Animals

18 pages, 1202 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) Frass on Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

by Sadia Sultana, Omeralfaroug Ali, Janka Biró, András Szabó, László Ardó, Anita Szűcs, Tamás Gura, Vannaphar Tammajedy, Csaba Hancz, Edward Agyarko and Balázs Kucska

Animals 2026, 16(4), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040693 - 23 Feb 2026

Viewed by 416

Abstract

Frass is the by-product of the larval meal industry and consists of leftover feed materials, exoskeleton shedding, and larval excrement of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). To assess the impact of dietary frass (BSFLF) on the growth, feed consumption, biochemical indices, whole-body proximate [...] Read more.

Frass is the by-product of the larval meal industry and consists of leftover feed materials, exoskeleton shedding, and larval excrement of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). To assess the impact of dietary frass (BSFLF) on the growth, feed consumption, biochemical indices, whole-body proximate composition, serum biochemical indices, and fatty acid composition (hepatopancreas) of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), an 8-week study was carried out. Juveniles were fed diets with different inclusion of BSFLF levels (0%, 10%, and 20%) in a recirculating aquaculture system, with each diet randomly assigned to a triplicate group of 90 fish (10 fish per tank), with an initial weight of 119.35 ± 30.97 g stocked into 250 L tanks. The study found that increasing dietary frass led to increased growth rates, relative growth rate, weight gain, and protein efficiency ratios, and to decreased feed conversion ratios. Within both total phospholipid and triglyceride fatty acid compositions, the 20% dietary frass increased proportions of saturated and omega-3 fatty acids while decreased the oleic acid (C18:1n9) proportion. To sum up, the use of BSFLF, notably at a 20% inclusion level, as a source of dietary protein has the potential to significantly improve the overall productivity of common carp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 1743 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic Differences in Inflammatory, Metabolic, and Biochemical Biomarkers in Dogs with Osteoarthritis According to Body Condition and Sex

by Liceth Agudelo-Giraldo, Catalina López and Jorge U. Carmona

Animals 2026, 16(4), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040692 - 23 Feb 2026

Viewed by 484

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) in dogs is increasingly recognized as a condition with systemic inflammatory and metabolic components, potentially influenced by body condition and sex. This study aimed to characterize phenotypic differences in circulating inflammatory, metabolic, and biochemical biomarkers in dogs with OA according to [...] Read more.

Osteoarthritis (OA) in dogs is increasingly recognized as a condition with systemic inflammatory and metabolic components, potentially influenced by body condition and sex. This study aimed to characterize phenotypic differences in circulating inflammatory, metabolic, and biochemical biomarkers in dogs with OA according to body condition and sex. In this cross-sectional study, client-owned dogs were classified as healthy controls, thin dogs with OA (TOA), or obese dogs with OA (OOA). Circulating cytokines, adipokines, cartilage degradation markers, and routine biochemical parameters were measured in blood samples, including interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-4, interleukin-10, adiponectin, C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen, and standard metabolic and hepatic markers. Data were analyzed using linear models fitted on log-transformed values, with group and sex as fixed effects, complemented by adjusted and sensitivity analyses. TOA dogs showed significantly higher interleukin-1 beta concentrations compared with controls (multiplicative effect 1.39, 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.82), indicating increased systemic inflammatory activity. In contrast, OOA dogs exhibited predominantly metabolic-associated alterations, including higher gamma-glutamyl transferase activity (multiplicative effect 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.46) and higher cholesterol concentrations (multiplicative effect 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.46). Several other biomarkers showed no clear group-related differences. Overall, these findings demonstrate that systemic biomarker profiles in canine OA vary primarily according to body condition, with secondary sex-related patterns, supporting the existence of biologically distinct OA phenotypes relevant for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Causes, Symptoms and Treatments of Musculoskeletal Diseases in Dogs and Cats)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 1263 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Hainan Indigenous Pig Breeds Revealed by Microsatellite and mtDNA D-Loop Analysis

by Yushan Cui, Maosong Wu, Xiaolei Ding, Jiayu Yan, Jing Chen, Shidao Zhao, Lifan Zhang, Wei Wei and Jie Chen

Animals 2026, 16(4), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040691 - 23 Feb 2026

Viewed by 484

Abstract

This study investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of five Hainan indigenous pig breeds (147 individuals from 7 populations representing 5 breeds: 3 Duntou pig subpopulations (DT-DZ, DT-SJ, and DT-SG) and four additional breeds (Wuzhishan, Wenchang, Lingao, and Tunchang)) to address germplasm [...] Read more.

This study investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of five Hainan indigenous pig breeds (147 individuals from 7 populations representing 5 breeds: 3 Duntou pig subpopulations (DT-DZ, DT-SJ, and DT-SG) and four additional breeds (Wuzhishan, Wenchang, Lingao, and Tunchang)) to address germplasm conservation needs driven by exotic crossbreeding, African swine fever, and inadequate genetic evaluation. After strict quality screening, we used 147 qualified samples for microsatellite genotyping and 104 samples for mtDNA D-loop sequencing. The analyses integrated 17 FAO-recommended microsatellite markers and mtDNA D-loop sequencing. In total, 15 out of 17 loci exhibited high polymorphism (PIC > 0.6), with Wuzhishan pigs exhibiting the highest genetic diversity (He = 0.666, I = 1.279). Pairwise Fst values indicated significant genetic differentiation among all populations (p < 0.05), and AMOVA attributed 87.32% of the genetic variation to within-population differences. Three complementary clustering methods (UPGMA, PCoA, and STRUCTURE with the optimal K value of 2 identified via the ΔK algorithm) divided the populations into two clades, clearly separating the Duntou subpopulations from other breeds. mtDNA D-loop sequencing of 104 individuals yielded a 1175 bp fragment, identifying 12 haplotypes and a high haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.688) low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00193) pattern; Lingao pigs showed no genetic variation, while Duntou and Wuzhishan pigs had the highest Hd. NJ phylogenetic analysis indicated that Hainan pigs form an independent subclade within Chinese indigenous pigs, closely related to Luchuan pigs. These findings confirm the high overall genetic diversity and distinct population-level divergence in Hainan pigs, with Duntou pigs representing a unique lineage. This work provides a scientific basis for targeted conservation strategies, including prioritizing the conservation of Duntou and Wuzhishan pigs and restoring genetic variation in Lingao pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3220 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Immunological Interference Between Live Infectious Bursal Disease Virus and Avian Reovirus Vaccines in SPF Chickens

by Jiaolong Wen, Mingwei Li, Yuecheng Long, Shenghua Yang, Chuang Lyu, Junxian Li, Guanming Huo, Ermin Xie, Yiming Liu, Yanhua Xu, Xuesong Li, Jianping Qin, Lijuan Yin and Wencheng Lin

Animals 2026, 16(4), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040690 - 23 Feb 2026

Viewed by 448

Abstract

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and avian reovirus (ARV) are major immunosuppressive pathogens controlled through the widespread use of live attenuated vaccines. Concerns persist regarding potential immune interference when these vaccines are co-administered, though comprehensive in vivo data are lacking. Here, we reported [...] Read more.

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and avian reovirus (ARV) are major immunosuppressive pathogens controlled through the widespread use of live attenuated vaccines. Concerns persist regarding potential immune interference when these vaccines are co-administered, though comprehensive in vivo data are lacking. Here, we reported the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a live IBDV vaccine (W2512G-61) and a live ARV vaccine (ZJS) administered simultaneously or sequentially at 3-, 5-, and 7-day intervals in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The IBDV live vaccine elicits strong, interval-independent humoral immunity and conferred 100% protection, demonstrating no compromise from ARV co-administration. Conversely, ARV-specific immunity was severely impaired by close temporal vaccination. ARV protection rates fell from 86.7% (ARV-only) to 46.7% with simultaneous administration and from 93.3% to 66.7% with a 3-day interval. Extending the interval to five or seven days eliminated this interference, restoring ARV antibody titers and protection to levels equivalent to ARV-only control vaccinated groups. This study provides the first definitive evidence of asymmetric immune interference between live IBDV and ARV vaccines. The results establish a minimum safe interval of five days to prevent interference and ensure robust ARV vaccine efficacy. These findings offer critical, evidence-based guidance for optimizing vaccination schedules to improve disease control in commercial poultry production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Common Infectious Diseases in Poultry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 1534 KB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional Disorders and Metabolic Adaptations in Dromedary Camels: Insights into Foregut Fermentation and Mineral Balance

by Muhammad Mahboob Ali Hamid, Mohamed Tharwat, Tarek A. Ebeid and Fahad A. Alshanbari

Animals 2026, 16(4), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040689 - 23 Feb 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 783

Abstract

Dromedary camels possess unique anatomical, physiological, and metabolic adaptations that enable survival in arid environments; however, these same adaptations make them highly sensitive to nutritional imbalance under modern feeding conditions. This review synthesizes current knowledge on nutritional pathologies and metabolic disorders in camels, [...] Read more.

Dromedary camels possess unique anatomical, physiological, and metabolic adaptations that enable survival in arid environments; however, these same adaptations make them highly sensitive to nutritional imbalance under modern feeding conditions. This review synthesizes current knowledge on nutritional pathologies and metabolic disorders in camels, emphasizing the links between diet composition, foregut fermentation, mineral status, and systemic health. Imbalances in energy and carbohydrates predispose camels to subacute and acute acidosis, negative energy balance, and ketosis-like syndromes, particularly when rapidly fermentable feeds are introduced without adequate fiber or water. Protein and nitrogen disorders, including ammonia toxicity and impaired urea recycling, arise from mismatches between degradable protein, fermentable energy, hydration, and mineral availability. Widespread deficiencies of phosphorus, copper, cobalt, zinc, selenium, and vitamins A and E remain major constraints, leading to pica, poor microbial fermentation, oxidative stress, immunosuppression, reproductive failure, and skeletal disorders. Nutritional disturbances frequently extend beyond the gastrointestinal tract, forming a gut–liver–kidney metabolic axis characterized by hepatic dysfunction, renal compromise, and systemic oxidative stress. The review also addresses gastrointestinal impaction, foreign-body ingestion, toxic plant consumption, and feeding on human food waste as emerging nutritional challenges, particularly in peri-urban systems. Advances in diagnostic ultrasonography, feed evaluation techniques, probiotics, mineral–vitamin supplementation, and omics-based approaches are discussed as tools for improving early diagnosis and precision nutrition. Despite growing research interest, the lack of camel-specific feeding standards and reliance on cattle-based recommendations remain critical gaps. This review highlights the need for species-specific nutrient requirement models, sustainable rangeland management, and integrative research to support the health, resilience, and productivity of camels under changing environmental and production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Camelid Welfare: Housing, Feeding, Health, and Behavioral Best Practices)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 5270 KB

Open AccessArticle

Shortened Photoperiod Enhances Protein and Fat Energy Deposition in Growing Pigs

by Hongrui Cao, Zhengcheng Zeng, Huangwei Shi, Li Wang, Yingying Li, Qile Hu, Lu Wang and Shuai Zhang

Animals 2026, 16(4), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040688 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 533

Abstract

This study examined how different photoperiods affect net energy partitioning and explored the mechanisms via blood biochemistry, gut microbiota, and fecal metabolites. Twelve healthy crossbred pigs (47.7 ± 7.5 kg) were randomly allocated to two groups and subjected to a self-controlled crossover design. [...] Read more.

This study examined how different photoperiods affect net energy partitioning and explored the mechanisms via blood biochemistry, gut microbiota, and fecal metabolites. Twelve healthy crossbred pigs (47.7 ± 7.5 kg) were randomly allocated to two groups and subjected to a self-controlled crossover design. Following an 8-day baseline under a normal photoperiod (12L:12D, 12 h light:12 h dark), pigs were assigned to two photoperiod treatment groups: prolonged photoperiod (18L:6D, 18 h light:6 h dark; P group) and shortened photoperiod (6L:18D, 6 h light:18 h dark; S group). Measurements during the baseline (12L:12D) and treatment phases are designated as N1/P (for the P group) and N2/S (for the S group), respectively. The treatment periods were interspersed with the baseline 12L:12D photoperiod and repeated six times. It was observed that, compared to N2, shortened photoperiod (S) had significantly higher net energy deposition, net energy for protein deposition, and net energy for fat deposition (p < 0.05). Compared with N2, plasma low-density lipoprotein in short photoperiod decreased (p < 0.05), and gastric inhibitory peptides increased (p < 0.05). Compared to the prolonged photoperiod, the levels of ghrelin and apolipoprotein A-IV were higher in the shortened photoperiod (p < 0.05). A shortened photoperiod decreased fecal acetic acid compared to N2 (p < 0.05) and decreased propionic acids compared to P (p < 0.05). The significance test of differences between microbial groups showed that there were different microorganisms among the different groups. The results indicated that shortening the photoperiod significantly altered the energy allocation in growing pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

30 pages, 4855 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanism of Liver Injury Induced by Cr⁶⁺ in Zebrafish and Protective Effect of Selenomethionine

by Yangfan Xu, Xinru Bo, Yan Zhang, Xinxu Li, Lingtian Xie, Yang Yang, Jianhua Yu, Wu Dong and Hongxing Chen

Animals 2026, 16(4), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040687 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 406

Abstract

Hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺) is a potent environmental toxicant known to accumulate in the liver; however, the molecular underpinnings of its hepatotoxicity remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the biochemical mechanisms of Cr⁶⁺-induced liver injury and the protective [...] Read more.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺) is a potent environmental toxicant known to accumulate in the liver; however, the molecular underpinnings of its hepatotoxicity remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the biochemical mechanisms of Cr⁶⁺-induced liver injury and the protective efficacy of selenomethionine (Se-Met) using a transgenic zebrafish model. We demonstrate that exposure precipitates severe hepatic steatosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by the dysregulation of lipid metabolism genes and the activation of ferroptosis pathways. Specifically, Cr⁶⁺ toxicity was driven by the depletion of glutathione (GSH) and the suppression of the anti-ferroptotic protein glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Notably, these pathological alterations were significantly attenuated by both the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and low-dose Se-Met. Furthermore, transcriptomic profiling revealed that Se-Met exerts its protective effects primarily by modulating glycerolipid metabolism, thereby mitigating lipid accumulation. Collectively, our findings establish ferroptosis as a critical driver of Cr⁶⁺-induced hepatotoxicity and highlight Se-Met as a promising biochemical intervention to mitigate chromium-associated hepatic damage in aquaculture systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fish Toxicology and Pharmacology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 8258 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chestnut Tannin Improves Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Broilers Challenged with Necrotic Enteritis via the cGAS-STING-Ferroptosis Pathway

by Genrui Zhang, Fandi Tang, Yang Wang and Huawei Liu

Animals 2026, 16(4), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040686 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 644

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the impacts of chestnut tannin (CT) on growth performance, immune response, and intestinal health of broilers challenged with necrotic enteritis (NE) through the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-ferroptosis pathway. A total of 240 one-day-old male [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the impacts of chestnut tannin (CT) on growth performance, immune response, and intestinal health of broilers challenged with necrotic enteritis (NE) through the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-ferroptosis pathway. A total of 240 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers (44.54 ± 0.51 g) were randomly divided into four groups, including a Control group, NE group, 500 mg/kg CT group (L-CT), and 1000 mg/kg CT group (H-CT), with six replicates per group and ten broilers per replicate. Sporulated coccidia oocysts on day 14 and Clostridium perfringens solution from days 19 to 21 were given to all broilers except the Control group through oral administration to establish the NE infection model. The results demonstrated that dietary supplementation with CT improved (p < 0.05) growth performance, intestinal morphology, and intestinal mucosal barrier function of broilers challenged with NE. CT supplementation decreased (p < 0.05) interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, type I interferon, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations and increased (p < 0.05) IL-10 concentration in the jejunal mucosa. Furthermore, CT supplementation decreased (p < 0.05) Fe²⁺ concentration, malondialdehyde concentration, mitochondrial DNA level, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species level in the jejunal mucosa. Broilers under NE challenge had upregulated (p < 0.05) jejunal protein expression of cGAS, STING, phospho-TANK-binding kinase 1, phospho-interferon regulatory factor 7, phospho-nuclear factor kappa B, ferroptosis suppressor protein 1, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4, WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2, nuclear receptor co activator factor 4 and autophagy related protein 5 and downregulated (p < 0.05) glutathione peroxidase 4, ferritin heavy chain 1, ferritin light chain and ferroportin 1 compared with the Control group, while the supplementation of CT reversed these effects. In conclusion, CT improved intestinal inflammatory damage of broilers challenged with NE by inhibiting the cGAS-STING-ferroptosis pathway, which was more effective at a dose of 1000 mg/kg in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 4915 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Variation in Turf Surface Properties of Polo Pitches: A Case Study of Different Handicaps of Argentina

by María Alejandra Blanco, Michael L. Peterson, Pablo Ariel Cipriotti and Fernando Apecechea

Animals 2026, 16(4), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040685 - 22 Feb 2026

Viewed by 276

Abstract

Polo is a high-speed equestrian sport that imposes mechanical demands on horses and turf, yet limited research has examined the functional behavior of polo playing surfaces. This study characterizes the spatial variability of mechanical surface properties across turf polo pitches representing high-, medium-, [...] Read more.

Polo is a high-speed equestrian sport that imposes mechanical demands on horses and turf, yet limited research has examined the functional behavior of polo playing surfaces. This study characterizes the spatial variability of mechanical surface properties across turf polo pitches representing high-, medium-, and low-handicap categories. Three fields were assessed using lightweight field-based instruments, including the Impact Test Device (ITD), Rotational Peak Shear (RPS) tester, Going Stick© for penetration (GSP) and shear (GSS), and a TDR probe for volumetric moisture content (VMC%). A total of 210–223 grid-based sampling points per pitch were analyzed to evaluate mechanical responses under vertical and horizontal loading conditions. Significant differences among pitches were observed, with ITD and VMC emerging as the indicators of surface behaviour. Spatial analysis revealed heterogeneous within-pitch patterns, expressed as directional gradients and localized variability. Linear discriminant analysis demonstrated that the combined measurements could differentiate pitches associated with different handicap levels with high classification accuracy (0.88). Although the applied instruments do not replicate full equine biomechanical loading, they proved effective in detecting spatial variability in surface uniformity, a functional property relevant to performance and equine welfare. These findings support integration of spatially explicit surface assessments into routine turf management practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Equine Surfaces, Shoeing, and Musculoskeletal Injury)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 10729 KB

Open AccessArticle

DenseDuckMOT: A Real-Time Detection-Tracking Coupled Counting Framework for Complex Avicultural Environments

by Jiaxing Xie, Jiatao Wu, Liye Chen, Yue Cao, Zihao Chen, Meiyi Lu, Yujian Lin, Chunxi Tu, Weixing Wang and Jinshui Lin

Animals 2026, 16(4), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040684 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 455

Abstract

The Liancheng White Duck is a nationally protected breed in China, but its high-density farming environment poses significant challenges for target detection and behavior recognition, particularly due to occlusion, motion blur, and flock aggregation, making practical flock monitoring and counting labor intensive and [...] Read more.

The Liancheng White Duck is a nationally protected breed in China, but its high-density farming environment poses significant challenges for target detection and behavior recognition, particularly due to occlusion, motion blur, and flock aggregation, making practical flock monitoring and counting labor intensive and prone to error in real barns. To address these issues, we propose DenseDuckMOT, an integrated detection-tracking framework for practical farm monitoring using existing fixed surveillance cameras with minimal additional hardware cost that combines the improved DuckNet detector with the AKFTrack tracker. DuckNet, based on YOLOv11, incorporates BiFPN, GLSA, and ESDH. It achieves high performance with 98.19% precision, 94.79% mAP@0.75, 97.70% F1-score, and 97.72% recall, while maintaining a lightweight design of only 1.90M parameters and a model size of 4485 KB. AKFTrack introduces adaptive Kalman prediction and a two-stage association scheme. It is evaluated on five dense white duck surveillance videos, where it outperforms or ranks second in MOTA, IDF1, and recall compared to DeepSORT, StrongSORT, and ByteTrack, especially in crowded and occluded scenes. Experimental results, ablation studies, and LayerCAM visualizations confirm the complementary advantages of BiFPN, GLSA, and ESDH, as well as the robustness of AKFTrack in handling occlusion and rapid motion. DenseDuckMOT provides accurate, efficient, and stable real-time monitoring in dynamic poultry farms, offering a scalable solution for intelligent farming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Modeling and Computer Vision in Animal Activity or Behavior: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 5074 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rumen-Protected Glucose Supplementation Enhances Yak Calf Growth Through Gut Microbiota–Metabolic Interactions

by Jingyun Chen, Lan Ma, Zongyuan Zhang, Fuzhen An, Xinyue Li, Biao Li, Tianwu An and Li Wang

Animals 2026, 16(4), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040683 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 525

Abstract

Alleviating negative energy balance in perinatal yaks is a critical challenge for safeguarding the health of both dams and calves and achieving sustainable development of yak husbandry. While RPG supplementation represents an effective nutritional strategy, its transgenerational benefits, particularly the long-term effects on [...] Read more.

Alleviating negative energy balance in perinatal yaks is a critical challenge for safeguarding the health of both dams and calves and achieving sustainable development of yak husbandry. While RPG supplementation represents an effective nutritional strategy, its transgenerational benefits, particularly the long-term effects on offspring calf development through maternal intervention, remain largely unexplored. In the present study, low-dose RPG (150 g d⁻¹, L-RPG, n = 6) markedly improved milk composition, elevating protein, fat, lactose, and gross energy contents (p < 0.05), and enhance calf weight gain (21.74%) with activation of the somatotropic axis (increased GH, IGF-1, etc.). Calves in this group also exhibited enhanced antioxidant capacity (higher SOD, CAT, and T-AOC) and improved immune regulation (lower IL-6, TNF-α). Multi-omics analyses revealed that L-RPG enriched beneficial taxa such as Solbacillus, Citricoccus, and Akkermansia muciniphila, optimized the hindgut microbiome, and upregulated serum metabolites including di-O-methylfraxetin and phenylalanyl-histidine. Integrated microbiota–metabolite profiling demonstrated significant cross-talk between the altered bacteria and metabolites. Collectively, supplementing dams with 150 g d⁻¹ RPG improves milk quality, modulates the calf gut microbiota, and reshapes host metabolism, thereby synergistically promoting offspring growth. Our findings provide a comprehensive “maternal nutrition–microbiota–metabolism” framework for understanding RPG’s mode of action and furnish both theoretical insights and practical guidance for dam–calf health management in yak production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 1297 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Parasite (Anisakis spp.) Load and Its Relationship with Diet in Common Dolphins (Delphinus delphis) Along the Coast of Galicia (NW Spain)

by Elisa Rueda-Díez, Gema Hernandez-Milian, Alberto Hernandez-Gonzalez, Silvina Ivaylova Tsanicheva, Sébastien T. Jacquot, Marie A. C. Petitguyot, Paula Gutiérrez-Muñoz, Pablo Covelo, Xabier Pin, Alfredo López and Graham J. Pierce

Animals 2026, 16(4), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040682 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 483

Abstract

The common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) is one of the most abundant small cetaceans along the Galician coast and a definitive host for the nematode parasite Anisakis, which is transmitted to cetaceans through the food chain. This study aimed to analyse [...] Read more.

The common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) is one of the most abundant small cetaceans along the Galician coast and a definitive host for the nematode parasite Anisakis, which is transmitted to cetaceans through the food chain. This study aimed to analyse which factors, including dolphin diet, affect the parasitic load. Samples of stomach contents from stranded dolphins along the Galician coast (2004–2024) were examined. The number of parasites was counted, and the contribution of different prey species to the diet was analysed based on hard remains. Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) were used to assess the relationships between parasitic load (number of Anisakis in the stomach) and various putative explanatory variables (e.g., year, month, size, sex, latitude, body condition, cause of death and diet of the dolphins). Results showed an increase in parasitic load over the years and a seasonal pattern, with numbers peaking in the first months of the year. A significant positive relationship was found between dolphin length and Anisakis load. In addition, dolphins that died from bycatch had the lowest parasitic loads. The numbers of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) in the stomach had a significant effect on parasite load: parasite abundance decreased as the numbers of these prey species in the stomach increased. This result confirms the influence of diet on Anisakis load, although it does not reveal which species contribute the most to the parasite load. The study offers insights into how diet and other ecological factors influence the parasitic load in D. delphis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 748 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Parameter Estimates and Associations Between Clutch Length and Hen-Day Egg Production Traits in Thai Native Chickens Under Heat Stress

by Piriyaporn Sungkhapreecha, Vibuntita Chankitisakul and Wuttigrai Boonkum

Animals 2026, 16(4), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040681 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 295

Abstract

Improving egg production under heat stress remains a major challenge in tropical poultry breeding. This study demonstrates that clutch length and hen-day egg production are robust indicators of genetic variation in heat tolerance and directly applicable to climate-resilient breeding programs in Thai native [...] Read more.

Improving egg production under heat stress remains a major challenge in tropical poultry breeding. This study demonstrates that clutch length and hen-day egg production are robust indicators of genetic variation in heat tolerance and directly applicable to climate-resilient breeding programs in Thai native chickens. Records from 2400 Pradu Hang Dum hens across five generations were analyzed using a reaction-norm repeatability model with the temperature–humidity index (THI) as an environmental covariate. A THI threshold of 74 was identified, beyond which heat stress altered the genetic expression of both traits. Heritability estimates declined with an increasing THI, from 0.49 to 0.32 for clutch length and from 0.37 to 0.26 for hen-day egg production, indicating reduced additive genetic control under heat stress. Genetic correlations between baseline performance and heat-stress sensitivity were moderately to strongly negative (−0.46 to −0.54), revealing antagonism between productivity under thermoneutral conditions and heat tolerance. Reaction-norm breeding values showed substantial genotype-by-environment interactions, highlighting heterogeneity in heat-stress responses among genotypes. Despite thermal challenges, positive genetic trends were observed, with an average genetic trend of 1.34 eggs per generation for clutch length and 8.8 percent per generation for hen-day egg production. These results demonstrate that genetic improvement can be sustained under heat stress and support the integration of THI-based reaction-norm evaluations to identify genotypes combining reproductive efficiency with enhanced heat tolerance for climate-resilient breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding Advances in Poultry Health and Production: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 935 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metagenomic Insights into the Modulatory Effects of Thiamine Supplementation for Treating Subclinical Ketosis Dairy Cows

by Fuguang Xue, Fan Zhang, Qinghao Zhuang, Ling Jiang, Mengjie Sun, Jinliang Shang and Benhai Xiong

Animals 2026, 16(4), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040680 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 366

Abstract

(1) Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the modulatory effects of thiamine on BHBA metabolism, milk yield, and the rumen microbial ecosystem. (2) Methods: A total of 24 SCK dairy cows with similar body conditions were selected and randomly allocated [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the modulatory effects of thiamine on BHBA metabolism, milk yield, and the rumen microbial ecosystem. (2) Methods: A total of 24 SCK dairy cows with similar body conditions were selected and randomly allocated to SCK (SCK) or SCK with thiamine supplement (SCKT) treatment. Twelve healthy dairy cows served as the control (CON) treatment. Milk yield, milk quality, ruminal fermentability parameters, rumen and fecal microbial communities were further measured. (3) Results: Thiamine significantly decreased BHBA content, milk CFUs, and somatic cells, while significantly increasing milk yield, milk fat, acetate, and the A/P ratio (p < 0.05). Thiamine-treated cows exhibited significantly increased ruminal and fecal Proteobacteria but significantly decreased ruminal Firmicutes (p < 0.05) as well as fecal Spirochaetes and Cyanobacteria (p < 0.05), compared with SCK cows. Functional analysis showed that differential rumen bacteria exhibited high energy metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, while the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides were the primary functional pathways of differential fecal microbiota. (4) Conclusions: Thiamine supplementation in SCK cows effectively alleviated subclinical ketosis by reducing BHBA content, enhancing ruminal fermentability, and proliferating rumen microbial communities, leading to improved milk yield in the early-lactation period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Feed Additives for Enhancing Early Lactation Performance in Ruminants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1204 KB

Open AccessArticle

16S rRNA Gene and Metagenomic Analysis Revealed an Association Between Cecal Microbiota and Pork Umami

by Zhijian Xu, Mei Liang, Junjie Li, Bo Song, Meimei Zhang, Hui Jiang, Jianmin Chai, Jiangchao Zhao, Feilong Deng and Ying Li

Animals 2026, 16(4), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040679 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 448

Abstract

Umami is a key determinant of pork flavor, but the association between the intestinal microbial community and umami differences remains unclear. Here, we used the taste-sensing electronic tongue system to divide the Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire pigs into high, medium and low [...] Read more.

Umami is a key determinant of pork flavor, but the association between the intestinal microbial community and umami differences remains unclear. Here, we used the taste-sensing electronic tongue system to divide the Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire pigs into high, medium and low groups. We combined 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing to study the differences in the microbial community composition and functional genes. The results showed that the microorganisms in the cecum of different groups had a similar core microbial community. The Shannon diversity analysis showed that there were no significant differences among the different groups. The Bray–Curtis distance indicated that there were differences in the bacterial communities between the high umami group and the other two groups. The LEfSe analysis and Spearman correlation analysis revealed that the uncultured species CAG-632 sp900539185 maintained a high abundance in the high umami group and was significantly correlated with umami. Metagenomic functional analysis revealed distinct functional signatures among umami groups, with enrichment of genes related to carbohydrate transport and metabolism, butanoate and other short-chain fatty acid pathways, nitrogen utilisation, cell-surface structures, adhesion and RNA metabolism in high umami groups. These research findings indicate that the differences in the delicious flavor of pork are more likely to be associated with specific microbial species and the functional characteristics of the cecal microbial community, rather than the overall situation of the entire microbial community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 372 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Exploring Cardiorespiratory Resilience and Mobility as Indicators of Physical Fitness Under Individualised Therapy Intervals in Obese Dogs

by Paula Welter, Oliver Harms, Holger A. Volk, Julia D. Kschonek, Ammelie Godglück, Christian Visscher and Volker Wilke

Animals 2026, 16(4), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040678 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 416

Abstract

Obesity in dogs is an increasing health and animal welfare problem as it is associated with numerous secondary diseases and reduced life span. While the causes and consequences of obesity are well documented, the change in cardiorespiratory resilience and mobility parameters in addition [...] Read more.

Obesity in dogs is an increasing health and animal welfare problem as it is associated with numerous secondary diseases and reduced life span. While the causes and consequences of obesity are well documented, the change in cardiorespiratory resilience and mobility parameters in addition to weight loss has rarely been studied. The aim of this study was to analyse the change effects during individualised obesity therapy intervals in accordance with the current state of research on canine obesity and on physical fitness. In a prospective single-arm, non-randomised study without a control arm, 13 obese dogs (Body condition score (BCS) ≥ 7/9) were included. To assess mobility, a submaximal fitness test and gait analysis on a treadmill were performed before and after therapy. The dogs reduced their body weight by 15.26 ± 4.99%. After weight loss, the dogs showed statistically significantly lower heart rates and lactate values, as well as higher pCO₂ and bicarbonate values as indicators of cardiorespiratory resilience. Concerning parameters of mobility, statistically significant changes in the absolute forces and the asymmetrical force distribution were found. The force distribution between the thoracic and pelvic limbs showed a shift towards the pelvic limbs and the symmetry index of the pelvic limbs was lower. The data collected in this study showed how body weight in obese dogs, but also physical fitness parameters change during therapy intervals. The results of this study provide effect sizes to implement standardised submaximal fitness tests and gait analysis as tools for objective monitoring of therapy progress in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1012 KB

Open AccessArticle

Growth and Development Dynamic of the Lena Population Siberian Sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869) Bred in a Recirculating Aquaculture System

by Anna A. Belous, Petr I. Otradnov, Amina K. Nikipelova, Nikolay V. Bardukov, Vladislav I. Nikipelov, Grigoriy A. Shishanov, Alisa S. Rakova, Polina S. Ilyushina, Igor V. Gusev and Natalia A. Zinovieva

Animals 2026, 16(4), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040677 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 426

Abstract

Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869), characterized by its rapid mass accumulation and high survival rate under industrial breeding conditions, is one of the most promising aquacultural species. This research aimed to study the growth and development of farmed Siberian sturgeon ( [...] Read more.

Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869), characterized by its rapid mass accumulation and high survival rate under industrial breeding conditions, is one of the most promising aquacultural species. This research aimed to study the growth and development of farmed Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869) to improve breeding programs. This research was conducted at the Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry named after Academy Member L.K. Ernst and focused on the Lena population broodstock of Siberian sturgeon of the April 2022 generation (n = 98), grown in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). The experiment took into account body weight (W, g) and eleven morphological measurements: L—absolute length (cm); LR—fish body length increase (cm/day); l—commercial length (cm); L2—fork length (cm); HL—head length (cm); PV—pectoventral distance (cm); VA—ventroanal distance (cm); pl1—peduncle length (cm); H—body height (cm); h—peduncle height (cm); SC—body thickness (cm); GC—body circumference (cm); and Cc—peduncle circumference (cm). These measurements were taken from the same sample of fish at five different time points, all belonging to the same generation and approximately the same age. Measurements were taken every 3 to 9 months: 1 y (group G1), 1 y. 5 m. (group G2), 2 y. 2 m. (group G3), 2 y. 5 m. (group G4), 3 y. 2 m. (group G5), and 3 y. 5 m. (group G6). To evaluate the rate of growth and development, relative speed of growth (SGR) and relative speed of lengthening (SLR) during the observation period were determined. To characterize the fish’s exterior, we evaluated Fulton’s condition factor (KF) and the leanness index (Q). With increasing age, there was a significant (p < 0.01) decline in both SGR (from 0.454 to 0.065 g%/day) and SLR (from 0.132 to 0.028 cm%/day), which reflects changes in the fish’s physiological processes tied to the transition from the growth phase to the puberty phase. Relatively large variability was observed in body weight (C_v = 19.7–30.4%) compared to morphological measurements (C_v = 5.7–14.9%). Correlations between morphological measurements and the body weight of the fish varied from low to high (r = 0.22–0.97). Equations that allow for very precise (coefficient of determination R² = 0.800–0.933) estimation of the fish’s body weight based on morphological measurements were developed. The most preferable predictors were measurements of H (R² = 0.931), SC (R² = 0.933), and L2 (R² = 0.930). These morphological measurements are promising candidates for future development of contactless live weight detection using computer vision and machine learning algorithms. The study of live weight conjugacy at different ages showed that the best time to use this measurement to select fish for reproduction is at the age of 2 y. 2 m. or older. Acquired data can be used for the development and improvement of programs for the selection and breeding of Siberian sturgeon grown in a recirculating aquaculture system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 533 KB

Open AccessReview

Functional Effects of Dietary Grape By-Products on Rabbit Health, Performance, and Meat Quality

by Emmanuel O. Oladejo, Olivier Munezero, Nathaniel F. Ogunkunle, Barbara Still, Adam Handy, Yinka O. Adeyemo and Mark W. Murphey

Animals 2026, 16(4), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040676 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 554

Abstract

The increasing global demand for animal-source protein underscores the importance of sustainable livestock systems, including commercial rabbit production. Rabbits are valued for their short production cycle, high prolificacy, efficient feed utilization, and favorable meat quality. In parallel, agro-industrial by-products are being explored as [...] Read more.

The increasing global demand for animal-source protein underscores the importance of sustainable livestock systems, including commercial rabbit production. Rabbits are valued for their short production cycle, high prolificacy, efficient feed utilization, and favorable meat quality. In parallel, agro-industrial by-products are being explored as functional feed ingredients to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Grape by-products (GBPs), including pomace, seeds, stalks, and derived extracts, are rich in polyphenols, dietary fiber, and lipid bioactives with potential physiological benefits. This scoping review synthesizes current evidence regarding the effects of GBPs on rabbit health, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, reproductive function, and meat quality. Available studies indicate that moderate dietary inclusion can enhance antioxidant status, support immune function, modulate gut fermentation, and improve meat oxidative stability without consistently compromising growth performance when appropriately formulated. Benefits appear particularly evident under environmental stress conditions. However, outcomes vary according to inclusion level, processing method, and physiological stage, and excessive inclusion may impair nutrient utilization due to fiber and tannin content. Overall, this synthesis identifies functional mechanisms, practical feeding considerations, and key knowledge gaps to inform evidence-based application of GBPs in sustainable rabbit nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reuse of Agri-Food By-Products in Animal Nutrition and Their Effects on Livestock Performance and Product Quality)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 515 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the High Temperature on Growth, Metabolism, and Fatty Acid Profile of the Clam Ruditapes decussatus Culture with and Without Substrate

by Miguel Torres-Rodríguez, Ismael Hachero-Cruzado and José I. Navas-Triano

Animals 2026, 16(4), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040675 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 362

Abstract

Rising seawater temperatures associated with climate change are expected to increasingly challenge the sustainability of bivalve aquaculture, particularly in estuarine environments where thermal variability is naturally high. The grooved carpet clam (Ruditapes decussatus), a species of high ecological and economic value [...] Read more.

Rising seawater temperatures associated with climate change are expected to increasingly challenge the sustainability of bivalve aquaculture, particularly in estuarine environments where thermal variability is naturally high. The grooved carpet clam (Ruditapes decussatus), a species of high ecological and economic value in southern Europe, is strongly influenced by weather conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a chronic thermal challenge (21 days at 28 °C) on the growth performance, intermediary metabolism, and fatty acid composition of R. decussatus raised with and without substrate. Clams were acclimated to either control (18 °C) or high-temperature (28 °C) conditions, and biometric, biochemical parameters (glucose, glycogen, lactate, triglycerides, and cholesterol) and fatty acid profiles were analyzed. Our results denote that exposure to elevated temperature significantly reduced total weight, tissue biomass, meat yield, and condition index in both clams reared with and without substrate. Thermal stress induced marked metabolic alterations, characterized by increased lactate accumulation and depletion of triglyceride reserves, indicating a shift toward anaerobic metabolism and enhanced lipid mobilization. However, glycogen and cholesterol levels remained largely unchanged. Fatty acid analysis revealed a strong temperature-driven remodeling of lipid composition, characterized by significant reductions in total lipids and unsaturated fatty acids, which highlighted changes in key fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3). In contrast, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) levels remained unchanged under high-temperature conditions. Principal component analysis confirmed temperature as the main factor structuring fatty acid profiles, while substrate exerted only minor effects. Overall, these findings demonstrate that sustained exposure to sublethal high temperature profoundly affects growth performance, metabolic balance, and lipid homeostasis in R. decussatus, overriding the possible physiological benefits associated with substrate presence. The results highlight the vulnerability of this species to future warming scenarios and underscore the importance of incorporating thermal stress considerations into sustainable clam aquaculture management strategies in estuarine environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy and Lipid Metabolism in Aquaculture Invertebrates: Mechanisms, Nutritional Modulation, and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 2793 KB

Open AccessArticle

Monocystis sp. As Possible Bias in the Use of Eisenia fetida for Ecotoxicological and Ecopathological Studies

by Rebecca Leandri, Giorgia Rosato, Gennaro Volpe, Gionata De Vico and Karen Power

Animals 2026, 16(4), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040674 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 405

Abstract

Eisenia fetida is one of the soil invertebrates most used in ecotoxicological and ecopathological studies. To date, the potential contribution of naturally occurring parasites to the variability of ecotoxicological endpoints has been poorly investigated. In this study, we provide a detailed histological description [...] Read more.

Eisenia fetida is one of the soil invertebrates most used in ecotoxicological and ecopathological studies. To date, the potential contribution of naturally occurring parasites to the variability of ecotoxicological endpoints has been poorly investigated. In this study, we provide a detailed histological description of the male reproductive system of E. fetida and report the occurrence and histological alterations associated with Monocystis sp. infection in laboratory-reared individuals. Uninfected individuals exhibited complete spermatogenesis, with all developmental stages from spermatogonia to mature spermatozoa and normal sperm storage within the spermathecae. Meanwhile, infected earthworms displayed marked reproductive alterations, including reduced sperm production and diminished sperm retention within spermathecae. Multilayered encapsulations, inflammatory nodules and melanization were detected within the seminal vesicles, in contrast with the immunological evasion observed in Lumbricus terrestris. These findings suggest species-specific differences in immune response and indicate that Monocystis sp. infection can induce reproductive impairment and activate energy-consuming immune responses. Because these parasite-induced changes closely resemble pollutant-driven ecotoxicological effects, Monocystis infections may act as a potential bias in ecotoxicological studies. We therefore recommend implementing parasitological screening of laboratory cultures to ensure the reliability of studies employing E. fetida as a bioindicator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Models in Veterinary and Comparative Pathology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1793 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Alleviates Tris(1,3-Dichloro-2-Propyl) Phosphate-Induced Damage During Mouse Oocyte Maturation

by Lichen Sun, Zhihong Cao, Linli Xiao, Jiahua Bai, Kexiong Liu, Yusheng Qin, Yan Liu and Xiaoling Xu

Animals 2026, 16(4), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040673 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 447

Abstract

Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is a ubiquitous organophosphate flame retardant posing potential threats to reproductive health. Given that TDCIPP toxicity is often linked to oxidative stress, pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a potent natural antioxidant and mitochondrial nutrient, was hypothesized to mitigate these adverse effects. This [...] Read more.

Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is a ubiquitous organophosphate flame retardant posing potential threats to reproductive health. Given that TDCIPP toxicity is often linked to oxidative stress, pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a potent natural antioxidant and mitochondrial nutrient, was hypothesized to mitigate these adverse effects. This study investigated the impact of TDCIPP exposure on the in vitro maturation of mouse oocytes and evaluated the protective role of PQQ. Using an in vitro maturation model, we assessed the toxic effects of TDCIPP by examining the first polar body extrusion (PBE) rate and cumulus expansion, followed by analyses of oxidative stress (ROS and GSH), mitochondrial integrity (ATP content and distribution), and apoptosis-related markers through transcriptome sequencing (Smart RNA-seq), quantitative real-time PCR, and immunofluorescence. The results demonstrated that TDCIPP significantly suppressed cumulus expansion and reduced the PBE rate. Mechanistically, TDCIPP induced severe oxidative stress, disrupted mitochondrial function, and activated the apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, TDCIPP triggered early apoptotic signaling by downregulating Bcl-2 and upregulating Bax. Notably, supplementation with PQQ effectively reversed these detrimental effects by reducing intracellular ROS levels, maintaining GSH content, preserving mitochondrial density and ATP production, and inhibiting apoptosis. In conclusion, our findings provide new insights into the gamete toxicity of TDCIPP and suggest that PQQ may serve as a potential therapeutic agent to protect oocyte quality against environmental pollutant-induced damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1500 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intestinal Microbiota and Probiotic Characteristics of Two Indigenous Chicken Breeds (Hotan Black Chicken and Baicheng You Chicken) from the Tarim Basin

by Xufeng Dou, Guodong Zhang, Xiaomei Dong, Chengqian Wang, Wei Dong, Xu’na Ding, Hui’e Wang, Yuxia Mei, Haihong Jiao and Min Ren

Animals 2026, 16(4), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040672 - 21 Feb 2026

Viewed by 479

Abstract

Drawing on two indigenous chicken breeds that have adapted for centuries to the hyper-arid Tarim Basin, namely the Baicheng You Chicken and Hotan Black Chicken, this study provides a high-resolution map of their gut microbiota across the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecum and [...] Read more.

Drawing on two indigenous chicken breeds that have adapted for centuries to the hyper-arid Tarim Basin, namely the Baicheng You Chicken and Hotan Black Chicken, this study provides a high-resolution map of their gut microbiota across the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecum and subsequently isolates putative probiotic strains from cecal contents using conventional culture techniques. In the duodenum, Lactobacillus dominated Hotan Black Chicken (43.16%), whereas Ligilactobacillus prevailed in Baicheng You Chicken (37.03%). This segregation persisted in the jejunum, with Lactobacillus accounting for 62.55% of Hotan Black Chicken reads and Ligilactobacillus accounting for 60.76% reads in Baicheng You Chicken. The ileal core of Hotan Black Chicken remained Lactobacillus (50.63%), while Baicheng You Chicken shifted to Enterococcus (32.37%). In the cecum, both breeds converged on the Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group as the single dominant lineage (Hotan Black Chicken, 46.87%; Baicheng You Chicken, 46.23%). At the genus level, Hotan Black Chicken was enriched in Lactobacillus and Ligilactobacillus, whereas Baicheng You Chicken harbored a greater proportion of Enterococcus. Concurrently, eight strains with in vitro probiotic attributes were isolated, four from each breed, identified as Ligilactobacillus salivarius, Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Enterococcus lactis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus velezensis. This study deciphers the intestinal microbiome of two native Tarim Basin chicken breeds, Hotan Black Chicken and Baicheng You Chicken, and mines them for autochthonous probiotic strains. The obtained dataset has established a foundational resource for poultry-related probiotics adapted to extremely arid environments, providing theoretical insights and practical value for poultry nutritionists in water-scarce regions in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiota in the Poultry Gastrointestinal Tract: Implications for Health, Nutrition and Productivity)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 1150 KB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Expression of Hypothalamic Genes in Laying Hens Housed in Caged and Cage-Free Systems Under Commercial Conditions in the Tropics

by Roy Rodriguez-Hernández, María Paula Herrera-Sánchez, Rafael Suárez-Mesa, Edgar Oviedo-Rondón and Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán

Animals 2026, 16(4), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040671 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 454

Abstract

Global consumers have ongoing concerns about the effects of animal production systems on animal welfare and their effects on quality attributes of food products from intensive production systems [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Welfare in Extensive Production System)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 15126 KB

Open AccessArticle

Single- and Multi-Trait Genome-Wide Association Analyses Identify the Genetic Loci and Candidate Genes for Growth Traits in Plecoglossus altivelis

by Zhongyu Chang, Ao Chen, Shuo Liang, Chenling Ma, Tao Zhou, Yunfeng Zhao and Li Jiang

Animals 2026, 16(4), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040670 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 374

Abstract

With the rapid development of genomic big data and genome-wide association study technologies, massive genomic data are available for the genetic dissection, development and utilization of important economic traits. Various GWAS algorithms have become increasingly efficient, enabling high-performance processing of these massive datasets. [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of genomic big data and genome-wide association study technologies, massive genomic data are available for the genetic dissection, development and utilization of important economic traits. Various GWAS algorithms have become increasingly efficient, enabling high-performance processing of these massive datasets. This has made it possible to conduct genetic dissection of economic traits based on big data and advanced statistical methods, which will provide accurate target loci for future trait improvement and genetic manipulation, greatly accelerating the process of genetic breeding. In this study, genotyping of 426 fish was performed using the T7 sequencing platform and 555,242 SNPs distributed across all the chromosomes were screened by data cleaning. We compared the performance of two GWAS methods, GCTA and GEMMA, in both single-trait and multi-trait frameworks. Twenty-nine SNPs significantly associated with seven traits were identified through single and multi-trait combined GWAS. Single-trait GWAS analysis using GCTA identified 1047 and 1452 significant loci for six growth traits and one sex trait (phenotypic sex, male or female) respectively, ultimately revealing 10 candidate genes, including slc48a1a, filip1L, nedd9, Crebbpa, LOC134024622, zbtb18, LOC117378376, LOC131530706, syde2, and col24a1. Similarly, 671 and 642 significant SNPs were detected with GEMMA for single-trait GWAS associated with six growth traits and the sex trait, respectively. In total, 16 candidate genes were mapped for these seven traits. Multi-trait GWAS was also performed using GEMMA for the six growth traits (sex was included as a covariate). The traits were grouped into five combinations based on their genetic correlations. A total of 37 SNPs were identified, corresponding to 10 candidate genes: LOC131530706, LOC134022516, abat, maml3, cica, LOC124013321, slc25a12, dnah10, syt9a, and LOC136932979. Notably, five overlapping candidate genes (LOC131530706, LOC134022516, abat, slc25a12 and dnah10) were also identified in both single- and multi-trait GWAS methods of GEMMA, highlighting their genetic stability and significance. The two GWAS methods, GCTA and GEMMA, identified two genes that were the same. The results of this study provide molecular markers and genetic resources for the improvement of growth traits in Plecoglossus altivelis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Fisheries Resources, Fisheries, and Carbon-Sink Fisheries)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1017 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Holistic Decision-Making Tool for Canine Chronic Kidney Disease: Navigating Palliative Care and Euthanasia

by Diego Antonio Sicuso, Vito Biondi, Pietro Gambadauro, Michela Pugliese, Angelo Peli and Annamaria Passantino

Animals 2026, 16(4), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040669 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 555

Abstract

Background: Managing end-of-life decisions in canine chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains one of the most significant challenges in veterinary nephrology, requiring a delicate balance between clinical data and ethical considerations. Objective: This study introduces a novel decision-making algorithm designed to guide clinicians and [...] Read more.

Background: Managing end-of-life decisions in canine chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains one of the most significant challenges in veterinary nephrology, requiring a delicate balance between clinical data and ethical considerations. Objective: This study introduces a novel decision-making algorithm designed to guide clinicians and owners through the complexities of end-of-life care, focusing on the assessment of Quality of Life (QoL) and disease progression. Methods: The tool integrates IRIS staging with a multi-parameter QoL checklist, categorizing patients into three distinct clinical pathways: Tier A (Active Palliative Care), Tier B (Intensive Monitoring/Ambiguous Zone), and Tier C (Compassionate Euthanasia). Results and Discussion: The algorithm defines Tier A as a proactive palliative pathway grounded in systematic clinical evaluation and continuous QoL assessment, aimed at preserving patient comfort and dignity. Across all tiers, QoL functions as a dynamic and central parameter, guiding transitions between clinical pathways in conjunction with objective indicators of disease progression. Tier C delineates the threshold of therapeutic futility, where declining QoL and biological resilience converge, and euthanasia is framed as an ethically appropriate option to prevent refractory suffering. Conclusions: By providing methodological transparency and clear clinical thresholds, this tool facilitates communication between veterinarians and owners. It ensures that palliation is approached with high-standard medical rigor while safeguarding the animal’s dignity when biological resilience is exhausted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Companion Animal Welfare: A Focus on Ethics and Laws)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 1945 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Supplementing Yeast Culture to Prepartum Cows Under Heat Stress on the Jejunal Microbiota and Metabolites of Calves

by Bosen Zhang, Ziye Zhang, Lei Feng, Zhiyong Hu and Ruina Zhai

Animals 2026, 16(4), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040668 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 373

Abstract

Heat stress, particularly during the prepartum period, compromises dairy cow health and has lasting effects on offspring. This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal yeast culture (YC) supplementation during heat stress on the intestinal health of newborn calves, with a specific [...] Read more.

Heat stress, particularly during the prepartum period, compromises dairy cow health and has lasting effects on offspring. This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal yeast culture (YC) supplementation during heat stress on the intestinal health of newborn calves, with a specific focus on elucidating the associated changes in jejunal morphology, microbial community, and metabolic profiles. Cows receiving YC had lower rectal temperatures, confirming mitigated heat stress. Their calves showed enhanced immune status (higher IgA, IgG) and reduced oxidative stress and metabolic markers. Jejunal structure and barrier integrity were improved. While microbial diversity was similar, specific bacterial abundances differed (e.g., Enterococcus spp. enriched in YC calves). Metabolomic analysis revealed modulated bile acid pathways and metabolites in YC calves, correlating with the microbial shifts. In conclusion, maternal YC supplementation during heat stress supports calf early-life gut health and development through maternal-offspring programming, optimizing gut microbiota, metabolism, and immunity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1696 KB

Open AccessArticle

Immune-Enhancing Effect of Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W. Smith Polysaccharides and Liposomes as Dilutions of Chicken Newcastle Disease Vaccine

by Linjie Huang, Qi Tang, Jiayi Li, Zhaolong Li, Kai Chen, Yijiong Tao, Lifang Zhang, Chenzhong Fei, Yinchun Liu, Keyu Zhang and Mi Wang

Animals 2026, 16(4), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040667 - 20 Feb 2026

Viewed by 364

Abstract

Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W. Smith is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that contains a variety of bioactive components, including polysaccharides. In this study, a polysaccharide was extracted from A. gracilistylus (AGSP) using an aqueous alcohol precipitation method. The sugar and glucuronic acid contents [...] Read more.

Acanthopanax gracilistylus W. W. Smith is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that contains a variety of bioactive components, including polysaccharides. In this study, a polysaccharide was extracted from A. gracilistylus (AGSP) using an aqueous alcohol precipitation method. The sugar and glucuronic acid contents of AGSP are 43% and 8.06%, respectively. It was consisted of seven monosaccharides, mannose (Man), rhamnose (Rha), glucuronic acid (GlcA), galacturonic acid (GalA), glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), and arabinose (Ara), with molar ratios of 0.32:0.15:0.04:0.12:5.12:2.50:0.85. AGSP liposomes (AGSPL) was prepared via the reverse-phase evaporation method. The encapsulation rate of AGSPL was 45.17% and its average particle size, polymer dispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential were 98.79 nm, 0.191, and −8.38 mV, respectively. The proliferation of chicken splenic T and B lymphocytes was significantly promoted in vitro at AGSP concentrations of 125–250 μg/mL and AGSPL concentrations of 15.63–31.25 μg/mL and 1.95–15.63 μg/mL, respectively. In vivo, the HI antibody titers and the concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 in the AGSP and AGSPL groups were higher than those in the vaccine control (VC) and blank control (BC) groups. The efficacy of AGSPL was superior to that of AGSP. These findings indicate that AGSP and AGSPL markedly enhance the immunogenicity of ND vaccines, especially AGSPL, which is a promising candidate for polysaccharide-based vaccine diluents or adjuvants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1434 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Inclusion of Prosopis laevigata Pods in Finishing Lamb Diets Affects Performance and Induces Non-Target Metabolomic Modifications in the Liver and Meat

by Héctor Aarón Lee-Rangel, Julio Alberto Navidad Maldonado, Rogelio Flores-Ramírez, Anayeli Vazquez-Valladolid, César Ilizarriturri-Hernandez, Oziel Montañez-Valdez, Alfonso Juventino Chay-Canul and Ana Karen Frutis-Moto

Animals 2026, 16(4), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040666 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 318

Abstract

This study assessed the impact of the dietary inclusion of Prosopis laevigata pods (PLPs) on growth performance, carcass traits, and the metabolomic profiles of liver and meat in finishing lambs. A total of 28 crossbred lambs (38 ± 5 kg body weight) were [...] Read more.

This study assessed the impact of the dietary inclusion of Prosopis laevigata pods (PLPs) on growth performance, carcass traits, and the metabolomic profiles of liver and meat in finishing lambs. A total of 28 crossbred lambs (38 ± 5 kg body weight) were allocated to one of two treatments: a control diet (0 g PLP/kg dry matter, n = 14; CONT) and a diet supplemented with 300 g PLP/kg dry matter (DM) (n = 14; PS). Growth performance was monitored over 25 days. Animals were assigned to a randomized design, and data were analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure. Compared with the control diet, PLP inclusion (300 g/kg DM) reduced total body weight gain (p = 0.04) and worsened feed conversion efficiency. Lambs on the control diet also displayed a significantly greater (p = 0.02) rump perimeter. In contrast, lambs fed the 300 g PLP/kg DM diet showed a marked increase (p < 0.05) in the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle area. Principal component analysis revealed a distinct separation between treatment groups based on the identified metabolites. Liver metabolomic data accounted for 30.6% of the total variability, while meat samples accounted for 45.7%. A total of 21 and 23 metabolites exhibited positive correlations in liver and meat, respectively. Notably, PLP supplementation influenced several metabolic pathways (p < 0.05), including the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid biosynthesis, and sulfur metabolism in both liver and meat. Additionally, phenylalanine metabolism was specifically affected (p < 0.05) in the liver, while steroid biosynthesis was altered (p < 0.05) in meat. Overall, the inclusion of PLPs in the diet of finishing lambs resulted in notable changes to the liver and meat metabolomes, particularly in pathways associated with fatty acid biosynthesis. Although PLP supplementation reduced overall growth performance, it did not negatively impact carcass quality traits; hence, we recommend the inclusion of 300 g PLP/kg DM in finishing lamb diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Metabolomics in Animal Nutrition Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 11685 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Wolf Presence near a Temporary Sheep Pasture in Flanders: A Descriptive Camera-Trap Study

by Bert Driessen, Lore Pellens, Celine Bollen, Jasper Tavernier and Louis Freson

Animals 2026, 16(4), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040665 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 481

Abstract

Wolves (Canis lupus) have recolonized Belgium after more than a century of absence, raising concerns about interactions with livestock in densely populated regions such as Flanders. Empirical field-based documentation of wolf behavior near protected livestock in such landscapes remains limited. This [...] Read more.

Wolves (Canis lupus) have recolonized Belgium after more than a century of absence, raising concerns about interactions with livestock in densely populated regions such as Flanders. Empirical field-based documentation of wolf behavior near protected livestock in such landscapes remains limited. This study presents a short-term, descriptive camera-trap case study documenting wolf presence near a temporary sheep pasture protected by electric fencing and livestock guardian dogs (LGDs). Nineteen camera traps monitored the pasture perimeter within a military training area in northeastern Flanders over a 16-day period in September 2023. Sheep were present for 11 days and accompanied by six LGDs. Twenty-three wolf images were recorded, corresponding to eight distinct detection events. Wolves were detected shortly after fence installation and following sheep removal. Occasional close approaches and fence inspection behavior were observed, but no fence crossings or predation events occurred. Most wolf detections occurred when sheep and LGDs were absent, although wolves were also recorded near periods of human activity. Given the observational design, causal inference is not possible. The study provides baseline documentation of wolf–livestock–LGD interactions in a densely populated European landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 2273 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

What Makes Canine Search and Rescue Successful? Insights into Environmental, Management, and Personality Factors

by Silvia Silvestri, Gabriele Brecchia, Olimpia Barbato, Alda Quattrone, Marco Valsecchi and Laura Menchetti

Animals 2026, 16(4), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040664 - 19 Feb 2026

Viewed by 660

Abstract

This study examined the effects of environmental conditions, behavioral history, management practices, and personality traits on the operational performance of search and rescue (SAR) dogs and dogs admitted to SAR certification testing. Thirty-two handlers completed a questionnaire collecting demographic data, as well as [...] Read more.

This study examined the effects of environmental conditions, behavioral history, management practices, and personality traits on the operational performance of search and rescue (SAR) dogs and dogs admitted to SAR certification testing. Thirty-two handlers completed a questionnaire collecting demographic data, as well as information on their dogs’ behavioral history, management practices, and personality descriptors. Each dog–handler unit also undertook a search trial consisting of locating a hidden person in a wooded area, which was evaluated both by professional instructors and the handlers through ratings of critical behavioral indicators. Objective measurements were obtained through a weather station and GPS devices. Handlers described their dogs mainly in terms of work-relevant traits, such as socio-cognitive engagement, assertiveness, and arousal. The performance evaluation form was practical and efficient, though the Distraction parameter may require refinement, and handler ratings suggested a self-reporting bias. Temperature and wind speed were negatively associated with performance, whereas higher humidity was positively associated with it. Performance was also associated with litter size, age at adoption, dog experience, and management-related factors. Finally, speed, ground coverage, and a canine profile characterized by high arousal and reactivity were strong determinants of good search performance (|ρ| ≥ 0.3; p < 0.05). Although these findings require confirmation in larger samples, search performance appears to be a multifactorial construct shaped by the interplay of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Defining the contribution of each factor could help optimize performance and dogs’ welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifelong Health and Performance in Working Dogs: Physical and Psychological)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Animals, Volume 16, Issue 4 (February-2 2026) – 169 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI