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13 pages, 1238 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Brief Review on the Exploration of Nanocomposites and Their Properties Through Computational Methods for Biological Activity Evaluation

by Nashra Fatima, Ekhlakh Veg and Tahmeena Khan

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025001 - 6 Nov 2025

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Abstract

This brief review examines the application of various computational approaches to investigate the physicochemical and interfacial properties of nanocomposite systems. Density functional theory (DFT), a quantum-mechanical technique, examines the fundamental properties of nanomaterials. Molecular docking studies have also been explored to show how [...] Read more.

This brief review examines the application of various computational approaches to investigate the physicochemical and interfacial properties of nanocomposite systems. Density functional theory (DFT), a quantum-mechanical technique, examines the fundamental properties of nanomaterials. Molecular docking studies have also been explored to show how different biological macromolecules can interact and bind with the nanoparticles (NPs’) surface, along with the molecular dynamics (MDs) simulations, which further strengthen the docking findings. Furthermore, nanotoxicology, a comparatively less explored field, has also been introduced, providing an insight into the interactions between nanomaterials and the environment and biological systems, including the harmful consequences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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5 pages, 573 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Selectivity Performance and Antifouling Properties of Modified Chitosan Composites

by Anthony C. Ogazi

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025002 - 6 Nov 2025

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Abstract

This study investigated the functionality and antifouling capabilities of the chitosan–silver nanoparticle–graphene oxide (CS/AgNPs/GO) composite membrane. An increase in the molecular interaction between the membrane surface and bovine serum albumin solution enhanced the flow recovery rate (FRR) due to the presence of amide [...] Read more.

This study investigated the functionality and antifouling capabilities of the chitosan–silver nanoparticle–graphene oxide (CS/AgNPs/GO) composite membrane. An increase in the molecular interaction between the membrane surface and bovine serum albumin solution enhanced the flow recovery rate (FRR) due to the presence of amide -NH₂ and -OH groups. The modified CS composite showed a strong ability to prevent fouling, achieving over 77.5% due to greater interfacial intermolecular bonding. In addition, the tensile strength of the membrane composite improved from 42.7 to 49.6 MPa with an increase in the concentration of dimethylacetamide employed as a plasticizer. Therefore, efficient molecular interactions within the polymer matrix would significantly influence the membrane’s flux recovery rate, tensile strength, and ability to prevent fouling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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7 pages, 1929 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Functionalization of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs) for Sulfonated Polyether Ether Ketone (SPEEK)/MWNT Composite Elaboration

by Moulay Rachid Babaa

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025003 - 12 Nov 2025

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Abstract

In this study, we present the covalent functionalization of pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (P-MWNTs) with sulphonate poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) chains, employing hexane diamine as an interlinking molecule. SPEEK-functionalized MWNTs were then used to create SPEEK-MWNT/SPEEK composites. We used FTIR spectroscopy to confirm [...] Read more.

In this study, we present the covalent functionalization of pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (P-MWNTs) with sulphonate poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) chains, employing hexane diamine as an interlinking molecule. SPEEK-functionalized MWNTs were then used to create SPEEK-MWNT/SPEEK composites. We used FTIR spectroscopy to confirm the covalent attachment of the SPEEK chains to the MWNTs. XRD and TEM were used to characterize the morphology of the functionalized tubes and composites. We then evaluated the composite membranes for their structure and elastic modulus. Our results show that SPEEK-grafted MWNT composites with 2% and 5 wt% SPEEK-MWNTs exhibited a 7.1% and 16.1% improvement in Young’s modulus, respectively, compared to SPEEK. However, oxidized MWNT/SPEEK membranes exhibited slightly better improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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7 pages, 1671 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Prediction of the Magnetocaloric Effect of Ni₄₂Mn₄₆CoSn₁₁ Heusler Alloy with a Phenomenological Model

by Karima Dadda, Lahcene Ghouari, Abdennour Elmohri, Mohamed Yacine Debili and El-Kebir Hlil

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025004 - 12 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Intermetallic NiMn-based Heusler alloys (HAs) have garnered considerable attention due to their multifunctionality and applications in various fields, including sensors, actuation, refrigeration, and waste heat harvesters. Among the NiMn-based alloys, Ni-Mn-Sn alloys have gained considerable attention since their structural and magnetic transformations were [...] Read more.

Intermetallic NiMn-based Heusler alloys (HAs) have garnered considerable attention due to their multifunctionality and applications in various fields, including sensors, actuation, refrigeration, and waste heat harvesters. Among the NiMn-based alloys, Ni-Mn-Sn alloys have gained considerable attention since their structural and magnetic transformations were discovered. Many studies have been conducted with various compositions and shapes to investigate the physical properties of Ni-Mn-Sn alloys, which offer several advantages, including non-toxicity, low cost, and abundant constituents. The Co-doping effect on the physical properties of Ni-Mn-Sn alloys has been widely reported. This doping can rectify the ternary Ni-Mn-Sn Heusler compound’s brittleness by crystallizing a disordered face-centered cubic (fcc) γ-phase. In this study, a polycrystalline Ni₄₂Mn₄₆CoSn₁₁ Heusler alloy was prepared by high-frequency fusion (HF), using a Lin Therm 600 device, from pure Ni, Mn, Sn, and Co elements with appropriate proportions. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and magnetic magnetometry devices were used to study the structural, microstructural, and magnetic properties. The XRD results revealed the coexistence of a disordered 7 M martensite phase (~88%) and a disordered cubic solid solution γ-phase (~12%). The alloy underwent a second-order ferromagnetic-to-paramagnetic phase transition at a Curie temperature of 350 K. Landau and Hamad’s theoretical models were used to plot the magnetic entropy change. The magnetocaloric properties (the maximum entropy change value, ΔS_M, the full width at half maximum of the entropy change curve, δT_FWHM, the relative cooling power, RCP, and the heat capacity, ΔC_P,H) were calculated using isothermal magnetization curves with the phenomenological model of Hamad. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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9 pages, 1029 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Synthesis and Characterization of ZnSnO₃/PVP Electrospun Composite Nanofibers

by R. Indhumathi and A. Sathiya Priya

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025005 - 21 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Zinc stannate (ZnSnO₃), a lead-free perovskite oxide, possesses a wide band gap along with ferroelectric and piezoelectric characteristics, but its practical use is limited by nanoparticle agglomeration and poor mechanical stability. In this study, ZnSnO₃ nanoparticles were synthesized via a [...] Read more.

Zinc stannate (ZnSnO₃), a lead-free perovskite oxide, possesses a wide band gap along with ferroelectric and piezoelectric characteristics, but its practical use is limited by nanoparticle agglomeration and poor mechanical stability. In this study, ZnSnO₃ nanoparticles were synthesized via a chemical precipitation method and incorporated into electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofibers to overcome these drawbacks. XRD confirmed the formation of orthorhombic perovskite ZnSnO₃, while FTIR verified successful embedding into the PVP matrix without chemical degradation. UV–Vis analysis revealed a slight blue shift in the absorption edge, with the optical band gap widening from 3.61 eV (ZnSnO₃) to 3.73 eV (ZnSnO₃/PVP), accompanied by enhanced visible light absorption. SEM images showed that agglomerated ZnSnO₃ nanoparticles were transformed into smooth, bead-free nanofibers with diameters ranging from 0.22 to 1.80 μm. The synergy between ZnSnO₃ crystallinity and PVP flexibility imparts structural integrity, tunable optical behavior, and mechanical robustness, making the hybrid nanofibers promising candidates for photocatalysis, flexible optoelectronics, and energy-harvesting applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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10 pages, 3045 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Structural, Optical, and Dielectric Behavior of MCr₂O₄ (M=Co, Cu, Ni) Spinel Chromites Prepared by Sol–Gel Route

by Pavithra Gurusamy, Anitha Gnanasekar, Geetha Deivasigamani and Jose Luis Arias Mediano

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025006 - 24 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The influence of M site substitution in MCr₂O₄ nanoceramics on their properties is examined in this research. This study is an attempt to correlate the structural, morphological, and optical properties of M-site-modified chromites. The MCr₂O₄ nanoceramics-CuCr₂ [...] Read more.

The influence of M site substitution in MCr₂O₄ nanoceramics on their properties is examined in this research. This study is an attempt to correlate the structural, morphological, and optical properties of M-site-modified chromites. The MCr₂O₄ nanoceramics-CuCr₂O₄, CoCr₂O₄, and NiCr₂O₄ were synthesized using a wet chemical sol–gel auto-combustion method, and all three samples were annealed for 4 h at 900 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the XRD patterns of CuCr₂O₄, CoCr₂O₄, and NiCr₂O₄ correspond to single-phase cubic crystal structures with the space group Fd-3m. Using the Scherrer equation, the crystallite sizes were found to be 9.86 nm, 6.73 nm, and 10.73 nm for CuCr₂O₄, CoCr₂O₄, and NiCr₂O₄, respectively. Other parameters, including crystal structure, micro-strain, lattice constant, unit cell volume, X-ray density, packing factor, and the stacking fault of the calcined powder samples, were determined from data acquired from the X-ray diffractometer. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was employed to confirm the appropriate chromite elements in their expected stoichiometric proportions, removed from other impurities. The identification of the functional groups of the samples was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The absorption bands characteristic of tetrahedral and octahedral coordination compounds of the spinel structure are found between 450 and 750 cm⁻¹ for all three samples in the spectrum. From the UV-absorption spectra, and using Tauc’s plot, the energy bandgap values for CuCr₂O₄, CoCr₂O₄, and NiCr₂O₄ were measured to be 1.66 eV, 1.82 eV, and 2.01 eV, respectively. The dielectric properties of the chromites were studied using an LCR meter. Frequency-dependent dielectric properties, including Dielectric constant and Tangent loss, were calculated. These findings suggest the feasibility of the use of these synthesized chromites for optical devices and other optoelectronic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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8 pages, 611 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites with Substituted Thiosemicarbazide Ligands: An Overview

by Ekhlakh Veg, Nashra Fatima and Tahmeena Khan

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025007 - 26 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Metal oxide nanocomposites have gained significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties and applications in biomedicine, catalysis, sensing, and environmental remediation. Among them, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely studied, and functionalization with thiosemicarbazide (TSC) derivatives enhances their stability, reactivity, solubility, [...] Read more.

Metal oxide nanocomposites have gained significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties and applications in biomedicine, catalysis, sensing, and environmental remediation. Among them, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely studied, and functionalization with thiosemicarbazide (TSC) derivatives enhances their stability, reactivity, solubility, and biocompatibility. Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis offers an eco-friendly approach, enabling rapid nucleation, uniform dispersion, and controlled particle size while promoting efficient ligand coordination. Nanocomposites are typically characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, which confirm successful functionalization. This review highlights synthesis strategies, characterization techniques, and applications of ligand-functionalized metal oxide nanocomposites in environmental, catalytic, and biological fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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9 pages, 1697 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Solubility-Driven Prediction of Electrospun Nanofibers’ Diameters via Generalized Linear Models

by Marco Antonio Pérez-Castillo, Rubén Caro-Briones, Mariangely López-González, Gabriela Martínez-Mejía, Mónica Corea and Lazaro Ruiz-Virgen

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025008 - 25 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Electrospinning is a versatile technique for producing polymer nanofibers whose morphology strongly influences their properties. This work developed predictive and inferential models for fiber diameter based on solution and process parameters. Polymer–solvent compatibility was described through cohesive energy-based solubility parameters such as Hansen [...] Read more.

Electrospinning is a versatile technique for producing polymer nanofibers whose morphology strongly influences their properties. This work developed predictive and inferential models for fiber diameter based on solution and process parameters. Polymer–solvent compatibility was described through cohesive energy-based solubility parameters such as Hansen and Flory–Huggins ( χ ). Twenty Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) were trained using both the raw response (Y) and its natural logarithm (ln Y) under Gaussian, Gamma, and Inverse Gaussian distributions with different link functions. Models using ln Y showed better goodness-of-fit, with the Gamma distribution and identity link performing best. The final model, optimized via AIC-forward selection, achieved RMSE = 0.5862, Corr² = 0.7803, and MAPE = 0.0775. The Flory–Huggins parameter and solution concentration were identified as the most influential predictors, providing a reliable framework for controlling nanofiber diameter in electrospinning processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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8 pages, 2083 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Coffee Waste-Based Nanostructures: A Cost-Effective Fluorescent Material for Ni²⁺ Detection in Water

by Sepideh Dadashi, Gabriele Giancane and Giuseppe Mele

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025009 - 1 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Nickel ions (Ni²⁺) are persistent heavy metal pollutants that pose significant risks to human health due to their toxicity. Conventional treatment technologies, while effective, are often costly, energy-intensive, and limited in removing emerging pollutants. In this study, we report an eco-friendly, [...] Read more.

Nickel ions (Ni²⁺) are persistent heavy metal pollutants that pose significant risks to human health due to their toxicity. Conventional treatment technologies, while effective, are often costly, energy-intensive, and limited in removing emerging pollutants. In this study, we report an eco-friendly, fluorescence-based sensing platform using carbon nanostructures (CNs) synthesized from coffee waste via pyrolysis at 600 °C. The CNs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and evaluated for their fluorescence response toward Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Cd²⁺ ions. Distinct ion-specific behaviors were observed, with Ni²⁺ inducing the strongest fluorescence quenching. Sensitivity studies revealed reliable detection across 10⁻⁸–10⁻³ M, with a detection limit of 10⁻⁴ M (≈5.9 mg/L). Fluorescence stability was maintained for up to six hours, with one hour identified as the optimal detection window. Performance in real water samples highlighted consistent responses in mineral water, reflecting reliable sensing capability in a realistic aqueous matrix. While the current detection limit is above the World Health Organization guideline for drinking water, the CNs show promise for monitoring Ni²⁺ in contaminated or industrial effluents. Overall, this work demonstrates that coffee waste-derived CNs provide a cost-effective, sustainable approach to heavy metal sensing, linking waste valorization with environmental monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

15 pages, 2069 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Micro-Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvesters: Analysis and Comparative Assessment

by Abdul Qadeer, Mariya Azam, Basit Abdul and Abdul Rab Asary

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025010 - 1 Dec 2025

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Abstract

The development of Micro-electro-magnetic Vibration Energy Harvesters (MEMVEHs) plays a crucial role in advancing self-powered nanophotonic, nanoelectronic, and nanosensor systems. As energy autonomy becomes critical for miniaturized devices, MEMVEHs offer a sustainable power source for low-power nanodevices operating in wireless sensor networks, wearable [...] Read more.

The development of Micro-electro-magnetic Vibration Energy Harvesters (MEMVEHs) plays a crucial role in advancing self-powered nanophotonic, nanoelectronic, and nanosensor systems. As energy autonomy becomes critical for miniaturized devices, MEMVEHs offer a sustainable power source for low-power nanodevices operating in wireless sensor networks, wearable electronics, and biomedical implants. This study provides a comparative assessment of MEMVEH technologies and evaluates their integration potential within next-generation nanoscale systems, enabling enhanced performance, longevity, and energy efficiency of emerging nanotechnologies. Electromagnetic vibration energy harvesters (EMEHs) based on microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology are promising solutions for powering small-scale, autonomous electronic devices. In this study, two electromagnetic vibration energy harvesters based on microelectromechanical (MEMS) technology are presented. Two models with distinct vibration structures were designed and fabricated. A permanent magnet is connected to a silicon vibration structure (resonator) and a tiny wire-wound coil as part of the energy harvester. The coil has a total volume of roughly 0.8 cm³. Two energy harvesters with various resonators are tested and compared. Model A’s maximum load voltage is 163 mV, whereas Model B’s is 208 mV. A maximum load power of 59.52 μW was produced by Model A at 347 Hz across a 405 Ω load. At 311.4 Hz, Model B produced a maximum load power of 149.13 μW while accelerating by 0.4 g. Model B features a larger working bandwidth and a higher output voltage than Model A. Model B performs better than Model A in comparable experimental settings. Simple study revealed that Model B’s electromagnetic energy harvesting produced superior outcomes. Additionally, it indicates that a nonlinear spring may be able to raise the output voltage and widen the frequency bandwidth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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9 pages, 757 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Nanotechnology for Sustainable Cities: Benefits and Risks of Nano-Enabled Building Materials

by Djamil BenGhida, Riad BenGhida, Sabrina BenGhida and Sonia BenGhida

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025011 - 4 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Nanotechnology is reshaping the built environment by enabling the development of materials that improve structural performance, energy efficiency, durability, and environmental quality. This paper reviews nano-enabled construction materials through a micro–meso–macro lens, linking material mechanisms to building behavior and urban impacts. It highlights [...] Read more.

Nanotechnology is reshaping the built environment by enabling the development of materials that improve structural performance, energy efficiency, durability, and environmental quality. This paper reviews nano-enabled construction materials through a micro–meso–macro lens, linking material mechanisms to building behavior and urban impacts. It highlights both their potential contributions to decarbonization, public health, and urban resilience, and the parallel challenges of energy-intensive production, uncertain toxicological profiles, and regulatory gaps. Finally, it argues for responsible integration based on life-cycle thinking, precautionary risk governance, and updated architectural and engineering education so that nano-enabled innovation supports truly sustainable, equitable cities rather than new forms of hidden risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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18 pages, 639 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Mechanical Behavior of Bioinspired Nanocomposites for Orthopedic Applications

by Kalyani Pathak, Simi Deka, Elora Baruah, Partha Protim Borthakur, Rupam Deka and Nayan Medhi

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025012 - 9 Dec 2025

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Abstract

The application of bioinspired nanocomposites in orthopedic implants marks a significant innovation in biomedical engineering, aimed at overcoming long-standing limitations of conventional implant materials. Traditional implants frequently suffer from poor osseointegration, mechanical mismatch with bone, and vulnerability to infection. Bioinspired nanocomposites, modeled after [...] Read more.

The application of bioinspired nanocomposites in orthopedic implants marks a significant innovation in biomedical engineering, aimed at overcoming long-standing limitations of conventional implant materials. Traditional implants frequently suffer from poor osseointegration, mechanical mismatch with bone, and vulnerability to infection. Bioinspired nanocomposites, modeled after the hierarchical structures found in natural tissues such as bone and nacre, offer the potential to enhance mechanical performance, biological compatibility, and implant functionality. This study reviews and synthesizes current advancements in the design, fabrication, and functionalization of bioinspired nanocomposite materials for orthopedic use. Emphasis is placed on the integration of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (nHA), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanotubes, and other nanostructured coatings that mimic the extracellular matrix. Methods include comparative evaluations of mechanical properties, surface modifications for biocompatibility, and analyses of antibacterial efficacy through nano-topographical features. Bioinspired nanocomposites have been shown to improve osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, thereby enhancing osseointegration. Nanostructured coatings such as TiO₂ nanotubes increase surface hydrophilicity and corrosion resistance, supporting long-term implant stability. Mechanically, these composites offer high stiffness, superior wear resistance, and improved strength-to-weight ratios. Biomimetic combinations of hydroxyapatite, zirconia, and biopolymers have demonstrated effective load transfer and reduced stress shielding. Additionally, antibacterial functionality has been achieved via nanostructured surfaces that deter bacterial adhesion while remaining cytocompatible with host tissues. The integration of bioinspired nanocomposites into orthopedic implants provides a multifunctional platform for enhancing clinical outcomes. These materials not only replicate the mechanical and biological properties of native bone but also introduce new capabilities such as infection resistance and stimuli-responsive behavior. Despite these advancements, challenges including manufacturing scalability, long-term durability, and regulatory compliance remain. Continued interdisciplinary research is essential for translating these innovations from laboratory to clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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8 pages, 518 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Utilization of TiO₂ Nanoparticles for Methylene Blue Degradation

by Md. Golam Sazid, Harunur Rashid, Md. Redwanur Rashid Nafi and Asraf Ibna Helal

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025013 - 8 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) are useful as a potential photocatalyst for the degradation of dyes such as methyl orange, rhodamine B, and methylene blue (MB). Understanding the mechanism of photocatalysis and the factors influencing photocatalysis is important for engineering TiO [...] Read more.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) are useful as a potential photocatalyst for the degradation of dyes such as methyl orange, rhodamine B, and methylene blue (MB). Understanding the mechanism of photocatalysis and the factors influencing photocatalysis is important for engineering TiO₂ NPs to achieve an unprecedented photocatalysis rate. For TiO₂ NPs, their unique physicochemical qualities, such as small size, large surface area, optimum semiconductor bandgap, substantial oxidative potential, and outstanding chemical stability are factors which influence the MB degradation rate. The electron–hole pair separation in TiO₂ NPs allows for photocatalysis, which is not possible in their bulk form. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via photoinduced generation of electron–hole pairs under light irradiation is the starting point of the mechanism of photocatalysis for TiO₂ NPs. By generating ROS, TiO₂ NPs catalyze the degradation of MB. The photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ NPs is also different for different crystal phases, such as anatase, rutile, and brookite. The addition of metal or non-metal dopants into TiO₂ NPs enhances photocatalysis by enhancing light absorption, which enhances the generation of electron–hole pairs and of ROS. This review article will explain the mechanism of photocatalysis, the parameters influencing photocatalytic activity, active sites and recombination rates, disadvantages, and strategies to overcome these challenges that can improve TiO₂ NPs for a future wastewater treatment that is both efficient and sustainable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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8 pages, 502 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Advances in TiO₂ Nanoparticles for Rhodamine B Degradation

by Md. Golam Sazid, Asraf Ibna Helal, Harunur Rashid and Md. Redwanur Rashid Nafi

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025014 - 9 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered significant attention as photocatalysts for degrading organic pollutants, particularly synthetic dyes such as rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue, methyl orange, and others. The impact of several synthesis methods, including sol–gel, hydrothermal, and chemical vapor [...] Read more.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered significant attention as photocatalysts for degrading organic pollutants, particularly synthetic dyes such as rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue, methyl orange, and others. The impact of several synthesis methods, including sol–gel, hydrothermal, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques, on the electrical and morphological properties of TiO₂ NPs has been studied, emphasizing the distinctive physicochemical properties of TiO₂ NPs, including their extensive surface area, significant oxidative capacity, and remarkable chemical stability, which are important in the recent advancements in their use for RhB degradation. A detailed examination of TiO₂’s photocatalytic mechanism shows that it is based on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by photoinduced electron–hole pair formation under ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. In wastewater treatment, TiO₂ degrades RhB into less harmful byproducts by the generation of electron–hole pairs that initiate redox reactions under sunlight. This study includes a thorough overview of significant factors influencing photocatalytic efficacy. The parameters include particle size, crystal phase (anatase, rutile, and brookite), surface changes, and the incorporation of metal or non-metal dopants to enhance visible light absorption. Researchers continually seek methods to overcome challenges, including restricted visible-light responsiveness and rapid electron–hole recombination. The investigated approaches include heterojunction generation, composite development, and co-catalyst insertion. This review article aims to address the deficiencies in our understanding of TiO₂-based photocatalysis for the degradation of RhB and to propose enhancements for these systems to enable more efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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10 pages, 1524 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Characterization of Siderophores Produced by Glutamicibacter sp. Strain AlTeq-24-F2

by Ángel Martínez-Arreola, Gabriela Martínez-Mejía, Jair Cruz Narváez, Lazaro Ruiz-Virgen, Rubén Caro-Briones, Belem Chávez-Ramírez and Mónica Corea-Téllez

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025015 - 15 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Siderophores are low-molecular-weight chelating agents secreted by microorganisms under iron-limiting conditions, playing a crucial role in metal bioavailability and microbial survival. In this study, siderophores produced by Glutamicibacter sp. strain Al-Teq-24-F2, isolated from plant-associated samples, were characterized through a combination of spectroscopic and [...] Read more.

Siderophores are low-molecular-weight chelating agents secreted by microorganisms under iron-limiting conditions, playing a crucial role in metal bioavailability and microbial survival. In this study, siderophores produced by Glutamicibacter sp. strain Al-Teq-24-F2, isolated from plant-associated samples, were characterized through a combination of spectroscopic and analytical methods. ESI-MS analysis of the crude extract revealed several abundant ions between 175 and 800 m/z, suggesting a mixture of secondary metabolites. After chromatographic purification, FT-IR and NMR analyses indicated the presence of amide, hydroxyl, and carboxylate functional groups. Integrating these data allowed for the proposal of a siderophore structure with a molecular weight of 438.25 Da. Thermogravimetric analysis showed thermal stability below 115 °C. During Fe (III) complexation, the zeta potential shifted from −21.15 mV to +42 mV, confirming strong interaction between the ligand and the metal. UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy displayed characteristic bathochromic and hypochromic shifts, together with pronounced fluorescence quenching upon iron binding. These findings provide new insight into the structural and physicochemical properties of siderophores produced by Glutamicibacter sp. and highlight their potential applications in biosensing and metal chelation processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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9 pages, 3658 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Preparation and Characterization of NaYF₄-Based Up-Conversion Nanoparticles for Solar Energy Storage Systems

by José Joaquín Manjarrez-Arellano, Miguel A. Hernandez-Martinez, Rubén Caro-Briones, Gabriela Martínez-Mejía, Lazaro Ruiz-Virgen, José Manuel del Río, Miriam Sánchez-Pozos and Mónica Corea

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025016 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are materials that convert near-infrared (NIR) photons into ultraviolet (UV) or visible emissions. To enhance their optical properties, UCNPs are often synthesized with oxide (Y₂O₃) or fluoride (NaYF₄) support matrices, useful for energy storage [...] Read more.

Up-conversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are materials that convert near-infrared (NIR) photons into ultraviolet (UV) or visible emissions. To enhance their optical properties, UCNPs are often synthesized with oxide (Y₂O₃) or fluoride (NaYF₄) support matrices, useful for energy storage applications. In this study, NaYF₄-UCNPs were synthesized via coprecipitation and heat-treated at 400 °C. Then, a tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) film was synthesized by the sol–gel technique at varying pH and temperatures from 25 °C to 80 °C. Characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and confocal microscopy (CM) confirmed the up-conversion properties. These materials show promise for enhancing solar radiation density in polymer degradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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21 pages, 266 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Energy Density Improvement in Lithium-Ion and Solid-State Batteries

by Partha Protim Borthakur, Pranjal Sarmah, Madhurjya Saikia, Tamanna Afruja Hussain and Nayan Medhi

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025017 - 7 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Metal oxide nanomaterials have emerged as transformative materials in the quest to enhance the energy density and overall performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and solid-state batteries (SSBs). Their unique properties—including their large surface areas and short ion diffusion pathways—make them ideal for next-generation [...] Read more.

Metal oxide nanomaterials have emerged as transformative materials in the quest to enhance the energy density and overall performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and solid-state batteries (SSBs). Their unique properties—including their large surface areas and short ion diffusion pathways—make them ideal for next-generation energy storage technologies. In LIBs, the high surface-to-volume ratio of metal oxide nanomaterials significantly enlarges the active interfacial area and shortens the lithium-ion diffusion paths, leading to an improved high-rate performance and enhanced energy density. Transition metal oxides (TMOs) such as nickel oxide (NiO), copper oxide (CuO), and zinc oxide (ZnO) have demonstrated significant theoretical capacities, while binary systems like NiCuO offer further improvements in cycling stability and energy output. Additionally, layered lithium-based TMOs, particularly those incorporating nickel, cobalt, and manganese, have shown remarkable promise in achieving high specific capacities and long-term stability. The synergistic integration of metal oxides with carbon-based nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), enhances the electrical conductivity and structural durability further, leading to a superior electrochemical performance in LIBs. In SSBs, the use of oxide-based solid electrolytes like garnet-type Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZO) and sulfide-based electrolytes has facilitated the development of high-energy-density systems with excellent ionic conductivity and chemical stability. However, challenges such as high interfacial resistance at the electrode–electrolyte interface persist. Strategies like the application of lithium niobate (LiNbO₃) coatings have been employed to enhance interfacial stability and maintain electrochemical integrity. Furthermore, two-dimensional (2D) metal oxide nanomaterials, owing to their high active surface areas and rapid ion transport, have demonstrated considerable potential to boost the performance of SSBs. Despite these advancements, several challenges remain. Morphological optimization of nanomaterials, improved interface engineering to reduce the interfacial resistance, and solutions to address dendrite formation and mechanical degradation are critical to achieving the full potential of these materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

8 pages, 2265 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Single-Source Facile Synthesis of Phase-Pure Na⁺- and Sr²⁺-Modified Bismuth Titanate—Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties for Energy Storage Application

by Anitha Gnanasekar, Pavithra Gurusamy and Geetha Deivasigamani

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025018 - 7 Jan 2026

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Abstract

In this present study, sodium- and strontium-modified bismuth titanate—Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃ (BNT) and Bi_0.5Sr_0.5TiO₃ (BST)—were synthesized using the auto-combustion technique with citric acid (C₆H₈O₇) and glycine (C₂H [...] Read more.

In this present study, sodium- and strontium-modified bismuth titanate—Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃ (BNT) and Bi_0.5Sr_0.5TiO₃ (BST)—were synthesized using the auto-combustion technique with citric acid (C₆H₈O₇) and glycine (C₂H₅NO₂) as fuels in an optimized ratio of 1.5:1. The resulting powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The electrical behavior of the samples was studied using an LCR meter. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase perovskite structure with average crystallite sizes of 18.60 nm for BNT and 22.03 nm for BST, attributed to the difference in ionic radii between Na⁺ and Sr²⁺. An increase in crystallite size was accompanied by a corresponding increase in lattice parameters and unit-cell volume. The Williamson–Hall analysis further validated the strain-size contributions. EDX (Energy-Dispersive X-ray analysis) results confirmed successful incorporation of Na⁺ and Sr²⁺ without detectable impurity phases. Optical studies revealed distinct absorption peaks at 341 nm for BNT and 374 nm for BST, and the optical bandgap (E_g), calculated using Tauc’s relation, was found to be 2.6 eV and 2.0 eV, respectively. FT-IR spectra exhibited characteristic Ti-O vibrational bands in the range of 420–720 cm⁻¹, consistent with the perovskite structure. For electrical characterization, the powders were pelletized under 3-ton pressure and sintered at 1000 °C for 3 h. The dielectric constant (ε_r), dielectric loss (tan δ), and ac conductivity (σ) of both samples increased with frequency. The combined structural, optical, and electrical results indicate that the optimized compositions of BNT and BST possess properties suitable for use in capacitors and other energy-storage applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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9 pages, 2383 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Influence of Functional Groups on Their Structural Behavior Under Specific Physical and Chemical Stimuli

by Miguel A. Hernandez-Martinez, Lazaro Ruiz-Virgen, Rubén Caro-Briones, Gabriela Martínez-Mejía, José Manuel del Río and Mónica Corea

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025019 - 30 Dec 2025

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Abstract

pH-thermo-responsive polymeric nanoparticles (P-Nps) functionalized with carboxylic (–COOH) and amide (–NH₂) groups were synthesized by emulsion polymerization to obtain two series with varying functional group ratios and morphologies: core–shell and core–concentration gradient. P-Np dispersions were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), [...] Read more.

pH-thermo-responsive polymeric nanoparticles (P-Nps) functionalized with carboxylic (–COOH) and amide (–NH₂) groups were synthesized by emulsion polymerization to obtain two series with varying functional group ratios and morphologies: core–shell and core–concentration gradient. P-Np dispersions were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), electrophoresis (zeta potential, ζ), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and rheology (viscosity, η) in a temperature range of 25 °C to 60 °C. In general, the results show that P-Nps exhibit average particle diameters ranging from 250 ≤ Dz/nm ≤ 1200, and exhibit high colloidal stability (−46 ≤ ζ/mV ≤ −22) as temperature rises. SEM analysis revealed irregular and different structures as the proportion of functional groups varied, while rheological measurements demonstrated non-Newtonian behavior as the average shear rate increased (0.01 ≤ γ ˙ /s⁻¹ ≤ 100). Their size, stability, and rheological properties depend on the temperature and location of the functional groups. These properties suggest potential applications such as in stimulating fluids in the oil industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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9 pages, 1458 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Solution Combustion Synthesis of ZTO and Ag-Doped ZTO Nanostructures

by Jaime Viegas, Luciana Peres, Luca Ferrite, Elvira Fortunato, Rodrigo Martins, Ana Rovisco and Rita Branquinho

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025020 - 19 Jan 2026

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Abstract

The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased the demand for low-cost nanostructured materials. Zinc tin oxide (ZTO) has been widely used as an alternative to current semiconductor technologies, but its production methods remain expensive. Combustion synthesis is a green, low-cost [...] Read more.

The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased the demand for low-cost nanostructured materials. Zinc tin oxide (ZTO) has been widely used as an alternative to current semiconductor technologies, but its production methods remain expensive. Combustion synthesis is a green, low-cost alternative that may allow us to reduce the complexity of ZTO production. In this work, zinc and tin-based nanostructures were produced through combustion synthesis using water and ethanol as solvents and different precursor solutions ratios (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1). The influence of ethylenediamine (EDA) on the crystallographic phase of 2:1 samples of both solvents and Ag doping on 2:1 ethanol samples was also studied. Samples produced with a 2:1 ratio presented a predominance of ZnO, while the 1:1 and 2:1 samples presented a mixture of ZnO, SnO₂, and ZnSnO₃. The use of EDA in the 2:1 ethanol and water samples led to the growth of ZnO after annealing at 600 °C. For the ZTO-Ag samples, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman analysis also revealed the presence of ZnO after annealing at 600 °C. This work showed it is possible to produce ZTO nanostructures through solution combustion synthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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21 pages, 2035 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Nanostructured Semiconductors for Enhanced Waste Heat-to-Electricity Conversion

by Pabina Rani Boro, Rupam Deka, Pranjal Sarmah, Partha Protim Borthakur and Nayan Medhi

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025021 - 20 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Nanostructured semiconductors have emerged as transformative materials for enhancing the efficiency of waste heat-to-electricity conversion through thermoelectric (TE) processes. By altering structural features at the nanoscale, these materials can simultaneously reduce lattice thermal conductivity and optimize electronic transport properties, thereby significantly improving the [...] Read more.

Nanostructured semiconductors have emerged as transformative materials for enhancing the efficiency of waste heat-to-electricity conversion through thermoelectric (TE) processes. By altering structural features at the nanoscale, these materials can simultaneously reduce lattice thermal conductivity and optimize electronic transport properties, thereby significantly improving the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT). Recent studies have demonstrated that introducing periodic twin planes in III–V semiconductor nanowires can achieve a tenfold reduction in thermal conductivity while maintaining excellent electrical performance. Similarly, Pb_1−xGe_xTe alloys, through controlled spinodal decomposition, form stable nanostructures that maintain low thermal conductivity even after thermal cycling, crucial for high-temperature applications. Enhancing electrical properties is another key advantage of nanostructuring. PbTe-based materials, when heavily doped and engineered with nanoscale inclusions, have achieved a ZT of approximately 1.9 and a thermoelectric efficiency of around 12% over a 590 K temperature difference. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) also show strong correlations between their electronic structure and thermoelectric conductivity, highlighting their potential for next-generation devices. Two-dimensional silicon–germanium (Si_xGe_γ) compounds offer ultra-low lattice thermal conductivity and high Seebeck coefficients, providing a promising pathway for future TE applications. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, particularly regarding scalability and integration into existing energy recovery systems. Techniques such as focused ion beam milling and solution-based synthesis of porous nanostructures are being developed to fabricate high-performance materials on a commercial scale. Moreover, integrating nanostructured semiconductors into real-world systems, such as automotive exhaust heat recovery units, requires improvements in material durability, fabrication efficiency, and device compatibility. In conclusion, nanostructured semiconductors offer a powerful route for enhancing waste heat-to-electricity conversion. Their ability to decouple electrical and thermal transport at the nanoscale opens new opportunities for high-efficiency, sustainable energy harvesting technologies. Continued research into scalable manufacturing techniques, material stability, and system integration is essential to fully unlock their potential for commercial thermoelectric applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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14 pages, 1035 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Advances of Green Synthesized Nanomaterials in Different Industries

by Tahzib Ibrahim Protik, Md. Nurjaman Ridoy, Md. Golam Sazid and Sk. Tanjim Jaman Supto

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025022 - 23 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Nanoparticles (NPs) are gaining popularity due to their exceptional size-to-volume ratio, which enables them to efficiently perform a wide range of chemical reactions. The application of these particles has expanded rapidly in various sectors. However, the traditional methods for synthesizing NPs often involve [...] Read more.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are gaining popularity due to their exceptional size-to-volume ratio, which enables them to efficiently perform a wide range of chemical reactions. The application of these particles has expanded rapidly in various sectors. However, the traditional methods for synthesizing NPs often involve the use of toxic chemicals. Although these toxic chemicals can produce useful target NPs, the production of hazardous byproducts is inevitable. Green synthesis processes always exclude toxic materials from the synthesis procedures and use supplementary materials that are natural or less harmful. This study focuses on the synthesis of these materials without the use of toxic chemicals and the production of NPs from natural resources, such as peels, leaves, petals of flowers, fruits, and roots. These starting materials are cheap and safe and may reduce the impact of waste on the environment. This study also focuses on the application of such NPs in a variety of industries. Some examples of these industries include agriculture, food, and pharmaceuticals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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8 pages, 2677 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Synthesis and Characterization of Spermidine-Modified Alginic Acid Hydrogels with Possible Tissue Regeneration Applications

by Harim Galilea Díaz-Corte, Itzia Irene Padilla-Martínez, Gabriela Martínez-Mejía and Mónica Corea

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025023 - 26 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Hydrogels are 3D networks of hydrophilic crosslinked polymers, which are synthesized from synthetic or natural sources such as chitosan and alginic acid derived from shrimp shell and brown seaweed, respectively. These materials exhibit biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-cytotoxic properties to be used as scaffolds [...] Read more.

Hydrogels are 3D networks of hydrophilic crosslinked polymers, which are synthesized from synthetic or natural sources such as chitosan and alginic acid derived from shrimp shell and brown seaweed, respectively. These materials exhibit biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-cytotoxic properties to be used as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. In this study, four types of alginic acid hydrogels were chemically synthesized using spermidine as a crosslinking agent with concentrations ranging from 5% (w/w) to 100% (w/w). The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a small average pore size (≤5 μm), while electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MASS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed the characteristic vibrations and formed bonds between alginic acid and spermidine, respectively. Finally, the alginic acid hydrogels demonstrated potential ability for tissue regeneration treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

3 pages, 118 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Vesicle-Associated Membrane Proteins (VAMPs) 3 and 7, Crucial Membrane Proteins Instrumental in Constitutive and Regulated Secretion in Cells, Are Most Likely Not Involved in Exocytosis of PLGA Nanoparticles

by Suman Saha, Subrata Sinha and Parthaprasad Chattopadhyay

Mater. Proc. 2025, 25(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025025024 - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles were found to be actively exocytosed from cells in a previous study in our lab. The exocytosis process can be modulated to increase the retention of nanoparticles within the cells so that the therapeutic efficacy of any drug [...] Read more.

Background: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles were found to be actively exocytosed from cells in a previous study in our lab. The exocytosis process can be modulated to increase the retention of nanoparticles within the cells so that the therapeutic efficacy of any drug encapsulated within the nanoparticles is increased. So, we wanted to know which membrane proteins were involved in the exocytosis process of the nanoparticles. The roles of VAMP3 and VAMP7, two crucial membrane proteins associated mainly with constitutive and regulated secretion, respectively, in cells, were studied in the context of exocytosis of PLGA nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: The siRNA-mediated knockdown of VAMP3 and VAMP7 genes was performed in the LN229 cancer cell line, and the intracellular accumulation of PLGA nanoparticles was studied by fluorescence microscopy. Results: There was no significant difference in the intracellular accumulation of the PLGA nanoparticles after siRNA-mediated knockdown of VAMP3 or VAMP7. Conclusion: This study shows that VAMP3 and VAMP7, which serve as important membrane proteins associated with the conventional constitutive and regulated secretion of different molecules in cells, are most likely not involved in the exocytosis/secretion of PLGA nanoparticles. So, the pathway of intracellular trafficking of PLGA nanoparticles needs to be deciphered, as it appears to be a non-conventional one. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Online Conference on Nanomaterials)

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