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Chemistry, Volume 7, Issue 4 (August 2025) – 24 articles

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11 pages, 2661 KiB  
Communication
Fluorinated Ethers of Cannabinol (CBN)
by Urvashi, Melvin Druelinger, John Hatfield and Kenneth J. Olejar
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040125 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 144
Abstract
The difluoromethoxy (OCF2H) and trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) fluorinated structural motifs are frequently seen as privileged functional groups in the field of medicinal chemistry and are regularly taken into account during the design and development processes of successful drugs. This paper [...] Read more.
The difluoromethoxy (OCF2H) and trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) fluorinated structural motifs are frequently seen as privileged functional groups in the field of medicinal chemistry and are regularly taken into account during the design and development processes of successful drugs. This paper presents the synthesis of four new fluorinated etheric derivatives of cannabinol (CBN) using fluorine chemistry. These reactions are straightforward in terms of operation and make use of easily obtainable reagents, making them suitable for the synthesis of various fluorinated CBN ethers with yields ranging from moderate to excellent. We successfully isolated all the products and characterized them in detail using spectroscopic methods. It is anticipated that they will increase the efficacy of drug candidates due to their ability to alter biological activities such as cellular membrane permeability and metabolic stability and improve their pharmacokinetic properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
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12 pages, 2954 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Hydrogenation of Furfural Enhancing Furfuryl Alcohol Selectivity over Flower-like Zn-Based MBON-2 in Alkaline Medium
by Yingxin Zhang, Hengxing Qiu, Chunyu Shen, Shuwen Hou, Qiuju Fu and Xuebo Zhao
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040124 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 134
Abstract
To address the low selectivity in the electrocatalytic conversion of furfural (FFR) to furfuryl alcohol (FFA) under alkaline conditions, a Zn-based metal–organic framework (MBON-2) featuring a 3D hierarchical flower-like architecture self-assembled from nanosheets was synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method. Under optimal conditions, [...] Read more.
To address the low selectivity in the electrocatalytic conversion of furfural (FFR) to furfuryl alcohol (FFA) under alkaline conditions, a Zn-based metal–organic framework (MBON-2) featuring a 3D hierarchical flower-like architecture self-assembled from nanosheets was synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method. Under optimal conditions, MBON-2 exhibited an extremely high selectivity of FFA (100%) and a high Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 93.19% at −0.2 V vs. RHE. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed the excellent electron transfer and mass transport properties of MBON-2. In addition, in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies confirmed the adsorption of FFR molecules onto the Zn and B sites of MBON-2 during the ECH of FFR, providing key insights into the hydrogenation mechanism. The numerous exposed B and Zn sites of the MBON-2, as well as its robust structural stability contributed to its outstanding catalytic performance in the electrochemical hydrogenation (ECH) of FFR. This work provides valuable guidelines for developing efficient Zn-based catalysts for the ECH of FFR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Conversion of Biomass and Its Derivatives)
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20 pages, 2093 KiB  
Review
A Practical Guide Paper on Bulk and PLD Thin-Film Metals Commonly Used as Photocathodes in RF and SRF Guns
by Alessio Perrone, Muhammad Rizwan Aziz, Francisco Gontad, Nikolaos A. Vainos and Anna Paola Caricato
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040123 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 224
Abstract
This paper serves as a comprehensive and practical resource to guide researchers in selecting suitable metals for use as photocathodes in radio-frequency (RF) and superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) electron guns. It offers an in-depth review of bulk and thin-film metals commonly employed in many [...] Read more.
This paper serves as a comprehensive and practical resource to guide researchers in selecting suitable metals for use as photocathodes in radio-frequency (RF) and superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) electron guns. It offers an in-depth review of bulk and thin-film metals commonly employed in many applications. The investigation includes the photoemission, optical, chemical, mechanical, and physical properties of metallic materials used in photocathodes, with a particular focus on key performance parameters such as quantum efficiency, operational lifetime, chemical inertness, thermal emittance, response time, dark current, and work function. In addition to these primary attributes, this study examines essential parameters such as surface roughness, morphology, injector compatibility, manufacturing techniques, and the impact of chemical environmental factors on overall performance. The aim is to provide researchers with detailed insights to make well-informed decisions on materials and device selection. The holistic approach of this work associates, in tabular format, all photo-emissive, optical, mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of bulk and thin-film metallic photocathodes with experimental data, aspiring to provide unique tools for maximizing the effectiveness of laser cleaning treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electrochemistry and Photoredox Processes)
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12 pages, 2191 KiB  
Article
A Structural Colored Epoxy Resin Sensor for the Discrimination of Methanol and Ethanol
by Yongxing Guo, Yingying Yi, Limin Wu, Wei Liu, Yi Li and Yonggang Yang
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040122 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 140
Abstract
A thermochromic cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) mixture was prepared using epoxies. The structural color of the CLCN film was tuned by changing the concentration of a chiral dopant and the polymerization temperature. It was found the yellow CLCN film can be used as [...] Read more.
A thermochromic cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) mixture was prepared using epoxies. The structural color of the CLCN film was tuned by changing the concentration of a chiral dopant and the polymerization temperature. It was found the yellow CLCN film can be used as a sensor for the discrimination of methanol and ethanol which was proposed to be driven by the difference between the solubility parameters. Moreover, a colorful pattern was prepared based on the thermochromic property of the CLC mixture, which could be applied for decoration and as a sensor for chloroform. Full article
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12 pages, 2396 KiB  
Article
Helical Airflow Synthesis of Quinoxalines: A Continuous and Efficient Mechanochemical Approach
by Jiawei Zhang, Zeli Xiao, Qi Huang, Yang Zhao, Bo Jin and Rufang Peng
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040121 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 162
Abstract
In this work, we report a novel mechanochemical synthesis method for the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives—a spiral gas–solid two-phase flow approach, which enables the efficient preparation of quinoxaline compounds. Compared to conventional synthetic methods, this approach eliminates the need for heating or solvents [...] Read more.
In this work, we report a novel mechanochemical synthesis method for the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives—a spiral gas–solid two-phase flow approach, which enables the efficient preparation of quinoxaline compounds. Compared to conventional synthetic methods, this approach eliminates the need for heating or solvents while significantly reducing reaction time. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using the synthesis of 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline (1) as a model reaction, the synthetic process was investigated with UV–Vis spectroscopy. The results demonstrate that when the total feed amount was 2 g with a carrier gas pressure of 0.8 MPa, the reaction completed within 2 min, achieving a yield of 93%. Furthermore, kinetic analysis of the reaction mechanism was performed by monitoring the UV–Vis spectra of the products at different time intervals. The results indicate that the synthesis of 1 follows the A4 kinetic model, which describes a two-dimensional diffusion-controlled product growth process following decelerated nucleation. Full article
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15 pages, 1767 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Photophysics of 5-(1-Pyrenyl)-1,2-Azoles
by María-Camila Ríos, Alexander Ladino-Bejarano and Jaime Portilla
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040120 - 27 Jul 2025
Viewed by 326
Abstract
Two pyrene derivatives, substituted at position 1 with isoxazole or NH-pyrazole, were synthesized in 85–87% yield starting from 1-acetylpyrene and via the cyclocondensation reaction of a β-enaminone intermediate with hydroxylamine or hydrazine. The photophysics of the two 5-(1-pyrenyl)-1,2-azoles were explored, revealing that [...] Read more.
Two pyrene derivatives, substituted at position 1 with isoxazole or NH-pyrazole, were synthesized in 85–87% yield starting from 1-acetylpyrene and via the cyclocondensation reaction of a β-enaminone intermediate with hydroxylamine or hydrazine. The photophysics of the two 5-(1-pyrenyl)-1,2-azoles were explored, revealing that only the isoxazole derivative exhibits good emission properties (ϕF ≥ 74%) but without solvatofluorochromism behavior. However, both probes exhibited noticeable photophysics in the aggregated state (in the presence of H2O and/or in the solid state) and through acid–base interactions (using TFA and TBACN), leveraging the basic and acidic character of the analyzed 1,2-azoles, which was also investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Therefore, the selective incorporation of N-heteroaromatic units into the pyrene scaffold effectively modulates the photophysics and environmental sensitivity of the corresponding probes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Photochemistry and Molecular Photonics)
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16 pages, 3885 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Properties of Bi1.8Mn0.5Ni0.5Ta2O9-Δ Pyrochlore
by Sergey V. Nekipelov, Olga V. Petrova, Alexandra V. Koroleva, Mariya G. Krzhizhanovskaya, Kristina N. Parshukova, Nikolay A. Sekushin, Boris A. Makeev and Nadezhda A. Zhuk
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040119 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 150
Abstract
Pyrochlore Bi1.8Mn0.5Ni0.5Ta2O9-Δ (sp.gr. Fd-3m, a = 10.5038(9) Å) was synthesized by the solid-phase reaction method and characterized by vibrational and X-ray spectroscopy. According to scanning electron microscopy, the ceramics are characterized by a [...] Read more.
Pyrochlore Bi1.8Mn0.5Ni0.5Ta2O9-Δ (sp.gr. Fd-3m, a = 10.5038(9) Å) was synthesized by the solid-phase reaction method and characterized by vibrational and X-ray spectroscopy. According to scanning electron microscopy, the ceramics are characterized by a porous microstructure formed by randomly oriented oblong grains. The average crystallite size determined by X-ray diffraction is 65 nm. The charge state of transition element cations in the pyrochlore was analyzed by soft X-ray spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. For mixed pyrochlore, a characteristic shift of Bi4f and Ta4f and Ta5p spectra to the region of lower energies by 0.25 and 0.90 eV is observed compared to the binding energy in Bi2O3 and Ta2O5 oxides. XPS Mn2p spectrum of pyrochlore has an intermediate energy position compared to the binding energy in MnO and Mn2O3, which indicates a mixed charge state of manganese (II, III) cations. Judging by the nature of the Ni2p spectrum of the complex oxide, nickel ions are in the charge state of +(2+ζ). The relative permittivity of the sample in a wide temperature (up to 350 °C) and frequency range (25–106 Hz) does not depend on the frequency and exhibits a constant low value of 25. The minimum value of 4 × 10−3 dielectric loss tangent is exhibited by the sample at a frequency of 106 Hz. The activation energy of conductivity is 0.7 eV. The electrical behavior of the sample is modeled by an equivalent circuit containing a Warburg diffusion element. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic and Solid State Chemistry)
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38 pages, 2987 KiB  
Review
Benzothiazole-Based Therapeutics: FDA Insights and Clinical Advances
by Subba Rao Cheekatla
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040118 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 690
Abstract
Benzothiazole derivatives have emerged as being highly significant in drug discovery due to their versatile biological activities and structural adaptability. Incorporating nitrogen and sulfur, this fused heterocyclic scaffold exhibits wide-ranging pharmacological properties, including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and diagnostic applications. A diverse [...] Read more.
Benzothiazole derivatives have emerged as being highly significant in drug discovery due to their versatile biological activities and structural adaptability. Incorporating nitrogen and sulfur, this fused heterocyclic scaffold exhibits wide-ranging pharmacological properties, including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and diagnostic applications. A diverse set of clinically approved and investigational compounds, such as flutemetamol for Alzheimer’s diagnosis, riluzole for ALS, and quizartinib for AML, illustrates the scaffold’s therapeutic potential in varied applications. These agents act via mechanisms such as enzyme inhibition, receptor modulation, and amyloid imaging, demonstrating the scaffold’s high binding affinity and target specificity. Advances in synthetic strategies and our understanding of structure–activity relationships (SARs) continue to drive the development of novel benzothiazole-based therapeutics with improved potency, selectivity, and safety profiles. We also emphasize recent in vitro and in vivo studies, including drug candidates in clinical trials, to provide a comprehensive perspective on the therapeutic potential of benzothiazole-based compounds in modern drug discovery. This review brings together recent progress to help guide the development of new benzothiazole-based compounds for future therapeutic applications. Full article
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17 pages, 1633 KiB  
Article
Iodinated Salicylhydrazone Derivatives as Potent α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Enzymatic Activity, Molecular Modeling, and ADMET Profiling
by Seema K. Bhagwat, Fabiola Hernandez-Rosas, Abraham Vidal-Limon, J. Oscar C. Jimenez-Halla, Balasaheb K. Ghotekar, Vivek D. Bobade, Enrique Delgado-Alvarado, Sachin V. Patil and Tushar Janardan Pawar
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040117 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 267
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) demands safer and more effective therapies to control postprandial hyperglycemia. Here, we report the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of ten salicylic acid-derived Schiff base derivatives (4a4j) as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Compounds 4e, 4g [...] Read more.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) demands safer and more effective therapies to control postprandial hyperglycemia. Here, we report the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of ten salicylic acid-derived Schiff base derivatives (4a4j) as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Compounds 4e, 4g, 4i, and 4j exhibited potent enzyme inhibition, with IC50 values ranging from 14.86 to 18.05 µM—substantially better than acarbose (IC50 = 45.78 µM). Molecular docking and 500 ns molecular dynamics simulations revealed stable enzyme–ligand complexes driven by π–π stacking, halogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps highlighted key electronic factors, while ADMET analysis confirmed favorable drug-like properties and reduced nephrotoxicity. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis emphasized the importance of halogenation and aromaticity in enhancing bioactivity. Full article
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23 pages, 4767 KiB  
Review
Self-Reporting H2S Donors: Integrating H2S Release with Real-Time Fluorescence Detection
by Changlei Zhu and John C. Lukesh
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040116 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 317
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), once regarded solely as a highly toxic gas, is now recognized as a crucial signaling molecule in plants, bacteria, and mammals. In humans, H2S signaling plays a role in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including vasodilation, [...] Read more.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), once regarded solely as a highly toxic gas, is now recognized as a crucial signaling molecule in plants, bacteria, and mammals. In humans, H2S signaling plays a role in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including vasodilation, neuromodulation, and cytoprotection. To exploit its biological functions and therapeutic potential, a wide range of H2S-releasing compounds, known as H2S donors, have been developed. These donors are designed to release H2S under physiological conditions in a controlled manner. Among them, self-reporting H2S donors are seen as a particularly innovative class, combining therapeutic delivery with real-time fluorescence-based detection. This dual functionality enables spatiotemporal monitoring of H2S release in biological environments, eliminating the need for additional sensors or probes that could disrupt cellular homeostasis. This review summarizes recent advancements in self-reporting H2S donor systems, organizing them based on their activation triggers, such as specific bioanalytes, enzymes, or external stimuli like light. The discussion covers their design strategies, performance in biological applications, and therapeutic potential. Key challenges are also highlighted, including the need for precise control of H2S release kinetics, accurate signal quantification, and improved biocompatibility. With continued refinement, self-reporting H2S donors offer great promise for creating multifunctional platforms that seamlessly integrate diagnostic imaging with therapeutic H2S delivery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Chalcogen Chemistry: Recent Advances)
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26 pages, 2816 KiB  
Review
Non-Destructive Detection of Soluble Solids Content in Fruits: A Review
by Ziao Gong, Zhenhua Zhi, Chenglin Zhang and Dawei Cao
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040115 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 371
Abstract
Soluble solids content (SSC) in fruits, as one of the key indicators of fruit quality, plays a critical role in postharvest quality assessment and grading. While traditional destructive methods can provide precise measurements of sugar content, they have limitations such as damaging the [...] Read more.
Soluble solids content (SSC) in fruits, as one of the key indicators of fruit quality, plays a critical role in postharvest quality assessment and grading. While traditional destructive methods can provide precise measurements of sugar content, they have limitations such as damaging the fruit’s integrity and the inability to perform rapid detection. In contrast, non-destructive detection technologies offer the advantage of preserving the fruit’s integrity while enabling fast and efficient sugar content measurements, making them highly promising for applications in fruit quality detection. This review summarizes recent advances in non-destructive detection technologies for fruit sugar content measurement. It focuses on elucidating the principles, advantages, and limitations of mainstream technologies, including near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), X-ray technology, computer vision (CV), electronic nose (EN) technology and so on. Critically, our analysis identifies key challenges hindering the broader implementation of these technologies, namely: the integration and optimization of multi-technology approaches, the development of robust intelligent and automated detection systems, and issues related to high equipment costs and barriers to widespread adoption. Based on this assessment, we conclude by proposing targeted future research directions. These focus on overcoming the identified challenges to advance the development and practical application of non-destructive SSC detection technologies, ultimately contributing to the modernization and intelligentization of the fruit industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Science)
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14 pages, 2761 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Properties of Soluble CuCl·3TU Coordination Compound and Application in Electrolysis for Copper Foils
by Wancheng Zhao, Fangquan Xia and Dong Tian
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040114 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 255
Abstract
As the crucial current collector for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), electrolytic copper foils are generally manufactured by electrodeposition in acidic copper sulfate solution. However, there are many disadvantages for traditional electrolytic copper foils, such as coarse grains, insufficient mechanical properties, and high energy consumption. [...] Read more.
As the crucial current collector for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), electrolytic copper foils are generally manufactured by electrodeposition in acidic copper sulfate solution. However, there are many disadvantages for traditional electrolytic copper foils, such as coarse grains, insufficient mechanical properties, and high energy consumption. In order to improve the performances of electrolytic copper foil, a novel cuprous electrodeposition system was developed in this study. A soluble cuprous coordination compound was synthesized. In addition, XPS, FT-IR spectrum, as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction illustrated that thiourea coordinated with Cu(I) through S atom and therefore stabilized Cu(I) by the formation of CuCl·3TU. Importantly, the corresponding electrochemical behaviors were investigated. In aqueous solution, two distinct reduction processes were demonstrated by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) at rather negative potentials, including the reduction of adsorbed state and non-adsorbed state. Moreover, the observed inductive loops in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy further confirmed the adsorption phenomenon. More significantly, the designed cuprous electrodeposition system could contribute to low energy consumptions during electrolysis. and produce ultrathin nanocrystalline copper foils with appropriate roughness. Consequently, the electrolysis method based on CuCl·3TU could provide an improved approach for copper foils manufacturing in advanced LIBs fabrication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electrochemistry and Photoredox Processes)
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17 pages, 1587 KiB  
Article
Study on the Synergistic Effect and Mechanism of Octenyl Succinic Anhydride-Modified Starch on the Stability of Myofibrillar Protein Emulsion
by Peipei Yin, Xiaozhong Bi, Yuyu Xu, Tianhao Zhu, Qing Yin, Qingling Wang and Mangang Wu
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040113 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 349
Abstract
The effects of octenyl succinic anhydride-modified hydrophobic starch (OSA starch) on the properties of myofibrillar protein (MP) emulsions were investigated. The results show that the stability of protein emulsions was significantly enhanced with the addition of OSA starch (0.25–1.0%), with the most pronounced [...] Read more.
The effects of octenyl succinic anhydride-modified hydrophobic starch (OSA starch) on the properties of myofibrillar protein (MP) emulsions were investigated. The results show that the stability of protein emulsions was significantly enhanced with the addition of OSA starch (0.25–1.0%), with the most pronounced effect observed at a 1% concentration. Concomitantly, increasing OSA starch concentrations led to a reduction in the fat globule size. Electrostatic interactions between anionic groups in the modified starch and myofibrillar proteins were observed, which effectively decreased the zeta potential of the emulsion to a minimum of −52.3 mV. However, in the composite emulsion system, a competitive relationship between OSA starch and myofibrillar proteins was evident, as reflected by the decrease in interfacial protein content from 1.16 mg/mL in the control (CK) group to 0.78 mg/mL in the OSA starch-treated group. Despite this competition, the overall emulsion stability was improved due to the synergistic effects of the modified starch and proteins. These findings suggest that OSA-modified starch holds promise as a stabilizer for enhancing the stability of myofibrillar protein emulsions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Science)
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16 pages, 3436 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymethylhydrosiloxane-Modified Phenol–Formaldehyde Resin
by Luong Nhu Hai, Nguyen Van Thao, Pham The Long, Nguyen Xuan Anh, Le Tran Tiep, Hoang Quoc Nam, Nguyen Minh Viet, Tran The Dinh, Le Duy Binh, Ta Kim Thanh Hien and Cong Tien Dung
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040112 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 457
Abstract
Resol phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin was modified with 2.5 and 5.0 wt% polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS). This study characterizes the modified resin and its subsequently fabricated glass fiber (GF)-reinforced composites (30–60 wt% GF). Formation of an organic–inorganic hybrid network, via reaction between Si-H groups of PMHS [...] Read more.
Resol phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin was modified with 2.5 and 5.0 wt% polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS). This study characterizes the modified resin and its subsequently fabricated glass fiber (GF)-reinforced composites (30–60 wt% GF). Formation of an organic–inorganic hybrid network, via reaction between Si-H groups of PMHS and hydroxyl (-OH) groups of the resol resin, was confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR. DSC and TGA/DTG revealed enhanced thermal stability for PMHS-modified resin: the decomposition temperature of Resol–PMHS 5.0% increased to 483 °C (neat resin: 438 °C), and char yield at 800 °C rose to 57% (neat resin: 38%). The 60 wt% GF-reinforced Resol–PMHS 5.0% composite exhibited tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of 145 ± 7 MPa, 160 ± 7 MPa, and 71 ± 5 kJ/m2, respectively, superior to the unmodified resin composite (136 ± 6 MPa, 112 ± 6 MPa, and 51 ± 5 kJ/m2). SEM observations indicated improved fiber–matrix interfacial adhesion and reduced delamination. These results demonstrate that PMHS modification effectively enhances the thermo-mechanical properties of the PF resin and its composites, highlighting potential for industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Supramolecular Chemistry)
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9 pages, 798 KiB  
Communication
Synthesis and Cancer Cell Targeting of a Boron-Modified Heat-Stable Enterotoxin Analog for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT)
by Sota Okazaki, Yoshihide Hattori, Nana Sakata, Masaya Goto, Sarino Kitayama, Hiroko Ikeda, Toshiki Takei, Shigeru Shimamoto and Yuji Hidaka
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040111 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 461
Abstract
Heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) is a peptide toxin that induces acute diarrhea by binding to guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C) in intestinal epithelial cells. Interestingly, GC-C is highly expressed not only in intestinal cells but also in certain colorectal cancer cells, such as T84 and [...] Read more.
Heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) is a peptide toxin that induces acute diarrhea by binding to guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C) in intestinal epithelial cells. Interestingly, GC-C is highly expressed not only in intestinal cells but also in certain colorectal cancer cells, such as T84 and Caco-2 cells. This unique expression pattern provides STa as an effective candidate for therapeutic applications in cancer suppression or as a probe for detecting cancer cells. Recently, we developed attenuated forms of several STa analogs, including STa topological isomers, and evaluated their efficacy in detecting GC-C on Caco-2 cells, which enables the use of STa in human applications. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the potential application of a 10B-labeled STa derivative, [Mpr5,D-Lys16(BSH)]-STp(5–17) topological isomer, in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), for establishing a novel therapeutic strategy for colorectal cancer. The 10B-labeled STa peptide clearly exhibited Caco-2 cell killing activity upon neutron irradiation in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that STa is an effective candidate drug for BNCT. To our knowledge, this is the first report of using STa in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Full article
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21 pages, 10536 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Phase Formation, and Raman Spectroscopy of Ni and Zn(Mg) Codoped Bismuth Stibate Pyrochlore
by Nadezhda A. Zhuk, Sergey V. Nekipelov, Olga V. Petrova, Boris A. Makeev, Sergey I. Isaenko, Maria G. Krzhizhanovskaya, Kristina N. Parshukova, Roman I. Korolev and Ruslana A. Simpeleva
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040110 - 30 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 442
Abstract
Complex antimony pyrochlores Bi2.7M0.46Ni0.70Sb2O10+Δ (M = Zn, Mg) were synthesized from oxide precursors, using the solid-state reaction method. For each composition variant, the pyrochlore phase formation process was studied during solid-state synthesis in the [...] Read more.
Complex antimony pyrochlores Bi2.7M0.46Ni0.70Sb2O10+Δ (M = Zn, Mg) were synthesized from oxide precursors, using the solid-state reaction method. For each composition variant, the pyrochlore phase formation process was studied during solid-state synthesis in the range of 500–1050 °C. The influence of zinc and magnesium on the phase formation process was established. The interaction of oxide precursors occurs at a temperature of 600 °C and higher, resulting in the formation of bismuth stibate (Bi3SbO7) as a binary impurity phase. Oxide precursors, including bismuth(III) and antimony(III,V) oxides, are fixed in the samples up to 750 °C, at which point the intermediate cubic phase Bi3M2/3Sb7/3O11 (sp. gr. Pn-3, M = Zn, Ni) is formed in the zinc system. Interacting with transition element oxides, it is transformed into pyrochlore. An intermediate phase with the Bi4.66Ca1.09VO10.5 structure (sp. gr. Pnnm) was found in the magnesium system. The unit cell parameter of pyrochlore for two samples has a minimum value at 800 °C, which is associated with the onset of high-temperature synthesis of pyrochlore. The synthesis of phase-pure pyrochlores is confirmed by high-resolution Raman spectroscopy. The data interpretation showed that the cations in Ni/Zn pyrochlore are more likely to be incorporated into bismuth positions than in Ni/Mg pyrochlore. The nickel–magnesium pyrochlore is characterized by a low-porosity microstructure, with grain sizes of up to 3 μm, according to SEM data. Zinc oxide has a sintering effect on ceramics. Therefore, the grain size in ceramics is large and varies from 2 to 7 μm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic and Solid State Chemistry)
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20 pages, 5044 KiB  
Review
Cocktail of Catalysts: A Dynamic Advance in Modern Catalysis
by Mikhail P. Egorov, Vladimir Ya. Lee and Igor V. Alabugin
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040109 - 26 Jun 2025
Viewed by 800
Abstract
Cocktail-type catalysis represents a significant shift in the understanding of catalytic processes, recognizing that multiple interconverting species—such as metal complexes, clusters, and nanoparticles—can coexist and cooperate within a single reaction environment. Originating from mechanistic studies on palladium-catalyzed systems, this concept challenges the classical [...] Read more.
Cocktail-type catalysis represents a significant shift in the understanding of catalytic processes, recognizing that multiple interconverting species—such as metal complexes, clusters, and nanoparticles—can coexist and cooperate within a single reaction environment. Originating from mechanistic studies on palladium-catalyzed systems, this concept challenges the classical division between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Instead, it introduces a dynamic framework where catalysts adapt and evolve under reaction conditions, often enhancing efficiency, selectivity, and durability. Using advanced spectroscopic, microscopic, and computational techniques, researchers have visualized the formation and transformation of catalytic species in real time. The cocktail-type approach has since been extended to platinum, nickel, copper, and other transition metals, revealing a general principle in catalysis. This approach not only resolves long-standing mechanistic inconsistencies, but also opens new directions for catalyst design, green chemistry, and sustainable industrial applications. Embracing the complexity of catalytic systems may redefine future strategies in both fundamental research and applied catalysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Professor Valentine Ananikov)
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11 pages, 3231 KiB  
Article
A Nitrogen-Rich Luminescent Zn(II) Coordination Polymer Based on a 2,4,6-Tris(di-2-pyridylamino)-1,3,5-triazine for Differential Fluorescent Sensing of Antibiotics in Aqueous Medium
by Sajeetha Parveen Banu, Mannanthara Kunhumon Noushija, Binduja Mohan and Sankarasekaran Shanmugaraju
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040108 - 25 Jun 2025
Viewed by 500
Abstract
The design of suitable chemosensors for environmental pollutants and toxins detection at trace levels remains a critical area of research. Among various chemosensors, Zn(II) coordination polymers have garnered special interest as fluorescent probes for environmental applications. In this article, we report the synthesis [...] Read more.
The design of suitable chemosensors for environmental pollutants and toxins detection at trace levels remains a critical area of research. Among various chemosensors, Zn(II) coordination polymers have garnered special interest as fluorescent probes for environmental applications. In this article, we report the synthesis of a nitrogen-rich luminescent Zn(II) coordination polymer, TDPAT-Zn-CP, designed for differential fluorescent sensing of antibiotics in an aqueous medium. TDPAT-Zn-CP was synthesized using a star-shaped 2,4,6-tris(di-2-pyridylamino)-1,3,5-triazine (TDPAT) fluorophore, a promising blue-emitting compound. The morphological and structural properties of TDPAT-Zn-CP were thoroughly analyzed using conventional spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The fluorescence titration studies in aqueous medium demonstrated that TDPAT-Zn-CP exhibits remarkable selectivity, sensitivity, and differential fluorescence sensing responses towards various antibiotics. Among the antibiotics tested, TDPAT-Zn-CP displayed a significant fluorescence quenching and high selectivity for sulfamethazine (SMZ), with a Stern–Volmer quenching constant of KSV = 1.68 × 104 M−1 and an impressive sensitivity of 4.95 ppb. These results highlight the potential of TDPAT-Zn-CP as a practically useful, highly effective polymeric sensor for the differential fluorescence-based detection of antibiotics in water, offering a promising approach for environmental monitoring and contamination control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Supramolecular Chemistry)
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12 pages, 2780 KiB  
Article
Catalytic Ozonation of Diclofenac Using CuO/Al2O3- and MnO2/Al2O3-Supported Catalysts
by Wenli Zhou, Xiaoxia Wang, Yanghong Xu, Qingsong Xu, Zheng Shen and Junlian Qiao
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040107 - 25 Jun 2025
Viewed by 504
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac (DCF), a widely used anti-inflammatory drug, are frequently detected in water bodies and pose serious environmental and health risks due to their persistence and low biodegradability. Although ozonation is an effective method for pollutant removal, its efficiency is often [...] Read more.
Pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac (DCF), a widely used anti-inflammatory drug, are frequently detected in water bodies and pose serious environmental and health risks due to their persistence and low biodegradability. Although ozonation is an effective method for pollutant removal, its efficiency is often limited by low ozone utilization and incomplete mineralization. In this work, CuO/Al2O3- and MnO2/Al2O3-supported catalysts were prepared via an impregnation method and evaluated for their performance in catalytic ozonation of diclofenac (DCF) in an aqueous solution. The catalysts were characterized by TEM, N2 adsorption–desorption, FTIR, and XPS analyses. The effects of catalyst type, dosage, initial pH, and ozone flow rate on degradation efficiency were systematically investigated. Under optimal conditions, the DCF removal efficiencies reached 73.99% and 76.33% using CuO/Al2O3 and MnO2/Al2O3, respectively, while COD removal efficiencies were 77.6% and 89.3%. Quenching experiments indicated that hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were the predominant reactive species involved in the catalytic ozonation process. The results demonstrate that supported CuO and MnO2 catalysts can effectively enhance diclofenac degradation by ozone, offering potential for advanced water treatment applications. Full article
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36 pages, 5930 KiB  
Review
Pyrazolopyridines and Pyrazolopyrimidines as Functional Dipolar Scaffolds: An Approach Regarding Synthesis and Photophysics
by Silvia Cruz and Jaime Portilla
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040106 - 24 Jun 2025
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Abstract
Pyrazolopyridines and pyrazolopyrimidines are 5:6 aza-fused N-heteroaromatic compounds (NHACs) comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a pyridine or pyrimidine ring. They exhibit dipolar behavior due to their π-excessive and π-deficient characteristics conferred by their five- and six-membered rings. These features favor their stability, [...] Read more.
Pyrazolopyridines and pyrazolopyrimidines are 5:6 aza-fused N-heteroaromatic compounds (NHACs) comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a pyridine or pyrimidine ring. They exhibit dipolar behavior due to their π-excessive and π-deficient characteristics conferred by their five- and six-membered rings. These features favor their stability, reactivity, and structural diversity, offering numerous modular and functional derivatives (e.g., pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyridines, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, etc.). They have been utilized to obtain relevant chemicals in pharmaceuticals, photophysics, industry, and materials science; thus, their synthesis is highly desirable for discovering novel or improved applications. Therefore, this review focuses on recent advances in the synthesis and applications of these compounds, considering reports from the last decade (2015–2024), with particular emphasis on photophysics, as they contain dipolar 5:6 aza-fused rings as essential scaffolds for this purpose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Organics)
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11 pages, 1107 KiB  
Article
Piplartine, a Bioactive Amide from Piper truncatum, Displays Potent Anthelmintic Activity Against the Zoonotic Nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis
by Lucas Fukui-Silva, Sophia C. Spoladore, Bruna L. Lemes, Camila S. Amorim, Marina M. Gonçalves, João Henrique G. Lago and Josué de Moraes
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040105 - 23 Jun 2025
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Abstract
Parasitic nematodes, such as the zoonotic rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis, pose a significant global health burden, with current anthelmintics like albendazole showing limited efficacy. Here, we report the isolation of piplartine from Piper truncatum Vell. (Piperaceae) and its potent in vitro activity [...] Read more.
Parasitic nematodes, such as the zoonotic rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis, pose a significant global health burden, with current anthelmintics like albendazole showing limited efficacy. Here, we report the isolation of piplartine from Piper truncatum Vell. (Piperaceae) and its potent in vitro activity against A. cantonensis larvae. Piplartine demonstrated superior efficacy to albendazole, with EC50 values of 8.3 µM for first-stage larvae (L1) and 10.4 µM for infective third-stage larvae (L3), compared to 14.2 µM (L1) and 15.6 µM (L3) for albendazole. Notably, piplartine exhibited no toxicity in the Caenorhabditis elegans model at therapeutic concentrations, underscoring its selective antiparasitic action. In silico profiling further revealed favorable drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties, including high gastrointestinal absorption and blood–brain barrier permeability, which are critical for targeting neurotropic infections. As the first study to characterize the activity of piplartine against A. cantonensis, our work highlights its potential as a structurally novel anthelmintic lead. Based on the obtained results, piplartine may be considered a promising and accessible candidate for combating angiostrongyliasis and related helminthic infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biological and Natural Products)
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14 pages, 5368 KiB  
Article
HClO as a Disinfectant: Assessment of Chemical Sustainability Aspects by a Morphological Study
by Alessandro Gessi, Giuseppe Marghella, Stefania Bruni, Alberto Ubaldini and Elena Tamburini
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040104 - 23 Jun 2025
Viewed by 574
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid solutions are used as effective disinfectants in many settings, including operating rooms and other hospital environments. During and after the COVID-19 pandemic, their use increased significantly, and this work stems from that development. In fact, despite their undoubtedly excellent properties, these [...] Read more.
Hypochlorous acid solutions are used as effective disinfectants in many settings, including operating rooms and other hospital environments. During and after the COVID-19 pandemic, their use increased significantly, and this work stems from that development. In fact, despite their undoubtedly excellent properties, these solutions can constitute a very aggressive system for a variety of different materials that are very common in those environments. Materials that can be subject to corrosion include steels, copper-based alloys, and components in electronic devices. This work aims to investigate the responses of these materials to long but intermittent exposures to HClO disinfectant solutions. It consists of a compatibility test, performed on several reference materials with HClO used as a surface disinfectant, connected with NaCl’s eventual presence/deposition over them. To perform the investigations in a manner consistent with the duration of compatible laboratory analyses, the samples were immersed in electrolytically prepared HClO solutions for 750 h, which is a duration considered equivalent to normal exposure to disinfectant aerosols over 3 years. Analyzing the large amount of experimental data gathered yielded interesting results. Where the exposure of non-metallic materials or steel did not lead to compatibility issues, bare metals showed degradation due to salt deposition. This article summarizes the morphological studies, i.e., a huge experimental work conducted at the ENEA IMPACT lab in Bologna and part of the PhD work of the corresponding author. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Green and Environmental Chemistry)
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12 pages, 2672 KiB  
Article
Visible-Light-Mediated Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling of Azaarenes and Ethers
by Junsong Song, Wanyu Chen, Xin Chen, Yi Zhou, Bin Han, Yao Wang, Honghua Jia, Kai Guo, Jiangkai Qiu, Jian Wang and Canliang Ma
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040103 - 23 Jun 2025
Viewed by 609
Abstract
Heteroaromatic motifs are prevalent in natural products and numerous high-value drug molecules. Consequently, the construction of alkylated heterocyclic frameworks holds significant importance. The Minisci reaction of heteroarenes has evolved into a flexible technique for the synthesis of substituted heterocyclic derivatives. However, the use [...] Read more.
Heteroaromatic motifs are prevalent in natural products and numerous high-value drug molecules. Consequently, the construction of alkylated heterocyclic frameworks holds significant importance. The Minisci reaction of heteroarenes has evolved into a flexible technique for the synthesis of substituted heterocyclic derivatives. However, the use of strong oxidants and external acid is inevitable during the reaction process. Herein, we present a versatile and accessible method for achieving cross dehydrogenation coupling between quinoline derivatives and inactive ether. This strategy utilizes inexpensive NaI and PPh3 to support the reaction, obviating the need for metal complexes or sacrificial oxidants, and enables the straightforward synthesis of a diverse library of alkyl-substituted N-heteroarenes. Additionally, radical trapping experiments and fluorescence quenching experiments have been conducted to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the reaction mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Chalcogen Chemistry: Recent Advances)
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17 pages, 1028 KiB  
Article
Angular 6/6/5/6-Annelated Pyrrolidine-2,3-Diones: Growth-Regulating Activity in Chlorella vulgaris
by Anastasia D. Novokshonova, Pavel V. Khramtsov and Ekaterina E. Khramtsova
Chemistry 2025, 7(4), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7040102 - 21 Jun 2025
Viewed by 384
Abstract
Chlorella vulgaris, a unicellular microalga with broad industrial applications, is a valuable source of bioactive compounds, including proteins, pigments, and lipids. However, optimizing its growth and metabolite production remains a challenge. This study investigates the potential of angular 6/6/5/6-annelated pyrrolidine-2,3-diones—structurally complex small [...] Read more.
Chlorella vulgaris, a unicellular microalga with broad industrial applications, is a valuable source of bioactive compounds, including proteins, pigments, and lipids. However, optimizing its growth and metabolite production remains a challenge. This study investigates the potential of angular 6/6/5/6-annelated pyrrolidine-2,3-diones—structurally complex small molecules resembling alkaloids and 13(14 → 8)abeo-steroids—as novel growth stimulants for C. vulgaris. A series of these compounds (20 structurally diverse derivatives, including 7 previously unreported ones) were synthesized and screened for their ability to enhance microalgal growth. Primary screening identified one compound as a promising candidate, significantly increasing algae cell concentration in microplate cultures. Subsequent validation in flask-scale experiments revealed that this candidate induced a 19% increase in protein content at 1 μmol/L, suggesting potential for protein enrichment in algal biomass. Stability studies of the candidate compound revealed its significant hydrolytic degradation in aqueous media. These findings highlight the potential of angular 6/6/5/6-annelated pyrrolidine-2,3-diones as modulators of microalgal metabolism, offering a new avenue for enhancing C. vulgaris biomass quality, particularly for protein-rich applications in the food and feed industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Organics)
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