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Abstracts of the 4th International Online Conference on Materials

by Ingo Dierking

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026001 - 15 Dec 2025

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6 pages, 933 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Femtosecond Laser Micro- and Nanostructuring of Aluminium Moulds for Durable Superhydrophobic PDMS Surfaces

by Stefania Caragnano, Raffaele De Palo, Felice Alberto Sfregola, Caterina Gaudiuso, Francesco Paolo Mezzapesa, Pietro Patimisco, Antonio Ancona and Annalisa Volpe

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026002 - 22 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Surface functionalisation of polymers is essential for enhancing properties such as wettability and mechanical resistance. This study presents a scalable, coating-free approach to fabricate hydrophobic and superhydrophobic Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces. Aluminium (AA2024) moulds were microstructured using a TruMicro femtosecond laser system to generate [...] Read more.

Surface functionalisation of polymers is essential for enhancing properties such as wettability and mechanical resistance. This study presents a scalable, coating-free approach to fabricate hydrophobic and superhydrophobic Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces. Aluminium (AA2024) moulds were microstructured using a TruMicro femtosecond laser system to generate grid patterns with controlled hatch distances and depths, as well as laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs). These features were accurately replicated onto PDMS, as confirmed by scanning electron miscoscopy (SEM) and profilometry. Contact angle measurements showed a marked increase in hydrophobicity, reaching superhydrophobicity for optimised parameters, with surface stability maintained over four months without degradation. Full article

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6 pages, 1519 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Comparative Assessment of XFEM and FEM for Stress Concentration at Circular Holes near Bi-Material Interfaces

by Huu-Dien Nguyen

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026003 - 5 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Accurately predicting stress concentration factors (SCFs) is essential for assessing the structural integrity of components containing holes or discontinuities, especially in multi-material systems. Traditional Finite Element Method (FEM) models often require substantial mesh refinement near geometric discontinuities, whereas the Extended Finite Element Method [...] Read more.

Accurately predicting stress concentration factors (SCFs) is essential for assessing the structural integrity of components containing holes or discontinuities, especially in multi-material systems. Traditional Finite Element Method (FEM) models often require substantial mesh refinement near geometric discontinuities, whereas the Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) allows discontinuities to be represented independently of the mesh through enrichment functions. This study provides a comparative assessment of FEM and XFEM for evaluating SCFs around a circular hole located near a bi-material interface. Both methods are implemented in MATLAB R2019a using the level-set approach to describe the hole. The displacement and stress fields obtained from FEM and XFEM are compared, followed by an evaluation against an established analytical reference solution. The findings show that while both methods reproduce global fields with good agreement, differences arise in the accuracy of SCF prediction. These results highlight the conditions under which XFEM may offer advantages over conventional FEM when modeling discontinuities in heterogeneous materials. Full article

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12 pages, 3719 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Key Predictors of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Compressive Strength by Machine Learning from Density Parameters and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Testing

by Violeta Migallón, Héctor Penadés and José Penadés

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026004 - 6 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 498

Abstract

Non-destructive evaluation techniques are increasingly recognised as effective alternatives to destructive testing for estimating the compressive strength of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC). Among these, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) is a well-established and widely employed method, characterised by its speed, non-invasiveness, and relative simplicity [...] Read more.

Non-destructive evaluation techniques are increasingly recognised as effective alternatives to destructive testing for estimating the compressive strength of lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC). Among these, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) is a well-established and widely employed method, characterised by its speed, non-invasiveness, and relative simplicity of implementation. In this study, an experimental dataset comprising 640 core segments from 160 cylindrical specimens, provided for analysis, was investigated. Each segment was described by physical and processing variables or features, including lightweight aggregate (LWA) and concrete densities, casting and vibration times, experimental dry density, and P-wave velocity obtained through UPV testing. A segregation index, derived from UPV measurements and defined as the ratio of local to mean P-wave velocity within each specimen, was also considered, following approaches previously suggested in the literature. A range of machine learning techniques was applied to assess the predictive capacity of local P-wave velocity and segregation index. Most ensemble-based methods and support vector regression (SVR) achieved the highest predictive performance when the segregation index was excluded, suggesting that its inclusion did not improve the predictive ability of the models. By contrast, Gaussian process regression (GPR) showed slight improvements when the segregation index was included. The results confirmed that the P-wave velocity measured by UPV testing is a reliable non-destructive predictor of compressive strength in LWAC. At the same time, the added value of the segregation index remained negligible under conditions of low segregation, as reflected by segregation index values above 0.8. These findings highlight the practical potential of integrating UPV-based measurements with data-driven modelling to enhance the reliability of concrete characterisation and quality control. Full article

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8 pages, 1003 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Energy-Absorbing Lattice Structures: Design, Simulation and Manufacturing Evaluation

by Ciro Annicchiarico, Daniele Almonti and Nadia Ucciardello

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026005 - 19 Jan 2026

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Abstract

This study investigates the design, numerical analysis and manufacturing-oriented evaluation of two-dimensional energy-absorbing lattice structures. Several lattice geometries, including conventional honeycomb and non-conventional auxetic layouts, were modelled using CAD tools and analysed through static and explicit dynamic finite element simulations. The mechanical response [...] Read more.

This study investigates the design, numerical analysis and manufacturing-oriented evaluation of two-dimensional energy-absorbing lattice structures. Several lattice geometries, including conventional honeycomb and non-conventional auxetic layouts, were modelled using CAD tools and analysed through static and explicit dynamic finite element simulations. The mechanical response was evaluated in terms of deformation behaviour, reaction forces and energy dissipation. Results indicate that auxetic and anti-tetrachiral lattices exhibit more progressive deformation and reduced transmitted forces compared with honeycomb configurations. Manufacturing aspects were assessed through additive manufacturing simulations, providing a first screening of feasible geometries. The proposed workflow supports the selection of lattice families suitable for further experimental validation. Full article

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13 pages, 2371 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Environmental Impacts and Sustainability of Nanomaterials in Water and Soil Systems

by Md. Nurjaman Ridoy and Sk. Tanjim Jaman Supto

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026006 - 20 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Nanoparticles have become more widely applied in industrial, consumer, and therapeutic products over the past decade, and this trend is presumed to persist due to the rapid population growth, industry, urbanization, and intensive agriculture. The manufacturing of nanomaterials is not necessarily accomplished through [...] Read more.

Nanoparticles have become more widely applied in industrial, consumer, and therapeutic products over the past decade, and this trend is presumed to persist due to the rapid population growth, industry, urbanization, and intensive agriculture. The manufacturing of nanomaterials is not necessarily accomplished through eco-friendly processes. Certain nanomaterials involve heavy metals. The release of nanomaterials into the environment could result in soil and aquatic system contamination. Once released into water and soil matrices, nanoparticles undergo dynamic transformations, including aggregation, dissolution, and surface modification, which determine their transport and bioavailability and their toxicological profiles. Different studies have consistently reported adverse impacts of metal, carbon, and plastic-based nanomaterials on aquatic organisms, soil microbial community, enzymatic activities, and nutrient cycling processes, mainly through oxidative stress, disruption of the membrane, and release of metal ions. These problems have stimulated intensive research aimed at the prediction of environmental concentrations of nanoparticles in water and soil and for their ecotoxicological effect on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. On the other hand, nanomaterials are also showing great potential for sustainable use, such as water purification, soil remediation, immobilization of contaminants, and geotechnical soil improvement, referring to soil stabilization, strength enhancement, permeability reduction, and ground improvement, where low dosages can improve the mechanical properties and respected environmental performance. This paper deals with current research on these competing roles, examining the causes of nanotoxicity as well as their positive geotechnical and remedial applications in water and soil systems. Full article

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10 pages, 1992 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Phase Transition and Transport Properties in p-Type β-FeSi₂ Semiconductor

by Sopheap Sam, Kosuke Yamazaki and Hiroshi Nakatsugawa

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026007 - 28 Jan 2026

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Abstract

The thermoelectric (TE) performance of iron silicide (β-FeSi₂) can be enhanced by introducing metal dopants. However, such doping often leads to the emergence of secondary phases, which negatively affect the Seebeck coefficient and overall TE efficiency. Consequently, it is crucial to [...] Read more.

The thermoelectric (TE) performance of iron silicide (β-FeSi₂) can be enhanced by introducing metal dopants. However, such doping often leads to the emergence of secondary phases, which negatively affect the Seebeck coefficient and overall TE efficiency. Consequently, it is crucial to understand the phase transitions involved and how they influence the transport properties in order to optimize the material’s performance. This work investigates the influence of Mn-doping on the phase change and properties of p-type β-Fe_1−xMn_xSi₂. The findings show that the semiconducting β-phase decreases sharply when x ≥ 0.09, indicating that the optimal doping concentration lies below this level. As a result, the maximum power factor of 970 μW m⁻¹ K⁻² and a dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) value of 0.12 are achieved at x = 0.03. This study clarifies how the phase composition relates to the thermoelectric properties of p-type β-FeSi₂. Full article

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6 pages, 386 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Soft Conductive Silicone Composites Based on Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Ferrocenyl-Containing Polysiloxanes

by Ekaterina A. Golovenko and Regina M. Islamova

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026008 - 20 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Introduction of ferrocenyl-containing polysiloxanes onto the carbon nanotubes has paved the way to prospective electrochemical (bio)sensors, energy storage devices, optoelectronic devices, ion-separation systems, etc. In the study we compare covalent and non-covalent approaches of multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalization by ferrocenyl-containing polysiloxanes, which were [...] Read more.

Introduction of ferrocenyl-containing polysiloxanes onto the carbon nanotubes has paved the way to prospective electrochemical (bio)sensors, energy storage devices, optoelectronic devices, ion-separation systems, etc. In the study we compare covalent and non-covalent approaches of multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalization by ferrocenyl-containing polysiloxanes, which were investigated by Raman and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The soft silicone composites based on the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified via the two approaches were obtained and analyzed. Full article

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10 pages, 1524 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Natural Biopolymer-Based Microcapsules as Sustainable Agents for Hydrophobic Textiles

by Barbara Golja, Blaž Stres, Blaž Likozar, Uroš Novak and Anja Verbič

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026009 - 30 Jan 2026

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Abstract

This study presents the development of hydrophobic coatings for textile applications using natural biopolymers. Natural polysaccharides and waxes in the form of microcapsules were incorporated into a polysaccharide matrix to produce a microcapsule-based coating. Several coating formulations were prepared, incorporating varying concentrations of [...] Read more.

This study presents the development of hydrophobic coatings for textile applications using natural biopolymers. Natural polysaccharides and waxes in the form of microcapsules were incorporated into a polysaccharide matrix to produce a microcapsule-based coating. Several coating formulations were prepared, incorporating varying concentrations of microcapsules and crosslinking agent (including versions without crosslinker) and subsequently applied to cotton and polyester fabrics using the rod-coating process. The coated fabrics were analyzed in order to evaluate the improvement in hydrophobicity and possible changes in physical properties, while the initial washing stability of the coating was analyzed by determining resistance to one domestic washing cycle. The coating increased the water contact angle from a highly hydrophilic to hydrophobic state (above 120°). After washing, the samples largely retained their hydrophobic properties, with some of them still exceeding a water contact angle (WCA) of 120°. The findings indicate that natural biopolymer microcapsule-based coatings, even without crosslinker, can effectively impart stable hydrophobic properties to textiles, thereby offering a safer alternative to conventional coatings containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Full article

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8 pages, 1802 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Graphene–MXene Heterostructure for Biomedical and Environmental Antimicrobial Applications

by Avdhesh Kumar, Ankit Singh and Manish Pratap Singh

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026010 - 10 Feb 2026

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Abstract

The increasing threat of bacterial infections and the limitations of conventional antibiotics have intensified the search for innovative antimicrobial substances. This study investigates a heterostructure nanomaterial of graphene and MXene designed to efficiently inhibit bacterial growth. The graphene–MXene heterostructure was prepared via eco-friendly [...] Read more.

The increasing threat of bacterial infections and the limitations of conventional antibiotics have intensified the search for innovative antimicrobial substances. This study investigates a heterostructure nanomaterial of graphene and MXene designed to efficiently inhibit bacterial growth. The graphene–MXene heterostructure was prepared via eco-friendly and non-hazardous ultrasonication to ensure uniform dispersion and interfacial interaction between the 2D components. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) confirmed the successful integration of the graphene-and-MXene-based heterostructure. Antibacterial activity has assessed using colony-forming unit (CFU) quantification against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Substantially reduced CFU counts and significant inhibition of bacterial growth are observed in the presence of graphene–MXene heterostructure compared to pristine materials. This study opens new avenues for the future development of 2D heterostructures engineered for microbial resistance under diverse conditions. Thus, the design of graphene–MXene heterostructure is a promising strategy for next-generation antimicrobial applications. Full article

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8 pages, 1989 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Ultrasensitive and Rapid Detection of LPG Below Sub-LEL Using 2H-MoTe₂ Thin Film: A Room-Temperature Approach

by Ankit Singh, Avdhesh Kumar, Sarva Shakti Singh, Navin Chaurasiya and Manish Pratap Singh

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026011 - 19 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a widely used clean and efficient fuel across domestic and industrial sectors. However, the highly flammable nature of LPG poses serious safety risks. Therefore, the advancement of dependable and effective LPG sensors is vital. This work produced a [...] Read more.

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a widely used clean and efficient fuel across domestic and industrial sectors. However, the highly flammable nature of LPG poses serious safety risks. Therefore, the advancement of dependable and effective LPG sensors is vital. This work produced a cost-effective and extremely sensitive LPG thin film sensor that operates at room temperature using hydrothermally generated MoTe₂. The synthesized MoTe₂ was comprehensively characterized to investigate its phase purity, crystal structure, phase formation, and morphology employing powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The PXRD and Raman results confirmed the formation of a single-phase hexagonal 2H-MoTe₂ structure, while FE-SEM analysis revealed elongated, sheet-like morphologies. The LPG sensing properties were evaluated across concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 vol%. The sensor exhibited a maximum response of 1.50 at 2.0 vol% LPG, while the fastest response and recovery times of 11 s and 23 s, respectively, were observed at 0.5 vol% LPG. Additionally, the sensor demonstrated excellent repeatability, reaching 99.55%. The mechanism involving the adsorption and desorption of LPG is also explained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Online Conference on Materials)

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8 pages, 1389 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Dual-Energy CBCT Detector Configuration: High-Z Materials for Improving Microcalcification Detection and Characterization in Breast Imaging

by Evangelia Karali, Christos Michail, George Fountos, Nektarios Kalyvas and Ioannis Valais

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026012 - 27 Feb 2026

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Abstract

This study investigates whether detector materials with an effective atomic number (Z_eff), density, and light output higher than cesium iodide (CsI) could provide images of better quality in dual-energy cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) breast examinations. Seven different detector material configurations [...] Read more.

This study investigates whether detector materials with an effective atomic number (Z_eff), density, and light output higher than cesium iodide (CsI) could provide images of better quality in dual-energy cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) breast examinations. Seven different detector material configurations were applied in a simulated micro-CBCT system using GATE v.9.2.1 (GEANT4 application for tomographic emission). Four breast phantoms, containing microcalcifications of Type I and Type II, were imaged. Planar images and tomographic data were analyzed. Microcalcification CNRs (contrast-to-noise ratios) were calculated for each configuration. CZT (cadmium zinc telluride) and GAGG (gadolinium aluminum gallium garnet) materials show a 3–17% increase in relative HAp (hydroxyapatite)-CNR values towards CsI. Full article

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7 pages, 1763 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Bi-Based Perovskite Materials for High-Sensitivity Gamma Ray Detection

by Paramesh Chandra and Swapan K. Mandal

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026013 - 2 Mar 2026

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Abstract

We present here a brief report on gamma-ray sensing and detection by a bismuth-based hybrid halide perovskite material. Lead-free perovskites have emerged as a promising candidate for gamma-ray detection due to their high atomic number, tunable optoelectronic properties, and cost-effective synthesis. This study [...] Read more.

We present here a brief report on gamma-ray sensing and detection by a bismuth-based hybrid halide perovskite material. Lead-free perovskites have emerged as a promising candidate for gamma-ray detection due to their high atomic number, tunable optoelectronic properties, and cost-effective synthesis. This study investigates the morphological, optical, and gamma-ray radiation detection properties of (CH₃NH₃)₃Bi₂Cl₉ (MABiCl) perovskite material. UV-Vis spectroscopy reveals a bandgap of ~2.4 eV, which is suitable for efficient charge carrier generation upon gamma-ray exposure. Current vs. time measurements under gamma-ray irradiation from various sources (⁶⁰Co, ¹³⁷Cs, and ²²Na) exhibit a rapid and reproducible photo response, with high sensitivity and low noise, indicating effective charge collection and detection efficiency. The material’s response to gamma rays shows a linear correlation between current output and radiation dose, highlighting its potential for quantitative detection applications. These findings suggest that Bi-based perovskite material possesses favorable properties for gamma-ray detection, including structural robustness, suitable optical characteristics, and reliable radiation response. Further optimization of material composition and device fabrication could enhance detection efficiency and scalability, paving the way for practical applications in medical imaging, nuclear security, and radiation monitoring. This work highlights the potential of Bi-based perovskites as a next-generation material for high-performance, cost-effective gamma ray detectors. Full article

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14 pages, 1475 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Contribution of Tensile Concrete to the Resistance Moment of CFRP Singly Reinforced Concrete Sections

by Muhideen Olowonjoyin, Samuel Abejide and Daniel Oguntayo

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026014 - 14 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Concrete is widely recognized for its excellent compressive strength but limited tensile resistance, which necessitates reinforcement with high-performance materials for effective structural applications. This study investigates the role of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) as tensile reinforcement in singly reinforced concrete sections, with emphasis [...] Read more.

Concrete is widely recognized for its excellent compressive strength but limited tensile resistance, which necessitates reinforcement with high-performance materials for effective structural applications. This study investigates the role of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) as tensile reinforcement in singly reinforced concrete sections, with emphasis on the contribution of tensile concrete to overall flexural resistance. The elastic behavior of concrete is first examined, demonstrating stability under low stress levels and progressive deterioration caused by matrix cracking at higher stress states. To capture the structural response, a variable-angle strut model is employed for predicting the load–deflection behavior of CFRP-reinforced beams subjected to combined flexure and shear. Numerical optimization using Box’s complex method is incorporated to refine the stress–strain representation and develop an improved stress diagram that realistically reflects CFRP–concrete interaction. The results highlight that tensile concrete, even after cracking, provides significant resistance through tension stiffening, while CFRP reinforcement remains effective under high load conditions. Furthermore, the optimization process reveals that a neutral axis depth of 0.75d, substantially greater than conventional design recommendations, mobilizes nearly 200% additional tensile concrete. This enhanced mobilization improves flexural efficiency and overall load-bearing capacity. The findings of this study provide new insights into the synergistic behavior of CFRP and concrete, emphasizing that tensile concrete should not be disregarded in design. The proposed framework offers a practical and reliable approach for improving the moment resistance of CFRP-reinforced sections, contributing to safer, more economical, and performance-driven structural design practices. Full article

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13 pages, 4447 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Environmental Applications of Quantum Dots in Photocatalytic Treatment of Urban Wastewater

by Sabbir Hossain, Sk. Tanjim Jaman Supto, Tahzib Ibrahim Protik and Md. Nurjaman Ridoy

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026015 - 9 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Quantum dots (QDs) have drawn a lot of attention as photocatalytic materials due to the growing need for environmentally friendly wastewater treatment technologies. Among these, carbon-based QDs, including graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), and carbon [...] Read more.

Quantum dots (QDs) have drawn a lot of attention as photocatalytic materials due to the growing need for environmentally friendly wastewater treatment technologies. Among these, carbon-based QDs, including graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), and carbon quantum dots (CQDs), have exceptional optical, electronic, and surface characteristics that increase their suitability for degrading pollutants when exposed to sunlight or visible light. These composites are better at transferring charges, staying stable in light, and breaking down pollutants. Metal-based QDs like ZnO and CdS also have strong photocatalytic activity, but their sustainability remains a concern due to the potential release of toxic ions when they corrode in light. The green synthesis approach addresses these challenges. Using natural extracts, like polyphenols from tea leaves, to biofunctionalize surfaces has been shown to reduce toxicity and improve photocatalytic performance. Green synthesis using renewable precursors solves problems with toxicity, resource depletion, and environmental pollution, which supports a low-impact and circular technological approach. This study examines recent developments in the making, modifying, and use of QD-based photocatalysts in the environment, with a focus on CQD/g-C₃N₄ hybrid systems. Future research should focus on making green, non-toxic, regenerable, and highly active carbon-based QDs for safe large-scale water treatment. Full article

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19 pages, 812 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Recent Advances in Fiber-Reinforced Biopolymers Derived from Rice Husk Waste for Sustainable Construction Materials

by Pabina Rani Boro, Partha Protim Borthakur, Madhurjya Saikia, Saroj Yadav and Rupam Deka

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026016 - 9 Mar 2026

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Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly construction materials has spurred interest in biopolymer composites reinforced with agricultural waste. Rice husk (RH), a byproduct of rice milling, is abundant and rich in lignocellulosic fibers and silica, making it excellent for use in [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly construction materials has spurred interest in biopolymer composites reinforced with agricultural waste. Rice husk (RH), a byproduct of rice milling, is abundant and rich in lignocellulosic fibers and silica, making it excellent for use in fiber-reinforced biopolymers. The novelty of this study lies in its integrated and construction-oriented evaluation of rice husk (RH)-reinforced biopolymers, combining mechanical, thermal, environmental, and economic perspectives within a single framework. The study introduces a novel comparative approach by benchmarking multiple polymer matrices-including PP, recycled HDPE, epoxy, PLA, and bio-binders-under unified quantitative performance criteria. Another key novelty is the identification of the dual functional role of silica-rich RH in simultaneously enhancing structural strength and flame retardancy while contributing to carbon emission reduction. With a high silica content (15–20%) and lignocellulosic structure, RH serves as a natural filler that enhances the performance of polymer matrices such as polypropylene (PP), epoxy, polylactic acid (PLA), and recycled polyethylene. Mechanically, RH-reinforced composites demonstrate significant improvements in tensile, flexural, and impact strength. For example, PP composites with NaOH-treated RH and coffee husks achieved tensile strengths between 27.4 MPa and 37.4 MPa, with corresponding Young’s modulus values ranging from 1656 MPa to 2247.8 MPa. Recycled HDPE-RH blends reached tensile strengths up to 74 MPa and flexural values of 39 MPa, validating their structural applicability. Epoxy matrices embedded with 0.45 wt.% RH nanofibers showed degradation thresholds of 411 °C and 678 °C, reflecting substantial thermal resistance. Flame retardancy is further improved by the presence of RH biochar, which leads to reduced peak heat release rate (PHRR) and enhanced char formation. In building insulation applications, RH-based composites exhibit low thermal conductivity values between 0.08 and 0.14 W/m·K, contributing to energy efficiency. Economically, RH reduces material costs by 30–40%, while environmentally, its integration lowers carbon emissions in PP composites by up to 10%, and promotes biodegradability. Despite challenges such as moisture absorption and interfacial adhesion, these can be mitigated through alkali treatment, compatibilizers (e.g., MAPP), or hybrid reinforcement strategies. Full article

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8 pages, 1885 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Strategic Co-Doping of LiNiO₂ for High-Performance Li-Ion Batteries: Structural and Transport Enhancements

by Sarva Shakti Singh, Ankit Singh, Avdhesh Kumar, Sujeet Kumar Chaurasia and Manish Pratap Singh

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026017 - 11 Mar 2026

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Abstract

The pursuit of high-energy-density cathode materials has positioned LiNiO₂ as a promising candidate due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its practical application is hindered by structural instability, cation mixing, and sluggish Li-ion mobility. This study presents a strategic co-doping approach to [...] Read more.

The pursuit of high-energy-density cathode materials has positioned LiNiO₂ as a promising candidate due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its practical application is hindered by structural instability, cation mixing, and sluggish Li-ion mobility. This study presents a strategic co-doping approach to enhance the electrochemical performance of R3m-structured LiNiO₂ by introducing Na at the Li site and Nb/Al/W at the Ni site. First-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), combined with the bond valence sum energy (BVSE) method, were employed to evaluate the structural, electronic, and transport properties of the doped systems. The optimized lattice parameters reveal that co-doping induces lattice expansion and suppresses cation disorder, thereby improving structural integrity. Formation energy validates the thermodynamics of the modified structures. Furthermore, BVSE-based ion migration mapping shows that Na/Nb and Na/Al co-doping significantly broadens Li-ion diffusion pathways and lowers migration barriers compared to pristine LiNiO₂. These results demonstrate that dual-site doping is an effective strategy to overcome intrinsic limitations of Ni-rich layered oxides, offering a rational design route cathode for next-generation Li-ion battery. Full article

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9 pages, 1404 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Multi-Criteria Optimization of Mechanical Performance of Jute–Glass–Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Polymer Composites Using ANOVA, AHP-TOPSIS, and RSM

by Rajesh Kumar Dewangan

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026018 - 25 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Hybrid polymer composites combining natural and synthetic fibers offer a balance between mechanical efficiency and sustainability. This study evaluates epoxy-based jute–glass–carbon hybrid laminates with six stacking configurations under tensile and flexural loading. One-way ANOVA confirmed statistically significant differences among laminates (p < [...] Read more.

Hybrid polymer composites combining natural and synthetic fibers offer a balance between mechanical efficiency and sustainability. This study evaluates epoxy-based jute–glass–carbon hybrid laminates with six stacking configurations under tensile and flexural loading. One-way ANOVA confirmed statistically significant differences among laminates (p < 0.001). An integrated AHP–TOPSIS approach was used for multi-criteria ranking, and Response Surface Methodology enabled desirability-based optimization. The carbon-rich cross-ply laminate achieved the highest overall performance, while jute-containing balanced laminates showed enhanced ductility. The results highlight the critical role of stacking sequence in optimizing hybrid composite mechanical behavior. Full article

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14 pages, 2137 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Utilization of Brick and Ceramic Tile Waste in Geopolymers: A Preliminary Study of Physical and Mechanical Properties

by Jhojamn Franklin Arroyo Guzmán, Victor Hugo Miranda Challapa, Camila Andrea Ramos Lima, Americo Dustin Montaño Gonzales and Joaquin Humberto Aquino Rocha

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026019 - 27 Mar 2026

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Abstract

This study investigates the feasibility of using brick and ceramic tile waste as aluminosilicate precursors for geopolymer synthesis by analyzing the influence of NaOH concentrations, the Na₂SiO₃/NaOH ratio, and curing methods on the physical and mechanical properties of the [...] Read more.

This study investigates the feasibility of using brick and ceramic tile waste as aluminosilicate precursors for geopolymer synthesis by analyzing the influence of NaOH concentrations, the Na₂SiO₃/NaOH ratio, and curing methods on the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting matrices. Geopolymer pastes were prepared using NaOH concentrations ranging from 5 to 12 mol/L and Na₂SiO₃/NaOH ratios of 2:1 and 2.5:1. Compressive strength, water absorption, density, and void ratio were evaluated. The results indicate that a combined curing method, consisting of initial curing under dry ambient conditions followed by thermal curing at 60 °C, significantly improved the development of mechanical strength. The brick-based geopolymers reached maximum compressive strengths exceeding 55 MPa at intermediate NaOH concentrations, whereas ceramic tile-based geopolymers required higher alkalinity levels and increased soluble silica content. Overall, the findings confirm that an appropriate combination of precursor type, alkaline activator dosage, and curing conditions enables the formation of geopolymers with denser matrices and enhanced mechanical and physical properties, thereby supporting their potential as a sustainable alternative for the construction industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Online Conference on Materials)

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Open AccessProceeding Paper

Surface-Engineered Graphene Oxide–MXene–SLG Composite with Enhanced Bactericidal Properties

by Manish Pratap Singh, Avdhesh Kumar, Ankit Singh, Sarva Shakti Singh and Sujeet Kumar Chaurasia

Mater. Proc. 2025, 26(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2025026020 - 9 Apr 2026

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Abstract

The increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has generated an urgent need for innovative antimicrobial materials that inhibit microbial growth through physical and chemical surface interactions, as opposed to traditional biochemical methods. In this work, we synthesized a composite of graphene oxide (GO), single-layer [...] Read more.

The increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has generated an urgent need for innovative antimicrobial materials that inhibit microbial growth through physical and chemical surface interactions, as opposed to traditional biochemical methods. In this work, we synthesized a composite of graphene oxide (GO), single-layer graphene (SLG), and delaminated MXene (d-MXene) by an ultrasonication-assisted technique. The synthesized materials were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) with elemental mapping to examine the structure and morphology of the GO/SLG/d-MXene composite. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against E. coli using the optical density method. The GO/SLG/d-MXene composite exhibited superior antibacterial activity compared to GO, SLG, and d-MXene. These results indicate that the GO/SLG/d-MXene composite may serve as a promising antibacterial material. These nanomaterials may be further explored for surface-related antimicrobial applications in healthcare, sanitation, and environmental settings such as coatings for medical devices, disinfectant surfaces in hospitals, and treatment of contaminated water sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Online Conference on Materials)

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