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2841

Abstract

This study, conducted on a commercial dairy farm using a robotic milking system in Victoria, Australia, examined the effects of Polygain™ (The Product Makers Australia), a polyphenol-rich sugarcane feed material (PRSFM), on CH₄ emissions in grazing dairy cattle using an inverse-dispersion model [...] Read more.

This study, conducted on a commercial dairy farm using a robotic milking system in Victoria, Australia, examined the effects of Polygain™ (The Product Makers Australia), a polyphenol-rich sugarcane feed material (PRSFM), on CH₄ emissions in grazing dairy cattle using an inverse-dispersion model (IDM) combined with open-path laser techniques. Thirty lactating Holstein Friesian cows (aged 2–5 years with an average body weight of 663 kg and average daily milk production of 28.9 kg) were divided into two dietary treatment groups of fifteen cows each. Before the measurement, the PRSFM (0.25%) was supplemented for 3 weeks as an adaptation period and mixed with pellet feed for the treatment group. Over the 2-week measurement period, CH₄ production (MP) was 495 ± 12 and 377 ± 12 (mean ± standard error) g CH₄/animal/day for the control and treatment groups, respectively. Methane intensity (MI) was 17.04 and 13.01 g CH₄/animal/kg milk/day in the control and treatment groups, respectively. On average, Polygain supplementation reduced MP and MI by 24%. This potential CH₄ reduction extrapolated across Australia contributes to a 2.63% reduction in national agricultural emissions. This study underscores the potential of Polygain for CH₄ mitigation in dairy cattle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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10 pages, 712 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Genomic and Phenotypic Investigation of Feed Efficiency and Growth Traits in Targhee and Rambouillet Sheep

by Daniel Schaub and Christian J. Posbergh

Animals 2025, 15(6), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15060783 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1243

Abstract

The U.S. range sheep industry uses estimated breeding values (EBVs) as part of their breeding objectives to increase post-weaning weight. The study objective was to quantify the relationship between lamb growth EBVs, feed intake, and feed efficiency. Eighty-one range ewe lambs were enrolled [...] Read more.

The U.S. range sheep industry uses estimated breeding values (EBVs) as part of their breeding objectives to increase post-weaning weight. The study objective was to quantify the relationship between lamb growth EBVs, feed intake, and feed efficiency. Eighty-one range ewe lambs were enrolled in the study to measure residual feed intake (RFI) over two 42-d periods at both the weaning and yearling stages. The ewe lambs’ post-weaning weight EBVs (PWWT EBVs) were linearly associated with their phenotypic traits. Preliminary genome wide associations (GWAs) were also performed with Dry Matter Intake (DMI), RFI, mid-test body size, and average daily gain (ADG) and Ovine 50K SNP genotypes. Post-weaning weight EBVs were associated with dry matter intake (DMI) (p < 0.05) but had no association with residual feed intake (RFI) (p > 0.05) in both experimental periods. However, PWWT EBV was predictive of mid-test body weight in both periods (p < 0.05). A single SNP at Oar2:68,812,505, located within DMRT2, was associated with DMI and RFI in the second experimental period (Bonferroni corrected p <0.05). While selecting for higher post-weaning weight range ewes may increase feed consumed due to a larger body size, it was not associated with feed efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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13 pages, 1449 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Storage Conditions of Sperm Samples and Gametic Characterization by Sperm Head Morphometry in Drones (Apis mellifera)

by Milagros Cristina Esteso, Adolfo Toledano-Díaz, Cristina Castaño, Mariano Higes, Raquel Martín-Hernández, Agustin López-Goya, Pilar De la Rúa, Belén Martínez-Madrid and Julián Santiago-Moreno

Animals 2025, 15(5), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15050672 - 26 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1608

Abstract

The present study aimed to evaluate an optimal method to transport and store drone sperm samples, as well as to characterize drone spermatozoa through sperm head morphometry. A total of 291 mature drones were used. We performed three experiments. In a first experiment, [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to evaluate an optimal method to transport and store drone sperm samples, as well as to characterize drone spermatozoa through sperm head morphometry. A total of 291 mature drones were used. We performed three experiments. In a first experiment, sperm variables were assessed under different incubation conditions (5 °C, 15 °C, and 37 °C with 5% CO₂). Results showed that sperm viability was optimally maintained at 15 °C (p ˂ 0.05). In the second experiment, the supplementation of extender with catalase (200 UI) improved (p ˂ 0.05) the sperm viability and motility during liquid storage at different incubation times. Finally, a morphometric analysis of sperm head was made: length 5.13 µm, width 0.85 µm, area 3.78 µm², perimeter 15.01 µm, acrosome length 3.50 µm. The variability in sperm head morphometry was calculated by coefficients of variation (CV) within- and between-drones. The CV within-drone was higher than the CV between-drones for all morphometric parameters regardless of hive origin, indicating a high degree of sperm pleomorphism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Apiculture and Challenges for Future—2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 287 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Genetic Analysis of Litter Size Across Parities in Prolific and Conventional Populations of Tunisian Barbarine Sheep Using a Random Regression Model

by Chiraz Ziadi, Juan Manuel Serradilla, Sonia Bedhiaf-Romdhani and Antonio Molina

Animals 2025, 15(5), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15050638 - 22 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1252

Abstract

Litter size records from two lines of Tunisian Barbarine sheep were analysed across parities using an RRM. A total of 2751 and 2562 litter records from the first to the sixth parity from the prolific and the conventional lines, respectively, were included in [...] Read more.

Litter size records from two lines of Tunisian Barbarine sheep were analysed across parities using an RRM. A total of 2751 and 2562 litter records from the first to the sixth parity from the prolific and the conventional lines, respectively, were included in the analysis. The total number of animals in the pedigree was 1277 for the prolific line and 1102 for the conventional line. The estimation of genetic parameters was based on Bayesian inference under categorical distribution. Fixed effects included the year and month of lambing and a fixed quadratic regression coefficient for the lambing number with Legendre polynomials. The random additive and permanent environmental effects were modelled by second-order Legendre polynomials. Heritability ranged from 0.04 to 0.18 for the prolific line and from 0.17 to 0.39 for the conventional line. Genetic correlations within trait through parities showed a wide range of values, from 0.25 to 0.96 for the prolific line and from zero to 0.93 for the conventional line. Due to the changes in the variances and the genetic correlations different from unity across parities, the use of an RRM is recommended to analyse litter size in the Barbarine sheep. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Genomics of Small Ruminants Prolificacy)

12 pages, 779 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Stocking Density on Behavioural and Physiological Traits of Laying Hens

by Kamila Janicka, Kamil Drabik, Karolina Wengerska and Iwona Rozempolska-Rucińska

Animals 2025, 15(4), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040604 - 19 Feb 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2166

Abstract

This study analysed stocking density as a major stress factor for laying hens and assessed its impact on selected behavioural and physiological traits of the birds. The study population included 142 birds of the Green-legged Partridge breed (12 males and 132 females). The [...] Read more.

This study analysed stocking density as a major stress factor for laying hens and assessed its impact on selected behavioural and physiological traits of the birds. The study population included 142 birds of the Green-legged Partridge breed (12 males and 132 females). The birds were randomly assigned to three experimental groups of standard, low, and high stocking density, and a modified open-field test was conducted to assess their behavioural traits. The following blood parameters were analysed: corticosterone, cortisol, and testosterone. The behavioural test results demonstrated an impact of stocking density on laying hens’ behaviour. The birds kept at a low density exhibited the greatest diversity in behaviour as well as the most frequent and longest locomotion. There were no differences between the groups in terms of stress hormone results. All groups showed a significant decrease in testosterone levels compared to the control. This may suggest that, despite differences in stocking, the structure was established quickly, resulting in decreased competition and, consequently, a positive impact on the birds. When kept in lower-stocking-density groups with a stable structure, birds are less competitive; this stable structure improves their well-being to a greater extent than the stocking density. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Poultry Behaviour and Welfare)

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38 pages, 8260 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Understanding the Influence of Early-Life Stressors on Social Interaction, Telomere Length, and Hair Cortisol Concentration in Homeless Kittens

by Jennifer Vernick, Chelsea Martin, William Montelpare, Arthur E. Dunham and Karen L. Overall

Animals 2025, 15(3), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030446 - 6 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3016

Abstract

The early postnatal period is a critical neurodevelopmental stage characterized by rapid neural maturation and is adversely affected by early-life stressors. This study explored the behavioural, physiological, and epigenetic consequences of early-life stress in a population of homeless rescue kittens. This longitudinal study [...] Read more.

The early postnatal period is a critical neurodevelopmental stage characterized by rapid neural maturation and is adversely affected by early-life stressors. This study explored the behavioural, physiological, and epigenetic consequences of early-life stress in a population of homeless rescue kittens. This longitudinal study included 50 kittens rescued and placed into foster care by the Prince Edward Island Humane Society. They underwent behavioural testing at 8, 10, and 12 weeks of age. Hair cortisol concentration was measured at 8 weeks and served as a physiological marker of the previous 3 months’ cumulative stress response, which, for these kittens, included the late gestation period. A blood sample for relative telomere length measurement was taken at 10–12 weeks to estimate epigenetic changes as young kittens. Data were analyzed with respect to age and performance in all repeated measures tests, status as a stray or a surrender, and the presence of the dam in their foster homes. As expected, the performance of kittens in all tests changed over the 5 weeks of testing. Kittens separated from their mothers exhibited significantly higher hair cortisol concentrations (p = 0.02) and elongated relative telomere lengths (p = 0.04). No correlation was found between hair cortisol concentration and relative telomere lengths (p = 0.99). These results support the need for further study on the effects of epigenetics and early-life stress, both in kittens and across species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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26 pages, 2038 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development and Progression of Bovine Respiratory Disease Measured Using Clinical Respiratory Scoring and Thoracic Ultrasonography in Preweaned Calves on Dairy Farms in the United Kingdom: A Prospective Cohort Study

by George Lindley, Nicola Blackie, D. Claire Wathes and Richard E. Booth

Animals 2025, 15(3), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030360 - 27 Jan 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3300

Abstract

The respiratory health of preweaned calves is an important determinant of their health, welfare, and future performance. This prospective cohort study measured bovine respiratory disease (BRD) on 16 dairy farms, including 476 calves in South-west England. Wisconsin and California respiratory scoring and thoracic [...] Read more.

The respiratory health of preweaned calves is an important determinant of their health, welfare, and future performance. This prospective cohort study measured bovine respiratory disease (BRD) on 16 dairy farms, including 476 calves in South-west England. Wisconsin and California respiratory scoring and thoracic ultrasonography were performed repeatedly at 7 ± 0.89 day intervals (mean ± SD) at 0–56 days of age (n = 3344 examinations). Cases were localized to the upper or lower respiratory tract, or both, and classified as new, repeat, or chronic. Prevalence and incidence were calculated. Multivariate modeling of factors associated with repeated measurements was performed. Increasing age (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.04–1.06) and fecal score (Score 2, OR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.14–2.77) were associated with a lower odds of a healthy BRD subtype, whereas increasing serum total protein (OR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.96–0.99) was protective. Older (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.06–1.09), male (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.01–2.84) calves with elevated Wisconsin respiratory scores (≥5, OR 5.61, 95% CI 3.38–9.30) were more likely to have elevated thoracic ultrasound scores. BRD remains common in calves born in UK dairy herds, requiring precise identification and management if preweaning health is to be optimized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Detection, Prevention and Treatment of Calf Diseases)

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21 pages, 3513 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Application of Genomic Selection in Beef Cattle Disease Prevention

by Ramanathan Kasimanickam, Joao Carlos Pinheiro Ferreira, John Kastelic and Vanmathy Kasimanickam

Animals 2025, 15(2), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020277 - 20 Jan 2025

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8785

Abstract

Genomic applications in beef cattle disease prevention have gained traction in recent years, offering new strategies for improving herd health and reducing economic losses in the livestock industry. Advances in genomics, including identification of genetic markers linked to disease resistance, provide powerful tools [...] Read more.

Genomic applications in beef cattle disease prevention have gained traction in recent years, offering new strategies for improving herd health and reducing economic losses in the livestock industry. Advances in genomics, including identification of genetic markers linked to disease resistance, provide powerful tools for early detection, selection, and management of cattle resistant to infectious diseases. By incorporating genomic technologies such as whole-genome sequencing, genotyping, and transcriptomics, researchers can identify specific genetic variants associated with resistance to pathogens like bovine respiratory disease and Johne’s disease. These genomic insights allow for more accurate breeding programs aimed at enhancing disease resistance and overall herd resilience. Genomic selection, in particular, enables identification of individuals with superior genetic traits for immune function, reducing the need for antibiotic treatments and improving animal welfare. Moreover, precision medicine, powered by genomic data, supports development of tailored health management strategies, including targeted vaccination plans and antimicrobial stewardship. Incorporation of genomic tools in beef cattle management also offers the potential for early disease detection, facilitating proactive interventions that reduce the spread of infections. Despite challenges like cost, data interpretation and integration into current management systems, the potential advantages of genomic applications in disease prevention are substantial. As these technologies advance, they are anticipated to have crucial roles in improving sustainability (by enhancing herd performance), profitability (by improving overall herd longevity), and biosecurity (by decreasing the likelihood of disease outbreaks) of beef cattle production systems worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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24 pages, 8294 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Continuous Selection in KiwiCross^® Composite Breed on Breed Ancestry and Productivity Performance

by Mohd Jaafar, Bevin Harris and Heather J. Huson

Animals 2025, 15(2), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15020175 - 10 Jan 2025

Viewed by 2085

Abstract

Composite crosses result from the mating of two or more distinct cattle breeds. Breeding performance may improve rapidly using a well-organized composite breeding system and a clear selection index. The KiwiCross^® is a popular composite cross in New Zealand, combining Holstein-Friesian (high [...] Read more.

Composite crosses result from the mating of two or more distinct cattle breeds. Breeding performance may improve rapidly using a well-organized composite breeding system and a clear selection index. The KiwiCross^® is a popular composite cross in New Zealand, combining Holstein-Friesian (high milk production) and Jersey (high milk fat). Production efficiency (PR), a key selection index, is calculated by dividing milk solids produced by mature live weight. Over decades of genetic improvement, KiwiCross^® increased milk production significantly. We hypothesized that certain genomic regions from Holstein-Friesian or Jersey breeds were preserved due to artificial selection based on PR. Analysis of genomic regions using XP-EHH, hapFLK, and ROH haplotype statistics revealed selection signatures on BTA 7 and 20 in both high- and low-performance animals, with distinct regions linked to Holstein-Friesian and Jersey ancestry. Our findings suggest that selection acted on different genomic regions across generations and that preserving key ancestry-specific haplotypes is crucial for maintaining performance in composite breeds. Breeders must recognize that selection for specific traits can alter allele frequencies and lead to the loss of beneficial breed-specific haplotypes over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Genetic Evaluation and Selection)

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11 pages, 1327 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of a Cannabinoid-Based Phytocomplex (Pain Relief^TM) on Chronic Pain in Osteoarthritic Dogs

by Ruggero Amato, Eleonora Pacifico, Daria Lotito, Valeria Iervolino, Ludovica Pierantoni, Laura Cortese, Nadia Musco, Pietro Lombardi, Vincenzo Mastellone and Maria Elena Pero

Animals 2025, 15(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010101 - 5 Jan 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5948

Abstract

Twenty-one adult crossbreed dogs with chronic pain due to severe osteoarthrosis were enrolled in the study (placebo vs. treatment groups). The dogs in the experimental group received the dietary supplement (Pain Relief^TM, Giantec, Isernia, Italy) for 30 days to evaluate its [...] Read more.

Twenty-one adult crossbreed dogs with chronic pain due to severe osteoarthrosis were enrolled in the study (placebo vs. treatment groups). The dogs in the experimental group received the dietary supplement (Pain Relief^TM, Giantec, Isernia, Italy) for 30 days to evaluate its effects on metabolism and pain relief. During the trial, the Helsinki Chronic Pain Index significantly decreased (p < 0.01) in the experimental group, indicating reduced pain and improved quality of life. Additionally, the treated group showed improvements in oxidative stress, demonstrated by a reduction in reactive oxygen metabolites, and an increase in biological antioxidant potential. Interleukins 6 levels decreased in the treated group, while interleukins 10 levels increased, thus suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect of the supplement. Importantly, no adverse effects were observed. Results suggest that Pain Relief^TM is effective in ameliorating osteoarthritis in dogs, improving their quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Nutraceuticals and Animal Physiology: Performance and Welfare)

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14 pages, 1243 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Social Perception of Zoos and Aquariums: What We Know and How We Know It

by Ana Villarroya, Rafael Miranda, Andrea Pino-del-Carpio and María Casas

Animals 2024, 14(24), 3671; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14243671 - 19 Dec 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5820

Abstract

Zoos and aquariums attract millions of visitors around the world. At the same time, the functions they fulfill and the way they do that have been subject to scrutiny from different fields of knowledge. The way societies perceive animals has evolved in recent [...] Read more.

Zoos and aquariums attract millions of visitors around the world. At the same time, the functions they fulfill and the way they do that have been subject to scrutiny from different fields of knowledge. The way societies perceive animals has evolved in recent decades and so has the social perception of institutions that work with them. This scoping review aims to gather studies from the last three decades that shade light on how current societies perceive zoos and aquariums. We selected papers describing quantitative studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals. We reviewed 71 works from different fields of knowledge. The proportion of female authors was noticeably higher than in general science. Most studies were carried out in culturally Western countries, a fact that constitutes a gap in knowledge from a global perspective. We also noticed an underrepresentation of aquariums and of children in the analyzed papers, and a need for more pre–post studies to ascertain the effect of a zoo or aquarium on its visitors. These conclusions point out interesting directions for future studies to help scientists, managers, and citizens design the future of these institutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoo Animals: How Actual Zoological Institutions Assess, Ensure, and Promote Their Animals’ Welfare?)

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15 pages, 1767 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Using Social Network Analysis to Assess ‘Groupness’ in a Mixed-Species Zoo Exhibit of Tufted Capuchins (Sapajus apella) and Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)

by Sophia Daoudi-Simison, Phyllis Lee and Hannah M. Buchanan-Smith

Animals 2024, 14(23), 3360; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233360 - 22 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2461

Abstract

Mixed-species groups have been recorded in various primates, including tufted capuchin and squirrel monkeys. Measures of their ‘groupness’ are typically based on factors such as group stability, social interactions, proximity, or behavioural coordination. Social network analysis has become a useful tool for quantifying [...] Read more.

Mixed-species groups have been recorded in various primates, including tufted capuchin and squirrel monkeys. Measures of their ‘groupness’ are typically based on factors such as group stability, social interactions, proximity, or behavioural coordination. Social network analysis has become a useful tool for quantifying relationships among group-living individuals. Here, we apply social network analysis to two captive mixed-species groups of tufted capuchins and squirrel monkeys housed at the Living Links to Human Evolution Research Centre, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh Zoo, UK. We conducted 183 h of focal observations (three hours per individual, excluding co-observations) and calculated association rates using a simple index ratio. Permutation t-tests were used to assess differences in the overall mixed-species network and network metrics according to species. While the two species exhibited some level of association, they formed separate clusters in the mixed-species networks; however, the East group had more balanced group sizes and showed some signs of closer inter-specific social ties compared to the West group. Our data indicate that, in captivity at least, while these groups co-exist in a small, shared space, they do not form cohesive mixed-species groups. We suggest caution in the assumption of mixed-species groups based on shared space only. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Zoo Animals)

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22 pages, 6222 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mitigating the Effects of Maternal Loss on Harbour Seal Pups in Captive Care

by Susan C. Wilson and Rhiannon Alger

Animals 2024, 14(22), 3264; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14223264 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1792

Abstract

Stranded newborn “orphan” harbour seal pups entering captive care are often maintained for some weeks in isolation, mainly as a precaution against the spread of infection. However, this practice raises concerns for the welfare and normal socialisation of pups, who normally spend their [...] Read more.

Stranded newborn “orphan” harbour seal pups entering captive care are often maintained for some weeks in isolation, mainly as a precaution against the spread of infection. However, this practice raises concerns for the welfare and normal socialisation of pups, who normally spend their first post-natal weeks close to their mothers and other seals. The present study recorded and described the behaviour of six paired orphan pups in rehabilitation up to about five weeks of age, provided with free access to water and haul-out areas. The occurrences of resting, following, nosing and body contacts, and aquatic play were recorded and compared qualitatively and quantitatively with the same behaviours of free-living pups with their mothers. The pups entered the water every day, although more often from about 2.5 weeks of age. They displayed to each other the same behaviours that free-living pups display to their mothers, although they engaged in relatively more physical contact, body nosing, and aquatic play. The study has shown that orphan pups maintained in pairs with free water access can act reciprocally as mother substitutes, thereby promoting species-typical primary socialisation and welfare during their early days of captive care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Zoo Animals)

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22 pages, 7393 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Making Noah’s Ark Work for Fishing Cat Conservation: A Blueprint for Connecting Populations across an Interactive Wild Ex Situ Spectrum

by Tiasa Adhya, Simran Singh, Himaja Varma Gottumukkala, Aditya Banerjee, Ishita Chongder, Sulata Maity and P. Anuradha Reddy

Animals 2024, 14(19), 2770; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14192770 - 25 Sep 2024

Viewed by 3560

Abstract

The One Plan Approach advocates for a hybrid species management framework, wherein captive-bred populations are considered metapopulations nested within a broader network of zoos and wild populations Additionally, the Opportunities to Thrive framework aims to enhance animal welfare by addressing the physiological, psychological, [...] Read more.

The One Plan Approach advocates for a hybrid species management framework, wherein captive-bred populations are considered metapopulations nested within a broader network of zoos and wild populations Additionally, the Opportunities to Thrive framework aims to enhance animal welfare by addressing the physiological, psychological, and emotional needs of captive individuals, thereby improving conservation outcomes. Here, we present an integrated framework for the conservation of a globally threatened wetland wild cat species, the fishing cat, by synthesizing optimal ex situ management practices and in situ conservation strategies. Further, we examined the genetic constitution of the founder population in a fishing cat captive breeding program that was recently initiated by the West Bengal Zoo Authority, India and conducted a population viability analysis to suggest how best to maintain the genetic diversity of the population. We found that the present genetic diversity of 56% and maximum carrying capacity of the captive population (30 individuals) can be maintained for more than 100 years with a combination of supplementation and harvesting. Keeping stochastic events in mind, the introduction of two adult males and females to the existing population each year will seamlessly allow the harvesting of two adult males and two adult females every alternate year to supplement wild populations. Further, we adopted the proposed integrated framework to delineate recommendations for the supplementation of wild populations in West Bengal. We used environmental criteria known to influence fishing cat occurrence to identify 21 potential reintroduction zones in the Sundarbans landscape and Terai region in northern West Bengal with habitable areas for the fishing cat that are larger than the maximum known species’ home range. Our study is timely and insightful because it provides a holistic blueprint for implementing the One Plan Approach in safeguarding a threatened species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoo Animals: How Actual Zoological Institutions Assess, Ensure, and Promote Their Animals’ Welfare?)

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30 pages, 444 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutritional Strategies to Alleviate Stress and Improve Welfare in Dairy Ruminants

by Basiliki Kotsampasi, Maria Anastasia Karatzia, Dimitrios Tsiokos and Stella Chadio

Animals 2024, 14(17), 2573; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172573 - 4 Sep 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 9036

Abstract

Dairy ruminants provide a major part of the livestock and agriculture sectors. Due to the increase in world population and the subsequent increase in dairy product demands, the dairy sector has been intensified. Dairy farming intensification and the subsequent increase in animal nutritional [...] Read more.

Dairy ruminants provide a major part of the livestock and agriculture sectors. Due to the increase in world population and the subsequent increase in dairy product demands, the dairy sector has been intensified. Dairy farming intensification and the subsequent increase in animal nutritional demands and the increase in the average global temperature as well have subjected animals to various stress conditions that impact their health and welfare. Various management practices and nutritional strategies have been proposed and studied to alleviate these impacts, especially under heat stress, as well as during critical periods, like the transition period. Some of the nutritional interventions to cope with stress factors and ensure optimal health and production are the inclusion of functional fatty acids and amino acids and feed additives (minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, essential oils and herbs, phytobiotics, enzymes, etc.) that have been proven to regulate animals’ metabolism and improve their antioxidant status and immune function. Thus, these nutritional strategies could be the key to ensuring optimum growth, milk production, and reproduction efficiency. This review summarizes and highlights key nutritional approaches to support the remarkable metabolic adaptations ruminants are facing during the transition period and to reduce heat stress effects and evaluate their beneficial effects on animal physiology, performance, health, as well as welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Stress Impact on Domestic Animals Physiology and Welfare)

9 pages, 1715 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Determination of the Prohibited Herbicide 4,6-Dinitro-Ortho-Cresol (DNOC) in Poisoned Domestic and Wild Animals in Italy

by Rachele Rocchi, Antonella Tinelli, Giuseppe Gatti, Pietro Badagliacca, Antonio Cocco, Maria Chiara Cantelmi, Antonella Damiano, Giampiero Scortichini, Carmine Merola and Antonio Petrini

Animals 2024, 14(17), 2483; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172483 - 26 Aug 2024

Viewed by 2389

Abstract

This study reports the determination of DNOC in the baits and gastric contents of poisoned dogs and wild canids collected in the Abruzzo region between 2014 and 2022. A total of 663 samples of the baits and carcasses of domestic and wild animals [...] Read more.

This study reports the determination of DNOC in the baits and gastric contents of poisoned dogs and wild canids collected in the Abruzzo region between 2014 and 2022. A total of 663 samples of the baits and carcasses of domestic and wild animals were analyzed for the determination of DNOC through GC-MS. DNOC was found to be present in 58 cases from 663 analyzed samples, with 49 poison baits and nine gastric content samples from dogs and red foxes. This study confirms for the first time that the banned pesticide DNOC still poisons both domestic and wild animals in the Abruzzo region. It should be considered that this study was carried out on a population of animals from a regional geographical area, and more detailed country-wide studies need to be carried out to obtain the incidence of poisoning from this herbicide in Italy. Furthermore, these findings emphasize the importance of considering this chemical in differential diagnosis during toxicological investigations of animal poisoning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Toxicology: The Effects of Chemical Exposure on Animal Physiological and Biochemical Indicators)

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14 pages, 11156 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chromium Affects Mitochondrial Function, Leading to Apoptosis and Autophagy in Turtle Primary Hepatocytes

by Shuqin Lin, Yunjuan Xiao, Jing Lin, Yue Yuan, Haitao Shi, Meiling Hong and Li Ding

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2403; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162403 - 19 Aug 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3553

Abstract

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), a pervasive industrial contaminant, is highly toxic to both humans and animals. However, its effects on turtles are largely unexplored. Our study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of Cr(VI) on the Reeves’ turtles (Mauremys reevesii) primary hepatocytes. [...] Read more.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), a pervasive industrial contaminant, is highly toxic to both humans and animals. However, its effects on turtles are largely unexplored. Our study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of Cr(VI) on the Reeves’ turtles (Mauremys reevesii) primary hepatocytes. We exposed hepatocytes to two concentrations (25 μM and 50 μM) of Cr(VI) for 24 h. The results showed that compared to controls, Cr(VI)-treated cells showed elevated antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Adenosine triphosphatae (ATP) levels decreased, indicating mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, we found significant changes in mitochondrial dynamics related genes, with downregulation of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and a decrease in sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and tumor protein 53 (p53) mRNA levels. Annexin V-FITC fluorescence staining-positive cells increased with higher Cr(VI) concentrations, marked by elevated bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase (Caspase3) mRNA levels and reduced B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2) expression. Autophagy-related genes were also affected, with increased microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3-I), microtubule-associated protein light chain 3II (LC3-II), unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1 (ULK1), and sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1) mRNA levels and decreased mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Beclin1 expression. Taken together, Cr(VI) promotes cell apoptosis and autophagy in turtle hepatocytes by inducing oxidative stress and disrupting mitochondrial function. These findings highlight the serious health risks posed by Cr(VI) pollution and emphasize the need for protecting wild turtle populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Animal Medicine and Pathology)

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13 pages, 637 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Environmental Enrichment in Rabbit Husbandry: Comparative Impacts on Performance and Welfare

by Karim El-Sabrout, Anjum Sherasiya, Sohail Ahmad, Sarah Aggag, Eleonora Nannoni, Damiano Cavallini and Giovanni Buonaiuto

Animals 2024, 14(16), 2367; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162367 - 15 Aug 2024

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 10529

Abstract

Rabbits are highly susceptible to environmental stress. Such stress, stemming from conventional housing conditions, can negatively impact well-being and productivity. Some of these negative consequences are increased susceptibility to diseases and infections and reduced growth rates and reproductive performance, as well as increased [...] Read more.

Rabbits are highly susceptible to environmental stress. Such stress, stemming from conventional housing conditions, can negatively impact well-being and productivity. Some of these negative consequences are increased susceptibility to diseases and infections and reduced growth rates and reproductive performance, as well as increased behavioral issues such as aggression. Environmental enrichment is the modification of the environment in which a domesticated animal lives in order to meet the species’ behavioral needs. The objective of providing enrichment is to facilitate animals in expressing natural behaviors, thereby preventing behavioral frustration and negative affective states. Several inexpensive and safe materials can be used to enrich rabbit enclosures. This review emphasizes the significance of implementing diverse environmental enrichments to alleviate stress in rabbit farming. It summarizes their effects on animal performance and welfare while exploring potential future perspectives in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Stress Impact on Domestic Animals Physiology and Welfare)

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20 pages, 18545 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Stress Responses in Horses Housed in Different Stable Designs during Summer in a Tropical Savanna Climate

by Chanoknun Poochipakorn, Thita Wonghanchao, Kanokpan Sanigavatee and Metha Chanda

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2263; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152263 - 4 Aug 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4347

Abstract

Single-confinement housing can pose welfare risks to domestic horses. This study investigated horses’ stress responses when confined to single stalls in different stable designs in a tropical savanna region to address a gap in the literature. In total, 23 horses were assigned to [...] Read more.

Single-confinement housing can pose welfare risks to domestic horses. This study investigated horses’ stress responses when confined to single stalls in different stable designs in a tropical savanna region to address a gap in the literature. In total, 23 horses were assigned to a stable with a central corridor and solid external walls (A) (N = 8), a stable with one side corridor and solid external walls (B) (N = 6), or a stable with a central corridor and no solid external walls (C) (N = 9). Air velocity, relative humidity, air temperature, and noxious gases were measured inside the stables, and the heart rate and HRV of the horses were also determined. The relative humidity was lower in stable C than in stable A (p < 0.05), while the air temperature was higher in stable C than in stable B (p < 0.05) during the day. The airflow and ammonia levels were higher in stable C than in stables B and A (p < 0.01–0.0001). Overall, horses’ HRV in stable A was lower than in those in stables B and C (p < 0.05–0.01). Horses in stable A tended to experience more stress than those in other stables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Stress Responses in Farm Animals: A Focus on Physiological and Behavioral Aspects)

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11 pages, 1990 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Interplay of TLR-NFκB Signalling Pathway and Functional Immune-Related Enzymes in the Inflammatory Response of Ciona robusta

by Luca Bisanti, Claudia La Corte, Mariano Dara, Federica Bertini, Jacopo Vizioli, Maria Giovanna Parisi, Matteo Cammarata and Daniela Parrinello

Animals 2024, 14(15), 2169; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152169 - 25 Jul 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3033

Abstract

The close phylogenetic relationship between ascidians (Tunicata) and vertebrates makes them a powerful model for studying the innate immune system. To better understand the nature and dynamics of immune responses and the mechanisms through which bacterial infections are detected and translated into inflammation [...] Read more.

The close phylogenetic relationship between ascidians (Tunicata) and vertebrates makes them a powerful model for studying the innate immune system. To better understand the nature and dynamics of immune responses and the mechanisms through which bacterial infections are detected and translated into inflammation in Ciona robusta, we applied an approach combining in vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, immune-labelling techniques and functional enzymatic analyses. The immunohistochemistry showed that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) were expressed during the inflammatory pharynx response 4 h post-LPS, with the formation of nodules in pharynx vessel lumen. Also, the endothelium vessels were involved in the inflammatory response. Observations of histological sections from naive and buffer-inoculated ascidians confirmed an immuno-positive response. Enzyme immune parameters—which included the activity of phenoloxidase, glutathione peroxidase, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and esterase—showed up-modulation 4 h after LPS injection, confirming their participation during ascidian inflammatory response. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the LPS-induced C. robusta response and suggest that a broad innate immune mechanism, as in vertebrates, is involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Further findings in this direction are needed to cover knowledge gaps regarding the organized set of molecular and cellular networks involved in universal immune interactions with pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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17 pages, 1645 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Different Founding Effects Underlie Dominant Blue Eyes (DBE) in the Domestic Cat

by Marie Abitbol, Caroline Dufaure de Citres, Gabriela Rudd Garces, Gesine Lühken, Leslie A. Lyons and Vincent Gache

Animals 2024, 14(13), 1845; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131845 - 21 Jun 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 10065

Abstract

During the last twenty years, minimal white spotting associated with blue eyes was selected by feline breeders to create the Altai, Topaz, and Celestial breeds. Additionally, certain breeders introduced this trait in their lineages of purebred cats. The trait has been called “dominant [...] Read more.

During the last twenty years, minimal white spotting associated with blue eyes was selected by feline breeders to create the Altai, Topaz, and Celestial breeds. Additionally, certain breeders introduced this trait in their lineages of purebred cats. The trait has been called “dominant blue eyes (DBE)” and was confirmed to be autosomal dominant in all lineages. DBE was initially described in outbred cats from Kazakhstan and Russia and in two purebred lineages of British cats from Russia, as well as in Dutch Maine Coon cats, suggesting different founding effects. We have previously identified two variants in the Paired Box 3 (PAX3) gene associated with DBE in Maine Coon and Celestial cats; however, the presence of an underlying variant remains undetermined in other DBE breeding lines. Using a genome-wide association study, we identified a single region on chromosome C1 that was associated with DBE in British cats. Within that region, we identified PAX3 as the strongest candidate gene. Whole-genome sequencing of a DBE cat revealed an RD-114 retrovirus LTR (long terminal repeat) insertion within PAX3 intron 4 (namely NC_018730.3:g.206975776_206975777insN[433]) known to contain regulatory sequences. Using a panel of 117 DBE cats, we showed that this variant was fully associated with DBE in two British lineages, in Altai cats, and in some other DBE lineages. We propose that this NC_018730.3:g.206975776_206975777insN[433] variant represents the DBE^ALT (Altai Dominant Blue Eye) allele in the domestic cat. Finally, we genotyped DBE cats from 14 lineages for the three PAX3 variants and showed that they were not present in four lineages, confirming genetic heterogeneity of the DBE trait in the domestic cat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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11 pages, 2290 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Cytogenetics of the Malagasy Ground Geckos of the Paroedura bastardi and Paroedura picta Species Groups

by Marcello Mezzasalma, Gaetano Odierna, Rachele Macirella and Elvira Brunelli

Animals 2024, 14(11), 1708; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14111708 - 6 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1632

Abstract

We present a comparative chromosome study of several taxa of the Malagasy ground geckos of the Paroedura bastardi and P. picta species groups. We employed a preliminary molecular analysis using a trait of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (of about 570 bp) to [...] Read more.

We present a comparative chromosome study of several taxa of the Malagasy ground geckos of the Paroedura bastardi and P. picta species groups. We employed a preliminary molecular analysis using a trait of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (of about 570 bp) to assess the taxonomic status of the samples studied and a cytogenetic analysis with standard karyotyping (5% Giemsa solution), silver staining (Ag–NOR staining) and sequential C-banding (C-banding + Giemsa and + fluorochromes). Our results show that all the taxa studied of the P. bastardi group (P. ibityensis, P. rennerae and P. cf. guibeae) have a similar karyotype composed of 2n = 34 chromosomes, with two metacentric pairs (1 and 3) and all other pairs being acrocentric. Chromosome diversification in the P. bastardi group was mainly linked to the diversification of heteromorphic sex chromosome systems (ZZ/ZW) in P. ibityensis and P. rennerae, while no heteromorphic sex chromosome pair was found in P. cf. guibeae. The two taxa investigated of the P. picta species group (here named P. picta and P. cf. picta based on molecular data) showed the same chromosome number of 2n = 36, mostly acrocentric elements, but differed in the number of metacentric elements, probably as a result of an inversion at chromosome pair 2. We highlight that the genus Paroedura is characterized by the independent diversification of heterogametic sex chromosomes in different evolutionary lineages and, similarly to other phylogenetically related gecko genera, by a progressive formation of a biarmed element by means of tandem fusions and inversions of distinct pairs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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16 pages, 1004 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Study on Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons (MOH) Contamination in Pig Diets and Its Transfer to Back Fat and Loin Tissues

by Paula Albendea, Chiara Conchione, Luca Menegoz Ursol and Sabrina Moret

Animals 2024, 14(10), 1450; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101450 - 13 May 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7481

Abstract

This study assessed saturated mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOSH) and aromatic mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOAH) levels in grower–finisher feeds for pigs supplemented with 5% crude palm oil (CP), crude olive pomace oil (COP), olive pomace acid oil (OPA), or a blend of CP and [...] Read more.

This study assessed saturated mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOSH) and aromatic mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOAH) levels in grower–finisher feeds for pigs supplemented with 5% crude palm oil (CP), crude olive pomace oil (COP), olive pomace acid oil (OPA), or a blend of CP and OPA (50:50, w/w); the contribution of the lipid source to that contamination; and the ability of pigs to accumulate MOH in back fat and loin tissues after 60 days of trial. MOSH and MOAH were analyzed with liquid chromatography (LC)–gas chromatography (GC)–flame ionization detection (FID) after sample preparation. Among the lipid sources, CP had the lowest MOH levels, but CP feeds showed the highest contamination. This, along with the different MOSH profiles, indicated the presence of more significant contamination sources in the feeds than the lipid source. The higher MOH contamination in CP feeds was reflected in the highest MOSH levels in pig back fat, whereas MOAH were not detected in animal tissues. Also, MOSH bioaccumulation in pig tissues was influenced by the carbon chain length. In conclusion, feed manufacturing processes can determine the MOSH contamination present in animal adipose tissues that can be included in human diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influence of Environment and Management on the Animal-Origin Products)

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23 pages, 6104 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Maternal Effects and Trophodynamics Drive Interannual Larval Growth Variability of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus) from the Gulf of Mexico

by José M. Quintanilla, Ricardo Borrego-Santos, Estrella Malca, Rasmus Swalethorp, Michael R. Landry, Trika Gerard, John Lamkin, Alberto García and Raúl Laiz-Carrión

Animals 2024, 14(9), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091319 - 28 Apr 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2140

Abstract

Two cohorts of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) larvae were sampled in 2017 and 2018 during the peak of spawning in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). We examined environmental variables, daily growth, otolith biometry and stable isotopes and found that the [...] Read more.

Two cohorts of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) larvae were sampled in 2017 and 2018 during the peak of spawning in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). We examined environmental variables, daily growth, otolith biometry and stable isotopes and found that the GOM18 cohort grew at faster rates, with larger and wider otoliths. Inter and intra-population analyses (deficient vs. optimal growth groups) were carried out for pre- and post-flexion developmental stages to determine maternal and trophodynamic influences on larval growth variability based on larval isotopic signatures, trophic niche sizes and their overlaps. For the pre-flexion stages in both years, the optimal growth groups had significantly lower δ¹⁵N, implying a direct relationship between growth potential and maternal inheritance. Optimal growth groups and stages for both years showed lower C:N ratios, reflecting a greater energy investment in growth. The results of this study illustrate the interannual transgenerational trophic plasticity of a spawning stock and its linkages to growth potential of their offsprings in the GOM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fisheries Larval Ecology and Oceanography)

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16 pages, 866 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Garlic Oil and Cinnamaldehyde on Sheep Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Populations in Rusitec Fermenters in Two Different Sampling Periods

by Jairo García-Rodríguez, Cristina Saro, Iván Mateos, María Dolores Carro and María José Ranilla

Animals 2024, 14(7), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071067 - 30 Mar 2024

Viewed by 2742

Abstract

Garlic oil (GO) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) have shown potential to modify rumen fermentation. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of GO and CIN on rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis (MPS), and microbial populations in Rusitec fermenters fed a mixed [...] Read more.

Garlic oil (GO) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) have shown potential to modify rumen fermentation. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of GO and CIN on rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis (MPS), and microbial populations in Rusitec fermenters fed a mixed diet (50:50 forage/concentrate), as well as whether these effects were maintained over time. Six fermenters were used in two 15-day incubation runs. Within each run, two fermenters received no additive, 180 mg/L of GO, or 180 mg/L of CIN. Rumen fermentation parameters were assessed in two periods (P1 and P2), and microbial populations were studied after each of these periods. Garlic oil reduced the acetate/propionate ratio and methane production (p < 0.001) in P1 and P2 and decreased protozoal DNA concentration and the relative abundance of fungi and archaea after P1 (p < 0.05). Cinnamaldehyde increased bacterial diversity (p < 0.01) and modified the structure of bacterial communities after P1, decreased bacterial DNA concentration after P2 (p < 0.05), and increased MPS (p < 0.001). The results of this study indicate that 180 mg/L of GO and CIN promoted a more efficient rumen fermentation and increased the protein supply to the animal, respectively, although an apparent adaptive response of microbial populations to GO was observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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19 pages, 3141 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Can the Inclusion of Forage Chicory in the Diet of Lactating Dairy Cattle Alter Milk Production and Milk Fatty Acid Composition? Findings of a Multilevel Meta-Analysis

by Mancoba C. Mangwe, Racheal H. Bryant, Antonia Olszewski, Hitihamy Mudiyanselage Gayani P. Herath and Omar Al-Marashdeh

Animals 2024, 14(7), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071002 - 25 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2449

Abstract

In traditional ryegrass/white clover (Lolium perenne L./Trifolium repens L.) pastoral systems, forage herbs such as chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) present an opportunity to fill feed deficits during late spring and summer. Although multiple research publications have evaluated the efficacy of [...] Read more.

In traditional ryegrass/white clover (Lolium perenne L./Trifolium repens L.) pastoral systems, forage herbs such as chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) present an opportunity to fill feed deficits during late spring and summer. Although multiple research publications have evaluated the efficacy of chicory for enhancing milk production and milk fatty acid (FA) profile, no publication has quantitatively synthesised the body of research. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effect of chicory on milk production and composition, as well as on the milk fatty acid composition of dairy cattle. A total of 29 comparisons from 15 unique research publications involving 597 dairy cattle were used to develop a dataset for analysis. Three-level random-effect and robust variance estimator models were used to account for the hierarchical structure of the data and the dependency of effect sizes within publications. Chicory inclusion increased milk yield when compared to grass-based diets {weighted mean difference (WMD) = 1.07 (95% CI 0.54–1.60) kg/cow/d, p < 0.001}, but it provided a similar milk yield when compared to other forages such as legumes and herbs {dicots; WMD = −0.30, (95% CI −89–0.29) kg/cow/day, p = 0.312}. Increases in milk yield were congruent with differences in DM intake (p = 0.09) and ME intakes (p = 0.003), being similar in chicory-fed and dicot-fed cows but higher than grass-fed cows. Chicory feeding’s effect on milk solids was twice as high during mid lactation {154 days in milk; WMD = 0.13, (95% 0.081–0.175) kg/cow/day, p < 0.001} as during late lactation {219 days in milk; WMD = 0.06, (95% 0.003–0.13) kg/cow/day, p = 0.041}. In line with milk yield, greater and more significant effect sizes were found for alpha linolenic acid {ALA; WMD = 0.20 (95% CI 0.06–0.35) g/100 g FA, p = 0.011} when chicory was compared to grass species only. Comparing chicory with dicots suggests that chicory inclusion did not impact ALA concentrations {WMD = 0.001 (95% CI −0.02–0.2) g/100 g FA, p = 0.99}. There were no differences in conjugated linoleic acid concentration in the milk of cows fed chicory or control diets. The study provides empirical evidence of chicory’s efficacy for improved milk production and milk fatty acid composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Ruminants: Feed Utilization, Nitrogen Dynamics, Physiology, and Metabolism)

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10 pages, 289 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Two Species of Macroalgae from Azores Sea as Potential Reducers of Ruminal Methane Production: In Vitro Ruminal Assay

by Helder P. B. Nunes, Cristiana S. A. M. Maduro Dias, Nuno V. Álvaro and Alfredo E. S. Borba

Animals 2024, 14(6), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060967 - 20 Mar 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2977

Abstract

The utilisation of seaweeds as feed supplements has been investigated for their potential to mitigate enteric methane emissions from ruminants. Enteric methane emissions are the primary source of direct greenhouse gas emissions in livestock and significantly contribute to anthropogenic methane emissions worldwide. The [...] Read more.

The utilisation of seaweeds as feed supplements has been investigated for their potential to mitigate enteric methane emissions from ruminants. Enteric methane emissions are the primary source of direct greenhouse gas emissions in livestock and significantly contribute to anthropogenic methane emissions worldwide. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the nutritional role and the in vitro effect on cumulative gas and methane production of Asparagopsis taxiformis (native species) and Asparagopsis armata (invasive species), two species of red algae from the Azorean Sea, as well as the ability to reduce biogas production when incubated with single pasture (Lolium perenne and Trifollium repens) as substrate. Four levels of concentrations marine algae were used (1.25%, 2.25%, 5%, and 10% DM) and added to the substrate to evaluate ruminal fermentation using the in vitro gas production technique. The total amount of gas and methane produced by the treatment incubation was recorded during 72 h of incubation. The results indicate that both algae species under investigation contain relatively high levels of protein (22.69% and 24.23%, respectively, for Asparagopsis taxiformis and Asparagopsis armata) and significant amounts of minerals, namely magnesium (1.15% DM), sodium (8.6% DM), and iron (2851 ppm). Concerning in vitro ruminal fermentation, it was observed that A. taxiformis can reduce enteric methane production by approximately 86%, during the first 24 h when 5% is added. In the same period and at the same concentration, A. armata reduced methane production by 34%. Thus, it can be concluded that Asparagopsis species from the Azorean Sea have high potential as a protein and mineral supplement, in addition to enabling a reduction in methane production from rumen fermentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algae in Animal Nutrition)

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10 pages, 947 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Sugarcane-Derived Polyphenol Supplementation on Methane Production and Rumen Microbial Diversity of Second-Cross Lambs

by Pragna Prathap, Surinder S. Chauhan, Matthew Flavel, Shane Mitchell, Jeremy J. Cottrell, Brian J. Leury and Frank R. Dunshea

Animals 2024, 14(6), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060905 - 14 Mar 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3403

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding sugarcane-derived polyphenolic supplement (Polygain, The Product Makers Australia, Keysborough, VIC, Australia) on enteric methane (CH₄) emission, rumen microbiota, and performance of second-cross lambs. For this purpose, 24 Poll Dorset [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding sugarcane-derived polyphenolic supplement (Polygain, The Product Makers Australia, Keysborough, VIC, Australia) on enteric methane (CH₄) emission, rumen microbiota, and performance of second-cross lambs. For this purpose, 24 Poll Dorset × (Border Leicester × Merino) lambs were allocated to 3 different treatments: Control (C), 0.25% Polygain (0.25 PG), and 1% Polygain (1 PG) diets with a uniform basal feed (25% cracked wheat grain, 25% cracked barley grain, 25% oaten chaff, 25% lucerne chaff). Both doses of Polygain reduced the total CH₄ production (g/day; p = 0.006), CH₄ yield (CH₄, g/kg of dry matter intake; p = 0.003) and CH₄ intensity (CH₄, g/kg of BW; p = 0.003). Dry matter intake tended to be greater (p = 0.08) in sheep fed 1 PG compared to the C group, with the 0.25 PG group being intermediate. The average daily gain of the lambs was improved (p = 0.03) with 1% Polygain supplementation. The relative abundance of genera Methanobrevibacter_unidentified, Methanomethylophilaceae_uncultured, Methanogenic archaeon mixed culture ISO4-G1, Methanosphaera uncultured rumen methanogen, Methanogenic archaeon ISO4-H5, and Methanobrevibacter boviskoreani JH1 were reduced with Polygain supplementation. In conclusion, feeding Polygain reduced lambs’ enteric CH₄ emissions, altered the rumen microbiome, and improved the growth performance of lambs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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14 pages, 2035 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Different Plant Extracts on CYP-Mediated Skatole and Indole Degradation in Pigs

by Philipp Marro, Raffael Wesoly and Volker Stefanski

Animals 2024, 14(6), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060888 - 13 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3192

Abstract

One of the primary substances responsible for the unpleasant odor in boar meat is skatole. Enzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family play a pivotal role in the hepatic clearance of skatole. This study aimed to investigate the impact of oregano essential [...] Read more.

One of the primary substances responsible for the unpleasant odor in boar meat is skatole. Enzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family play a pivotal role in the hepatic clearance of skatole. This study aimed to investigate the impact of oregano essential oil (OEO), Schisandra chinensis extract (SC), and garlic essential oil (GEO) on hepatic CYP2E1 and CYP2A activity in pigs. In three consecutive trials, cannulated castrated male pigs were provided with a diet containing 0.2–0.3% of one of these plant extracts. Following a 14-day feeding period, the animals were slaughtered, and liver and fat samples were collected. The findings indicate that the activities of CYP2E1 were unaffected by any treatment. However, GEO treatment demonstrated a significant reduction in CYP2A activity (p < 0.05). Pigs treated with GEO also exhibited a notable increase in skatole concentrations in both plasma and adipose tissue. In contrast, animals fed SC displayed elevated skatole concentrations in plasma but not in fat tissue. OEO did not influence skatole concentrations in either blood or fat. Furthermore, the study revealed that a supplementation of 6 g GEO per animal per day induced a significant increase in skatole concentrations in blood plasma within 24 h. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Extracts as Feed Additives in Animal Nutrition and Health)

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38 pages, 6808 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Nutritional Factors on Fat Content, Fatty Acid Composition, and Sensorial Properties of Meat and Milk from Domesticated Ruminants: An Overview

by Eric N. Ponnampalam, Hasitha Priyashantha, Janak K. Vidanarachchi, Ali Kiani and Benjamin W. B. Holman

Animals 2024, 14(6), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060840 - 8 Mar 2024

Cited by 71 | Viewed by 24453

Abstract

The meat and milk products from domesticated ruminants are important foods within a balanced diet, offering a rich source of energy, protein, fats, minerals, and vitamins. The sensorial properties of meat and milk are mainly linked to their fat content and fatty acid [...] Read more.

The meat and milk products from domesticated ruminants are important foods within a balanced diet, offering a rich source of energy, protein, fats, minerals, and vitamins. The sensorial properties of meat and milk are mainly linked to their fat content and fatty acid composition, which are influenced by the feeding background or nutrient composition of diets. While several studies have investigated the nutritional effects on the fat content and fatty acid profile of ruminant meat and milk, as well as their relationship with sensorial properties, a comprehensive overview of these effects is lacking. This paper summarises current literature and discusses changes to fatty acid composition (including ω-3 concentrations), fattiness, and associated quality traits of sheep, goat, beef cattle, alpaca, and llama meat that can be achieved by using different forages or feeds in a total mixed ration. Additionally, it presents the shelf life and nutritional value of meat, milk, and cheeses from the milk of dairy cattle, buffalo, goats, and sheep as influenced by a ruminant diet. Further advancement in these areas will promote the sustainability of ruminant production and its associated feeding systems in achieving premium quality animal-derived foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Forages, Novel Feeds, and Supplementation Effects on Animal Performance and Product Quality: Meat, Milk, and Natural Fibres)

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16 pages, 3470 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Effects of Robertsonian Translocation 1/29 (Rob (1;29)) on Genetic Diversity in Minor Breeds of Spanish Berrenda Cattle via Genome-Wide Analysis

by Rafael González-Cano, Ana González-Martínez, Manuel Ramón, Miriam González Serrano, Miguel Moreno Millán, Alejandro Rubio de Juan and Evangelina Rodero Serrano

Animals 2024, 14(5), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050793 - 4 Mar 2024

Viewed by 2918

Abstract

Most of the previous studies on the genetic variability in Spanish “Berrenda” breeds have been carried out using DNA microsatellites. The present work aimed to estimate the genetic diversity, population structure, and potential genetic differences among individuals of both Berrenda breeds and groups [...] Read more.

Most of the previous studies on the genetic variability in Spanish “Berrenda” breeds have been carried out using DNA microsatellites. The present work aimed to estimate the genetic diversity, population structure, and potential genetic differences among individuals of both Berrenda breeds and groups based on the presence of the Robertsonian chromosomal translocation, rob (1;29). A total of 373 samples from animals belonging to the two breeds, including 169 cases diagnosed as rob (1;29)-positive, were genotyped using an SNP50K chip. The genetic diversity at the breed level did not show significant differences, but it was significantly lower in those subpopulations containing the rob (1;29). Runs of homozygosity identified a region of homozygosity on chromosome 6, where the KIT (KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase) gene, which determines the typical spotted coat pattern in both breeds, is located. The four subpopulations considered showed minor genetic differences. The regions of the genome that most determined the differences between the breeds were observed on chromosomes 4, 6, 18, and 22. The presence of this Robertsonian translocation did not result in sub-structuring within each of the breeds considered. To improve the reproductive performance of Berrenda breeds, it would be necessary to implement strategies considering the involvement of potential breeding stock carrying rob (1;29). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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13 pages, 233 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Estimation of Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Layer Chicks Depending on Dynamic Model

by Miao Liu, Zhi-Yuan Xia, Hong-Lin Li, Yu-Xuan Huang, Alainaa Refaie, Zhang-Chao Deng and Lv-Hui Sun

Animals 2024, 14(5), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050764 - 29 Feb 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3803

Abstract

Four trials were conducted to establish a protein and amino acid requirement model for layer chicks over 0–6 weeks by using the analytical factorization method. In trial 1, a total of 90 one-day-old Jing Tint 6 chicks with similar body weight were selected [...] Read more.

Four trials were conducted to establish a protein and amino acid requirement model for layer chicks over 0–6 weeks by using the analytical factorization method. In trial 1, a total of 90 one-day-old Jing Tint 6 chicks with similar body weight were selected to determine the growth curve, carcass and feather protein deposition, and amino acid patterns of carcass and feather proteins. In trials 2 and 3, 24 seven-day-old and 24 thirty-five-day-old Jing Tint 6 chicks were selected to determine the protein maintenance requirements, amino acid pattern, and net protein utilization rate. In trial 4, 24 ten-day-old and 24 thirty-eight-day-old Jing Tint 6 chicks were selected to determine the standard terminal ileal digestibility of amino acids. The chicks were fed either a corn–soybean basal diet, a low nitrogen diet, or a nitrogen-free diet throughout the different trials. The Gompertz equation showed that there is a functional relationship between body weight and age, described as BWt(g) = 2669.317 × exp(−4.337 × exp(−0.019t)). Integration of the test results gave a comprehensive dynamic model equation that could accurately calculate the weekly protein and amino acid requirements of the layer chicks. By applying the model, it was found that the protein requirements for Jing Tint 6 chicks during the 6-week period were 21.15, 20.54, 18.26, 18.77, 17.79, and 16.51, respectively. The model-predicted amino acid requirements for Jing Tint 6 chicks during the 6-week period were as follows: Aspartic acid (0.992–1.284), Threonine (0.601–0.750), Serine (0.984–1.542), Glutamic acid (1.661–1.925), Glycine (0.992–1.227), Alanine (0.909–0.961), Valine (0.773–1.121), Cystine (0.843–1.347), Methionine (0.210–0.267), Isoleucine (0.590–0.715), Leucine (0.977–1.208), Tyrosine (0.362–0.504), Phenylalanine (0.584–0.786), Histidine (0.169–0.250), Lysine (0.3999–0.500), Arginine (0.824–1.147), Proline (1.114–1.684), and Tryptophan (0.063–0.098). In conclusion, this study constructed a dynamic model for the protein and amino acid requirements of Jing Tint 6 chicks during the brooding period, providing an important insight to improve precise feeding for layer chicks through this dynamic model calculation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amino Acid Nutrition in Poultry)

30 pages, 2252 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Understanding Circular RNAs in Health, Welfare, and Productive Traits of Cattle, Goats, and Sheep

by Dimitra Kirgiafini, Maria-Anna Kyrgiafini, Theocharis Gournaris and Zissis Mamuris

Animals 2024, 14(5), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050733 - 27 Feb 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4331

Abstract

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are unique noncoding RNA molecules, notable for their covalent closed-loop structures, which play a crucial role in regulating gene expression across a variety of biological processes. This review comprehensively synthesizes the existing knowledge of circRNAs in three key livestock species: [...] Read more.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are unique noncoding RNA molecules, notable for their covalent closed-loop structures, which play a crucial role in regulating gene expression across a variety of biological processes. This review comprehensively synthesizes the existing knowledge of circRNAs in three key livestock species: Bos taurus (cattle), Ovis aries (sheep), and Capra hircus (goats). It focuses on their functional importance and emerging potential as biomarkers for disease detection, stress response, and overall physiological health. Specifically, it delves into the expression and functionality of circRNAs in these species, paying special attention to traits critical to livestock productivity such as milk production, meat quality, muscle development, wool production, immune responses, etc. We also address the current challenges faced in circRNA research, including the need for standardized methodologies and broader studies. By providing insights into the molecular mechanisms regulated by circRNAs, this review underscores their scientific and economic relevance in the livestock industry. The potential of circRNAs to improve animal health management and the quality of animal-derived products aligns with growing consumer concerns for animal welfare and sustainability. Thus, this paper aims to guide future research directions while supporting the development of innovative strategies in livestock management and breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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24 pages, 319 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Reexamination of the Relationship between Training Practices and Welfare in the Management of Ambassador Animals

by Steve Martin, Grey Stafford and David S. Miller

Animals 2024, 14(5), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050736 - 27 Feb 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6593

Abstract

There is an ethical need to document and develop best practices for meeting ambassador animals’ welfare needs within the context of meeting zoo and aquarium program objectives. This is because ambassador animals experience direct and frequent contact with humans. This paper rigorously synthesizes [...] Read more.

There is an ethical need to document and develop best practices for meeting ambassador animals’ welfare needs within the context of meeting zoo and aquarium program objectives. This is because ambassador animals experience direct and frequent contact with humans. This paper rigorously synthesizes behavioral research and theory, contemporary practices, and personal experiences to offer key concepts that can be applied to meet ambassador animal welfare needs. These key concepts include addressing an animal’s recognition of choice and control, the use of the most positive and least intrusive effective interventions when training animals to participate in programming, and an overall reduction in aversive strategy use. Our model for increasing ambassador animal welfare focuses on seven main areas of concern, including the following: choosing the most suitable animal for the program; choosing the human with the right skills and knowledge for the program; using the most positive, least intrusive, effective training methods; developing a strong trusting relationship between trainer and animal; developing a comprehensive enrichment program; the need for institutional support; and creating opportunities for animals to practice species-appropriate behaviors. Our model will provide guidelines for improved ambassador animal welfare that can be refined with future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoo and Aquarium Welfare, Ethics, Behavior)

23 pages, 3187 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dietary Protein Quality Affects the Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Host Performance in Nile Tilapia

by Gabriella do Vale Pereira, Carla Teixeira, José Couto, Jorge Dias, Paulo Rema and Ana Teresa Gonçalves

Animals 2024, 14(5), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050714 - 24 Feb 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5900

Abstract

Dietary protein quality plays a key role in maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity, but also modulates the growth of luminal microorganisms. This work assessed the effect of dietary protein sources on the performance, gut morphology, and microbiome in Nile tilapia. Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic [...] Read more.

Dietary protein quality plays a key role in maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity, but also modulates the growth of luminal microorganisms. This work assessed the effect of dietary protein sources on the performance, gut morphology, and microbiome in Nile tilapia. Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets comprising equivalent amounts of the protein supply derived from either PLANT, ANIMAL, INSECT, or BACTERIAL (bacterial biomass) sources were fed to triplicate groups of fish (IBW: 12 g) for 46 days. Fish fed the ANIMAL and BACTERIAL diets showed significantly higher weight gains than those fed the PLANT and INSECT diets (p < 0.05). Relative abundance at the phylum level showed that Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the more abundant phyla in tilapia’s intestine, while Cetobacterium was the most representative genus in all treatments. Interesting patterns were observed in the correlation between amino acid intake and genus and species abundance. Metabolism prediction analysis showed that BACTERIAL amine and polyamine degradation pathways are modulated depending on diets. In conclusion, different protein sources modulate the relationship between bacteria functional pathways and amino acid intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feed Ingredients and Fish Mucosal Health)

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32 pages, 1417 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dolphin-WET—Development of a Welfare Evaluation Tool for Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) under Human Care

by Katrin Baumgartner, Tim Hüttner, Isabella L. K. Clegg, Manuel Garcia Hartmann, Daniel Garcia-Párraga, Xavier Manteca, Birgitta Mercera, Tania Monreal-Pawlowsky, Cristina Pilenga, Kerstin Ternes, Oriol Tallo-Parra, Ruta Vaicekauskaite, Lorenzo von Fersen, Lisa Yon and Fabienne Delfour

Animals 2024, 14(5), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050701 - 23 Feb 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 10563

Abstract

Ensuring high standards of animal welfare is not only an ethical duty for zoos and aquariums, but it is also essential to achieve their conservation, education, and research goals. While for some species, animal welfare assessment frameworks are already in place, little has [...] Read more.

Ensuring high standards of animal welfare is not only an ethical duty for zoos and aquariums, but it is also essential to achieve their conservation, education, and research goals. While for some species, animal welfare assessment frameworks are already in place, little has been done for marine animals under human care. Responding to this demand, the welfare committee of the European Association for Aquatic Mammals (EAAM) set up a group of experts on welfare science, cetacean biology, and zoo animal medicine across Europe. Their objective was to develop a comprehensive tool to evaluate the welfare of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), named Dolphin-WET. The tool encompasses 49 indicators that were either validated through peer review or management-based expertise. The first of its kind, the Dolphin-WET is a species-specific welfare assessment tool that provides a holistic approach to evaluating dolphin welfare. Inspired by Mellor’s Five Domains Model and the Welfare Quality^®, its hierarchical structure allows for detailed assessments from overall welfare down to specific indicators. Through combining 37 animal-based and 12 resource-based indicators that are evaluated based on a two- or three-level scoring, the protocol offers a detailed evaluation of individual dolphins. This approach allows for regular internal monitoring and targeted welfare management, enabling caretakers to address specific welfare concerns effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Marine Mammal Cognition and Cognitive Welfare)

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