Journal of Fungi

15 pages, 2488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antimicrobial Peptides Act-6 and Act 8-20 Derived from Scarabaeidae Cecropins Exhibit Differential Antifungal Activity

by Melissa Rodríguez, Lily J. Toro, Carolina Firacative, Beatriz L. Gómez, Bruno Rivas-Santiago, David Andreu, Jhon C. Castaño, German A. Téllez and Julián E. Muñoz

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070519 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

The number of fungal infections is steadily increasing, with considerable morbidity and mortality. Additionally, antifungal resistance is a growing concern, highlighting the need to develop new treatment options. One alternative is the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The aim of this study was [...] Read more.

The number of fungal infections is steadily increasing, with considerable morbidity and mortality. Additionally, antifungal resistance is a growing concern, highlighting the need to develop new treatment options. One alternative is the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of designed short AMPs, Act-6 and Act 8-20, derived from cecropin transcripts of beetles from the family Scarabaeidae, against eight reference strains of the pathogenic yeasts Candida and Cryptococcus. We also evaluated the effect of these modified AMPs on the biofilm, morphogenesis, and cell morphology of Candida albicans, as well as the in vivo activity via a murine model of disseminated candidiasis. The AMPs herein analyzed exhibit differential antifungal activity against the yeasts assessed, and inhibit biofilm, hyphae, and pseudohyphae formation with morphological alterations in C. albicans. Moreover, the fungal load in mice treated with these AMPs significantly decreased. Altogether, our results suggest that Act-6 and Act 8-20 are promising antifungal molecules to control mycoses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Strategies to Combat Human Fungal Infections)

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17 pages, 2535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antifungal Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations of Mold Isolates from Patients with Cancer; Single-Center Experience, 2018–2023

by Hafij Al Mahmud, Sanjeet Singh Dadwal and Rosemary C. She

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070518 (registering DOI) - 12 Jul 2025

Abstract

The increasing emergence of antifungal resistance poses potential clinical challenges, particularly among immunocompromised patients with cancer at risk of invasive mold infections, but data on antifungal susceptibility trends specific to this population are few. We evaluated distributions of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), including [...] Read more.

The increasing emergence of antifungal resistance poses potential clinical challenges, particularly among immunocompromised patients with cancer at risk of invasive mold infections, but data on antifungal susceptibility trends specific to this population are few. We evaluated distributions of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), including minimal effective concentrations (MEC) for echinocandins, of 11 antifungal agents for 523 mold isolates (395 Aspergillus spp.) from cancer patients. Based on published Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, isavuconazole had notably high rates of non-wild-type MICs for A. fumigatus (19.6%), A. flavus/oryzae (34.8%), A. niger complex (26.1%), and A. terreus complex (8.33%). Persistent low baseline resistance of A. fumigatus to voriconazole was observed across multiple years (2.4–11.5% per year, average 8.41%) without significant trends in MIC change over time. Itraconazole and posaconazole demonstrated the lowest MIC distributions (MIC₅₀ ≤ 0.06–0.5 µg/mL) of the azoles against Aspergillus spp. Amongst the A. niger complex, 29.4% (27/92) demonstrated non-wild-type MICs to itraconazole. While the A. nidulans group was less frequent (n = 24), bimodal peaks in MIC/MEC were noted for caspofungin (≤0.06 and 1 µg/mL). Non-Aspergillus molds of significance (Zygomycetes, Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp., and Lomentospora prolificans) demonstrated variable but increased MICs to antifungal agents as previously described. Our results highlight increased rates of non-wild type MICs for Aspergillus spp. to isavuconazole and voriconazole, which are commonly used antifungal agents in cancer patients. Such AST trends should be closely monitored in populations with frequent antifungal use and encourage increased antifungal stewardship efforts. Full article

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21 pages, 1384 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biocontrol Strategies Against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Using Trichoderma spp.: Mechanisms, Applications, and Management Perspectives

by María Belia Contreras-Soto, Juan Manuel Tovar-Pedraza, Alma Rosa Solano-Báez, Heriberto Bayardo-Rosales and Guillermo Márquez-Licona

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070517 - 11 Jul 2025

Abstract

Plant-parasitic nematodes represent a significant threat to agriculture, causing substantial economic losses worldwide. Among the biological alternatives for their control, the genus Trichoderma has emerged as a promising solution for suppressing various nematode species. This article reviews key studies on the interaction between [...] Read more.

Plant-parasitic nematodes represent a significant threat to agriculture, causing substantial economic losses worldwide. Among the biological alternatives for their control, the genus Trichoderma has emerged as a promising solution for suppressing various nematode species. This article reviews key studies on the interaction between Trichoderma spp. and plant-parasitic nematodes, highlighting the most studied species such as Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma virens, and Trichoderma viride, mainly against the genera Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Globodera, and Heterodera. Trichoderma spp. act through mechanisms such as mycoparasitism, antibiosis, competition for space in the rhizosphere, production of lytic enzymes, and modulation of plant defense responses. They also produce metabolites that affect nematode mobility, reproduction, and survival, such as gliotoxin, viridin and cyclosporine A. In addition, they secrete enzymes such as chitinases, proteases, lipases, and glucanases, which degrade the cuticle of nematodes and their eggs. Furthermore, Trichoderma spp. induce systemic resistance in plants through modulation of phytohormones such as jasmonic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid and auxins. The use of Trichoderma in integrated nematode management enables its application in combination with crop rotation, organic amendments, plant extracts, and resistant varieties, thereby reducing the reliance on synthetic nematicides and promoting more sustainable and climate-resilient agriculture. Full article

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16 pages, 4410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Host-Specific and Environment-Dependent Effects of Endophyte Alternaria oxytropis on Three Locoweed Oxytropis Species in China

by Yue-Yang Zhang, Yan-Zhong Li and Zun-Ji Shi

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070516 - 9 Jul 2025

Viewed by 55

Abstract

Plant–endophyte symbioses are widespread in grasslands. While symbiotic interactions often provide hosts with major fitness enhancements, the role of the endophyte Alternaria oxytropis, which produces swainsonine in locoweeds (Oxytropis and Astragalus spp.), remains enigmatic. We compared endophyte-infected (E+) and endophyte-free (E−) [...] Read more.

Plant–endophyte symbioses are widespread in grasslands. While symbiotic interactions often provide hosts with major fitness enhancements, the role of the endophyte Alternaria oxytropis, which produces swainsonine in locoweeds (Oxytropis and Astragalus spp.), remains enigmatic. We compared endophyte-infected (E+) and endophyte-free (E−) plants of three main Chinese locoweed species (O. kansuensis, O. glabra, and O. ochrocephala) under controlled conditions, and analyzed environmental factors at locoweed poisoning hotspots for herbivores. The results demonstrated significant species-specific effects: E+ plants of O. glabra and O. ochrocephala exhibited 26–39% reductions in biomass, net photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance, with elevated CO₂ levels, while O. kansuensis showed no measurable impacts. Swainsonine concentrations were 16–20 times higher in E+ plants (122.6–151.7 mg/kg) than in E− plants. Geospatial analysis revealed that poisoning hotspots for herbivores consistently occurred in regions with extreme winter conditions (minimum temperatures ≤ −17 °C and precipitation ≤ 1 mm during the driest month), suggesting context-dependent benefits under abiotic stress. These findings suggest that the ecological role of A. oxytropis may vary depending on both host species and environmental context, highlighting a trade-off between growth costs and potential stress tolerance conferred by A. oxytropis. The study underscores the need for field validation to elucidate the adaptive mechanisms maintaining this symbiosis in harsh environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungi in Agriculture and Biotechnology)

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15 pages, 1481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inhibitory Effects of Origanum vulgare Essential Oil on Mycogone perniciosa Growth in Agaricus bisporus Cultivation

by Jasmina Glamočlija, Marija Ivanov, Marina Soković, Ana Ćirić, Slavica Ninković, Danijela Mišić, Ivanka Milenković and Dejan Stojković

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070515 - 9 Jul 2025

Viewed by 101

Abstract

Mycogone perniciosa is the causative agent of wet bubble disease, which induces significant losses in the production of Agaricus bisporus, indicating the high importance of the development of novel inhibitory agents. The isolation, identification, and molecular characterization of five isolates of M. [...] Read more.

Mycogone perniciosa is the causative agent of wet bubble disease, which induces significant losses in the production of Agaricus bisporus, indicating the high importance of the development of novel inhibitory agents. The isolation, identification, and molecular characterization of five isolates of M. perniciosa from diseased fruit bodies of A. bisporus was done. Moreover, the study evaluated the in vitro and in situ potential of Origanum vulgare essential oil (EO) to limit M. perniciosa growth and provided chemical characterization of its volatile components. The obtained strains differed phenotypically and according to their molecular characteristics. O. vulgare EO has shown more promising antifungal activity than the commercial fungicide Prochloraz-Mn in the microatmospheric method. In the treatment of experimentally induced wet bubble disease on A. bisporus in the growing chambers with 2% of O. vulgare EO and simultaneous application of spore suspension of mycopathogen, O. vulgare EO totally inhibited the growth of M. perniciosa. Carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, and thymol were dominant constituents of O. vulgare EO examined in this study. O. vulgare EO has shown promising potential to limit growth of M. perniciosa and should be further explored as a novel biofungicide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Insights and Challenges in Managing Fungal Diseases in Crops: Toward Sustainable Agricultural Practices)

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24 pages, 3067 KiB

Open AccessReview

Integrated Management Strategies for Blackleg Disease of Canola Amidst Climate Change Challenges

by Khizar Razzaq, Luis E. Del Río Mendoza, Bita Babakhani, Abdolbaset Azizi, Hasnain Razzaq and Mahfuz Rahman

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070514 - 9 Jul 2025

Viewed by 232

Abstract

Blackleg caused by a hemi-biotrophic fungus Plenodomus lingam (syn. Leptosphaeria maculans) poses a significant threat to global canola production. Changing climatic conditions further exacerbate the intensity and prevalence of blackleg epidemics. Shifts in temperature, humidity, and precipitation patterns can enhance pathogen virulence [...] Read more.

Blackleg caused by a hemi-biotrophic fungus Plenodomus lingam (syn. Leptosphaeria maculans) poses a significant threat to global canola production. Changing climatic conditions further exacerbate the intensity and prevalence of blackleg epidemics. Shifts in temperature, humidity, and precipitation patterns can enhance pathogen virulence and disease spread. This review synthesizes the knowledge on integrated disease management (IDM) approaches for blackleg, including crop rotation, resistant cultivars, and chemical and biological controls, with an emphasis on advanced strategies such as disease forecasting models, remote sensing, and climate-adapted breeding. Notably, bibliometric analysis reveals an increasing research focus on the intersection of blackleg, climate change, and sustainable disease management. However, critical research gaps remain, which include the lack of region-specific forecasting models, the limited availability of effective biological control agents, and underexplored socio-economic factors limiting farmer adoption of IDM. Additionally, the review identifies an urgent need for policy support and investment in breeding programs using emerging tools like AI-driven decision support systems, CRISPR/Cas9, and gene stacking to optimize fungicide use and resistance deployment. Overall, this review highlights the importance of coordinated, multidisciplinary efforts, integrating plant pathology, breeding, climate modeling, and socio-economic analysis to develop climate-resilient, locally adapted, and economically viable IDM strategies for sustainable canola production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Management of Plant Fungal Diseases)

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21 pages, 4028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Response Characteristics of One Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain Under Continuous Passage in Artificial Culture Medium

by Tengyu Ma, Hongguang Zhu, Jiajia Yin, Yu Tian, Wenjing Yan and Haixin Sun

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070513 - 9 Jul 2025

Viewed by 144

Abstract

Saccharomyces cerevisiae often undergoes strain degeneration during industrial serial subculturing, though this phenomenon remains understudied. This study first conducted strain screening and biological characterization through TTC (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) colorimetric assays, Durham tube fermentation gas production tests, and WL medium (Wallerstein Laboratory medium) cultivation. [...] Read more.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae often undergoes strain degeneration during industrial serial subculturing, though this phenomenon remains understudied. This study first conducted strain screening and biological characterization through TTC (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) colorimetric assays, Durham tube fermentation gas production tests, and WL medium (Wallerstein Laboratory medium) cultivation. Subsequently, the changes in intergenerational biological traits after serial subculturing were investigated. Finally, transcriptomic analysis was employed to examine differential gene expression under high-glucose stress during continuous subculturing. The experimental results demonstrated that: (1) The S. cerevisiae QDSK310-Z-07 (GenBank: PP663884), isolated from farm soil, exhibited robust growth within a temperature range of 24–36 °C, with optimal growth observed at 28 °C. It thrived in a pH range of 4–5.5 and efficiently utilized various carbon and nitrogen sources; (2) After serial subculturing, the strain’s ethanol production capacity and fermentation rate partially declined and then stabilized, while maintaining strong tolerance to high ethanol concentrations and hyperosmotic stress; (3) Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant differential expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and other pathways under high-glucose stress following continuous subculturing. These findings elucidate the biological trait variations in S. cerevisiae during serial subculturing and provide key metabolic regulation candidate targets for its long-term adaptive evolution under high-glucose stress. Full article

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16 pages, 2434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Critical Candidate Genes Controlling Monokaryon Fruiting in Flammulina filiformis Using Genetic Population Construction and Bulked Segregant Analysis Sequencing

by Peng Wang, Ya Yu, Lei Xia, Qi Yan, Xiao Tan, Dongyin Wang, Xue Wang, Zhibin Zhang, Jiawei Wen and Xiao Huang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070512 - 8 Jul 2025

Viewed by 184

Abstract

Fruiting body formation in edible fungi is a critical development process for both scientific understanding and industrial cultivation, yet the underlying genetic mechanisms remain poorly elucidated. This study aimed to identify key genes regulating monokaryotic fruiting in Flammulina filiformis. A genetic segregation [...] Read more.

Fruiting body formation in edible fungi is a critical development process for both scientific understanding and industrial cultivation, yet the underlying genetic mechanisms remain poorly elucidated. This study aimed to identify key genes regulating monokaryotic fruiting in Flammulina filiformis. A genetic segregation population was constructed through selfing purification and hybrid segregation of the FF002 strain, followed by mapping candidate genes with bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq). A 10 kb genomic region on scaffold19 was identified, pinpointing the gene FV-L110034160, which encodes a U2 snRNP complex component involved in pre-mRNA splicing. A T→G SNP located 121 bp downstream of the ATG codon caused a serine-to-alanine substitution, disrupting a conserved domain and altering fruiting phenotypes. Phylogenetic analysis further revealed conservation of this gene in fungal genera. These findings elucidate a key regulatory gene controlling monokaryotic fruiting in F. filiformis, providing novel insights into fruiting body formation mechanisms and establishing a foundation for genetic studies in other edible fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Genomics, Genetics and Molecular Biology)

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14 pages, 3533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Chaetoglobosins with Fungicidal Activity from Chaetomium sp. UJN-EF006 Endophytic in Vaccinium bracteatum

by Luo-Jing Wang, Zong-Yan Ma, Xin-Ling Wang, Kai-Le Wang, Tong Zhang, Rui-Ying Han, Jun-Jiang Li, Jie Bao, Yin-Yin Wang and Hua Zhang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070511 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 229

Abstract

Nine chaetoglobosins (1–9) including five previously undescribed ones (1–5) were obtained from the culture broth of an endophytic fungus (Chaetomium sp. UJN-EF006) isolated from the leaves of Vaccinium bracteatum. The structures of these [...] Read more.

Nine chaetoglobosins (1–9) including five previously undescribed ones (1–5) were obtained from the culture broth of an endophytic fungus (Chaetomium sp. UJN-EF006) isolated from the leaves of Vaccinium bracteatum. The structures of these fungal metabolites were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, single crystal X-ray crystallography, and electronic circular dichroism. To accelerate the development of novel fungicides, all of the isolated chaetoglobosins were evaluated for their antifungal activity against two crop pathogens, Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The assay results revealed that chaetoglobosins 2, 6, 7, and 9 possessed a significant fungicidal effect against B. cinerea, with EC₅₀ values all below 10 μg/mL. Particularly, the most potent compound, 7, was 175- and 96-fold as active as the commercially available fungicides carbendazim (EC₅₀ 70.11 μg/mL) and azoxystrobin (EC₅₀ 39.02 μg/mL), respectively. A further observation under scanning electron microscope indicated that compound 2 could markedly impair the fungal hyphae of B. cinerea. The study demonstrates that the chaetoglobosins had excellent in vitro antifungal activities against B. cinerea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Fungi)

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17 pages, 4546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth-Promoting Effects of Dark Septate Endophytes Fungus Acrocalymma on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

by Xiaoxiao Feng, Ying Jin, Zhupeiqi Zhong, Yongli Zheng and Huiming Wu

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070510 - 7 Jul 2025

Viewed by 252

Abstract

This study investigates the potential role of Acrocalymma dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi in promoting the growth of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Recognized as important symbionts that enhance plant growth and resilience under stress, particularly Acrocalymma species, DSE fungi were the focus of this [...] Read more.

This study investigates the potential role of Acrocalymma dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi in promoting the growth of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Recognized as important symbionts that enhance plant growth and resilience under stress, particularly Acrocalymma species, DSE fungi were the focus of this investigation. Specifically, four stains isolated from gramineous plant roots (Acrocalymma sp. E00677, Acrocalymma vagum E00690, Acrocalymma chuxiongense E01299A, and Acrocalymma chuxiongense E01299B) were examined. Morphological characteristics were observed using three different media, confirming typical DSE traits such as dark pigmentation and septate hyphae. Phylogenetic analysis using six genetic markers (ITS, LSU, SSU, tef1, rpb2, and tub2) placed the strains within the Acrocalymma genus. Co-culture test and physiological index measurements showed that all strains significantly enhanced root development, as evidenced by an increased root-to-shoot ratio and a higher number of lateral roots. Additionally, the Acrocalymma DSE strains elevated chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content, suggesting improved photosynthetic efficiency. Anthocyanin levels were also increased in the tomato leaves, indicating enhanced antioxidative defense mechanisms. Among these strains, Acrocalymma vagum E00690 exhibited the most substantial effect on root activity. The widespread presence of 325 Acrocalymma isolates from 25 countries underscores its broad ecological adaptability. These findings suggest that Acrocalymma DSE fungi positively influence tomato growth, with potential implications for improving plant resilience under environmental stress. This study highlights the importance of further exploring DSEs, particularly Acrocalymma fungi, to better understand their ecological roles in agricultural practices, particularly in tomato cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research of Ascomycota)

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18 pages, 2741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Transcription Factor SsSR Mediates Ergosterol Biosynthesis and Virulence in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

by Huihui Zhao, Xiaofan Liu, Jintao Jiang, Jiatao Xie, Yanping Fu, Yang Lin, Tao Chen, Bo Li, Xiao Yu, Xueqiong Xiao, Xueliang Lyu, Weidong Chen, Daohong Jiang and Jiasen Cheng

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070509 - 5 Jul 2025

Viewed by 241

Abstract

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, known as a typical necrotrophic pathogenic fungus, exhibits a complex pathogenic mechanism. Research on S. sclerotiorum has primarily focused on oxalic acid, pathogenicity-related enzymes, and secreted proteins. In this study, we identified a transcription factor, SsSR (S. sclerotiorum Sterol-Related [...] Read more.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, known as a typical necrotrophic pathogenic fungus, exhibits a complex pathogenic mechanism. Research on S. sclerotiorum has primarily focused on oxalic acid, pathogenicity-related enzymes, and secreted proteins. In this study, we identified a transcription factor, SsSR (S. sclerotiorum Sterol-Related transcription factor), which regulates S. sclerotiorum infection by modulating virulence through ergosterol biosynthesis. We characterized the transcriptional activity of SsSR and its downstream target gene, SsCYP51. SsSR undergoes phosphorylation induced by the host plant, subsequently regulating the expression of SsCYP51. The deletion of SsSR or SsCYP51 does not affect the growth or acid production of S. sclerotiorum, but it leads to a reduction in ergosterol, significantly diminishing virulence and impairing the stress tolerance of the hyphae. In summary, this study identifies a transcription factor, SsSR, that specifically regulates the virulence of S. sclerotiorum. SsSR upregulates the expression of SsCYP51 through phosphorylation during the infection phase, leading to the synthesis of ergosterol, which enhances hyphal stress tolerance and thereby promotes infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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21 pages, 5077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seven New Series and Four New Species in Sections Subinflati and Trachyspermi of Talaromyces (Trichocomaceae, Eurotiales)

by Lu-Yao Peng, Xin-Cun Wang, Yusufjon Gafforov and Wen-Ying Zhuang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070508 - 4 Jul 2025

Viewed by 333

Abstract

Species of Talaromyces C.R. Benj. are valuable biological resources for human beings as competent producers of enzymes, antibiotics, antifungal agents and biopigments, but a comprehensive taxonomic system at the series level has not been fully provided for this genus. In this study, three [...] Read more.

Species of Talaromyces C.R. Benj. are valuable biological resources for human beings as competent producers of enzymes, antibiotics, antifungal agents and biopigments, but a comprehensive taxonomic system at the series level has not been fully provided for this genus. In this study, three new series, Palmarum, Resedani and Subinflati, are proposed in section Subinflati. Section Trachyspermi is also restructured to include five series, in which Diversi, Erythromelles, Miniolutei and Resinarum are newly erected, and Trachyspermi is emended. Additionally, four new species are discovered: T. elephas, T. sinensis and T. xishuangbannaensis isolated from rotten fruit husk in Yunnan Province, China, belonging to the series Erythromelles, Subinflati and Miniolutei, respectively, and T. tianshanicus from soil in Uzbekistan, located in ser. Diversi. Morphological distinctions, including colony characteristics, conidiophore structures, and conidial morphologies, along with phylogenetic analyses based on multi-locus datasets (ITS, BenA, CaM and RPB2), confirm their novelty to science. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the new species are given. The proposed classification of Talaromyces at the series level provides a refined infrageneric framework and facilitates taxonomic stability and future biodiversity studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ascomycota: Diversity, Taxonomy and Phylogeny, 3rd Edition)

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12 pages, 259 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Recognizing the Early Risk-Based Clinical Manifestations of Mucormycosis: Cornerstones for Improved Survival and Therapeutic Outcomes

by Panagiotis Zagaliotis and Thomas J. Walsh

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070507 - 4 Jul 2025

Viewed by 474

Abstract

The early diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis improves outcomes and saves lives [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Twenty-Five Years in Mucormycosis Research: A Themed Issue Honoring the Contributions of Professor Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis)

23 pages, 4383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Monacolin K and GABA Biosynthesis in Monascus pilosus via GAD Overexpression: Multi-Omics Elucidation of Regulatory Mechanisms

by Wenlan Mo, Yiyang Cai, Simei Huang, Lishi Xiao, Yanfang Ye, Bin Yang, Chan Zhang and Zhiwei Huang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070506 - 4 Jul 2025

Viewed by 258

Abstract

Monascus produces various bioactive compounds, including monacolin K (MK), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and Monascus pigments (MPs). Studies have shown that overexpressing genes within the MK biosynthetic cluster significantly enhances MK production. Additionally, MK synthesis in Monascus is regulated by other genes. Based on [...] Read more.

Monascus produces various bioactive compounds, including monacolin K (MK), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and Monascus pigments (MPs). Studies have shown that overexpressing genes within the MK biosynthetic cluster significantly enhances MK production. Additionally, MK synthesis in Monascus is regulated by other genes. Based on previous transcriptomic analyses conducted in our laboratory, a significant positive correlation was identified between the expression level of the GAD gene and MK production in M. pilosus. In this study, the GAD gene from M. pilosus was selected for overexpression, and a series of engineered M. pilosus strains were constructed. Among the 20 PCR-positive transformants obtained, 13 strains exhibited MK production increases of 12.84–52.50% compared to the parental strain, while 17 strains showed GABA production increases of 17.47–134.14%. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced production of MK and GABA, multi-omics analyses were performed. The results indicated that GAD overexpression likely promotes MK and GABA synthesis in M. pilosus by regulating key genes (e.g., HPD, HGD, and FAH) and metabolites (e.g., α-D-ribose-1-phosphate, β-alanine) involved in pathways such as tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, propanoate metabolism, and β-alanine metabolism. These findings provide theoretical insights into the regulatory mechanisms of MK and GABA biosynthesis in Monascus and suggest potential strategies for enhancing their production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Filamentous Fungi as Excellent Industrial Strains: Development and Applications, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Malt Bagasse Silage on Fungal Diversity, Fusarium Species, and Mycotoxin Contamination Under a Circular Economy Approach to Climate Change Mitigation

by Tania Valicenti, Carolina Manno, Juan Ignacio Poo, María Inés Dinolfo, Mauro Martínez and Andrea Enriquez

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070505 - 4 Jul 2025

Viewed by 411

Abstract

Malt bagasse is the primary solid waste product from the brewing process, with notable environmental implications. Due to its nutritional value, it has potential as animal feed, primarily through ensilage. Alfalfa pellets can enhance this silage by adding digestible nitrogen and fibre. However, [...] Read more.

Malt bagasse is the primary solid waste product from the brewing process, with notable environmental implications. Due to its nutritional value, it has potential as animal feed, primarily through ensilage. Alfalfa pellets can enhance this silage by adding digestible nitrogen and fibre. However, the high moisture content favours microbial contamination, particularly by fungi like Fusarium, which produces harmful mycotoxins. This study evaluated the impact of winter silage on fungal diversity, Fusarium presence, and mycotoxin contamination in malt bagasse, comparing the pre- and post-silage stages with the addition of alfalfa pellets. Results showed a diverse range of fungi, including Mucor, Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Penicillium, as well as yeasts. Fungal contamination was higher before silage, although the addition of alfalfa increased it after silage was produced. Fusarium verticillioides was the most common Fusarium species. Mycotoxin analysis detected DON (1.4 ppb) in only one sample. A two-month winter silage process under cold-temperate conditions appears to reduce fungal contamination and preserve feed quality. These findings support silage as a circular strategy to manage brewery waste safely, but further research and policy measures are needed to minimise biological risks in the brewing and livestock sectors amid climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fusarium in Crops Under Climate Change Scenarios)

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17 pages, 1783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acidic pH Modulates Cell Wall and Melanization in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Affecting Macrophage Interaction

by Rafael de Souza Silva, Wilson Dias Segura, Rogéria Cristina Zauli, Reinaldo Souza Oliveira, Vitor Vidal, Eduardo Correa Louvandini, Patricia Xander, Suzan Pantaroto Vasconcellos and Wagner Luiz Batista

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070504 - 4 Jul 2025

Viewed by 292

Abstract

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a thermally dimorphic fungal pathogen and the main etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a neglected systemic mycosis endemic in Latin America. The virulence of P. brasiliensis is closely associated with its capacity to survive under hostile host conditions, including acidic [...] Read more.

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a thermally dimorphic fungal pathogen and the main etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a neglected systemic mycosis endemic in Latin America. The virulence of P. brasiliensis is closely associated with its capacity to survive under hostile host conditions, including acidic environments. In this study, we demonstrate that acidic pH induces melanization in P. brasiliensis, modulates its cell wall composition, and alters the interaction with macrophages. Cultivation at acidic pH resulted in reduced fungal growth without compromising viability and triggered increased production of melanin-like pigments, as confirmed by enhanced laccase activity and upregulation of genes in the DHN-melanin biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, growth under acidic pH induced significant remodeling of the fungal cell wall, leading to increased chitin on the cell wall surface and reduced mannan content, while β-glucan levels remained unchanged. These modifications correlated with decreased viability to Congo Red, suggesting altered cell wall stability. Importantly, P. brasiliensis grown under acidic conditions exhibited reduced phagocytosis by RAW 264.7 macrophages, along with changes in nitric oxide and cytokine production, indicating potential mechanisms of immune evasion. Collectively, our findings suggest that environmental acidification promotes fungal adaptations that enhance survival and modulate host–pathogen interactions, contributing to P. brasiliensis virulence. Understanding how acidic pH regulates these processes provides new insights into the pathobiology of PCM and may contribute to understanding the mechanisms of fungal immune evasion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Systemic and Emerging Mycoses)

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10 pages, 1659 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Pathogen Enzyme-Mediated Alkoxyamine Homolysis as a Killing Mechanism of Aspergillus fumigatus

by Marion Filliâtre, Pierre Voisin, Seda Seren, Ines Kelkoul, Olivier Glehen, Philippe Mellet, Sophie Thétiot-Laurent, Jean Menotti, Sylvain R. A. Marque, Gérard Audran and Abderrazzak Bentaher

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070503 - 4 Jul 2025

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Abstract

The emergence of antifungal-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) became a serious public health concern, underscoring the need for new effective antifungal agents. Here, we present a strategy based on the in situ generation of radical species that are toxic to the pathogen. The [...] Read more.

The emergence of antifungal-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) became a serious public health concern, underscoring the need for new effective antifungal agents. Here, we present a strategy based on the in situ generation of radical species that are toxic to the pathogen. The synthesis of an alkoxyamine linked to a peptide substrate recognized by A. fumigatus-secreted dipeptidyl peptidase is described. Kinetic experiments show a stable prodrug prior to enzymatic activation. Ensuing peptide cleavage and spontaneous homolysis resulted in the generation of a stable nitroxide and a reactive alkyl radical moiety. Next, the exposure of A. fumigatus spores to the prodrug lead to pathogen growth inhibition in a compound concentration-dependent fashion (e.g., 42% inhibition at 10 µg/L). Importantly, the designed alkoxyamine inhibited not only the growth of a clinical voriconazole-susceptible A. fumigatus strain, but also the growth of a strain resistant to this azole. To determine the antifungal importance of the reactive alkyl radical, its substitution with a non-radical structure did not prevent A. fumigatus growth. Furthermore, the introduction of succinic group in the peptide substrate resulted in the loss of alkoxyamine antifungal properties. Our work reports a novel chemical strategy for antifungal therapy against A. fumigatus based on the pathogen enzyme-mediated generation of toxic radicals. Significantly, these findings are timely since they could overcome the emerged resistance to conventional drugs that are known to target defined pathogen biologic mechanisms such as ergosterol synthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Infections and Antifungals)

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15 pages, 3391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diverse, Cryptic, and Undescribed: Club and Coral Fungi in a Temperate Australian Forest

by Vanessa J. McPherson, Michael R. Gillings and Timothy M. Ghaly

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070502 - 3 Jul 2025

Viewed by 342

Abstract

Fungi are the most poorly described kingdom of Eukarya. Fundamental questions about their species diversity, their distributions, and their biotic interactions remain largely unanswered, despite fungi playing important roles in the ecology and biogeochemistry of terrestrial ecosystems. To assess some of these data [...] Read more.

Fungi are the most poorly described kingdom of Eukarya. Fundamental questions about their species diversity, their distributions, and their biotic interactions remain largely unanswered, despite fungi playing important roles in the ecology and biogeochemistry of terrestrial ecosystems. To assess some of these data gaps, we intensively surveyed club and coral fungi in a temperate Australian forest in the Upper Lane Cove Valley, Sydney, Australia, over a period of two years. Specimens identified as Clavulinopsis, Ramaria, or Ramariopsis based on morphology were then assigned to operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using the criterion of 97% identity across the entire rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Based on this criterion and ITS-based phylogenies, we identified 80 OTUs in these genera of club and coral fungi within the survey area. Of these OTUs, only 11.25% could be assigned a species name based on BLASTn matches to full-length ITS sequences, suggesting that almost 90% of OTUs were novel taxa, or are yet to be represented in DNA databases. Specimens that were morphologically similar to well-known Northern Hemisphere species were shown to be distinct upon DNA sequencing. Accumulation curves suggest that our surveys only recovered about half of the species in the target genera, and seven times the effort would be required to sample to exhaustion. In summary, even in a small area of less than 100 km², there is evidence for multiple undescribed, cryptic, and undiscovered species. This highlights the fundamental work that remains to be completed in fungal taxonomy and biology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Phylogeny and Ecology of Forest Fungi)

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13 pages, 1295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vaginal Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans Differentially Modulate Complosome Activation in Vaginal Epithelial Cells

by Samyr Kenno, Natalia Pedretti, Luca Spaggiari, Andrea Ardizzoni, Manola Comar, Wilfried Posch, Robert Treyde Wheeler, Samuele Peppoloni and Eva Pericolini

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070501 - 3 Jul 2025

Viewed by 345

Abstract

The complosome controls different activities in innate immune cells and epithelial cells; however, its role in the response of VECs to Candida remains untested. In this in vitro study, we compared two clinical vaginal strains of C. albicans, namely, a Colonizing strain [...] Read more.

The complosome controls different activities in innate immune cells and epithelial cells; however, its role in the response of VECs to Candida remains untested. In this in vitro study, we compared two clinical vaginal strains of C. albicans, namely, a Colonizing strain from a healthy woman and a strain from a patient with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), for their ability to activate the complosome and release anaphylatoxins in vaginal epithelial cells (VECs). Our results show the following: (i) both strains triggered the cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b within VECs, while infection with the Colonizing strain led to greater release of the anaphylatoxin C3a; (ii) infection with the VVC isolate led to a strong reduction in both C5 and C5a in VECs, while no increase in C5a release was observed after infection with either strain; (iii) cathepsin-family gene expression and cathepsin D activity were reduced in VECs infected with the VVC strain but not in those infected with the Colonizing strain; (iv) infection with the Colonizing strain induced a significant increase in intracellular C5aR1 while intracellular C3aR levels remained unchanged. Collectively, our data suggests the propensity of this VVC strain to inactivate the C5/C5aR1 axis and to reduce the C3/C3aR axis, dampening the activity of the complosome in VECs. These effects exerted by the VVC strain suggest a novel strategy of immune evasion by C. albicans and may open new perspectives for finding new therapeutic targets against vaginal fungal infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi in Vulvovaginal Infections)

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11 pages, 623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Cirrhosis: An Underrecognized Fungal Infection in a Vulnerable Host

by Aaron M. Pulsipher, Michele Barnhill, Holenarasipur R. Vikram, Michael B. Gotway, Rodrigo Cartin-Ceba, Kevin Zhou, Emily R. Thompson, Andrew H. Limper, Bashar Aqel and Kealy Ham

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070500 - 3 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a serious fungal infection affecting immunocompromised hosts. Decompensated cirrhosis leads to cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction (CAID), a form of impaired cellular immunity that may predispose patients to opportunistic infections such as PCP. We conducted a retrospective review of 727 patients [...] Read more.

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a serious fungal infection affecting immunocompromised hosts. Decompensated cirrhosis leads to cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction (CAID), a form of impaired cellular immunity that may predispose patients to opportunistic infections such as PCP. We conducted a retrospective review of 727 patients with proven or probable PCP from 2017 to 2025. Of these, 33 had decompensated cirrhosis. These patients were stratified into two groups: Cirrhosis Only (n = 16) and Cirrhosis with Additional Immunocompromising Conditions (n = 17). Among the patients with cirrhosis, the overall mortality was 48%, with the 90-day mortality reaching 57.6% (95% CI: 39.2–74.5%). Compared with those without cirrhosis, the patients with cirrhosis had a higher risk of mortality (OR: 4.08, 95% CI: 2.01–8.30, p < 0.001), increased intensive care unit (ICU) admission (87% vs. 42%, p < 0.001), and greater need for renal replacement therapy (54.6% vs. 7.5%, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that decompensated cirrhosis alone may represent a sufficient and underrecognized risk factor for PCP, with a high associated mortality. Given the preventable nature of this infection, future studies are needed to assess the incidence, define the risk, and investigate the role of prophylaxis in this vulnerable population. Full article

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19 pages, 3509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Alleviating Effect of Arginine on Ethanol Stress in Wickerhamomyces anomalus

by Yinfeng Li, Yujie Wang, Shuangyan Liu, Guilan Jiang, Mingzheng Huang and Xiaozhu Liu

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070499 - 2 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Yeast cells are passively exposed to ethanol stress during alcoholic fermentation, ultimately impairing cell viability and reducing fermentation efficiency. Arginine, a versatile amino acid, plays a crucial role in regulating cellular responses to various stresses. This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism [...] Read more.

Yeast cells are passively exposed to ethanol stress during alcoholic fermentation, ultimately impairing cell viability and reducing fermentation efficiency. Arginine, a versatile amino acid, plays a crucial role in regulating cellular responses to various stresses. This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism by which arginine protects Wickerhamomyces anomalus against ethanol stress. The effects of arginine supplementation (5 mM) under ethanol stress (9% v/v) on cell survival, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cellular and mitochondrial membrane integrity, and nitric oxide synthesis were investigated using fluorescent staining methods. Furthermore, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and metabolites (DEMs) were identified through transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses. The results demonstrated that exogenous arginine enhanced cell survival, reduced ROS levels, maintained cellular and mitochondrial membrane integrity, stimulated nitric oxide production, and modulated gene expression and metabolic pathways involved in pyruvate metabolism, yeast meiosis, fatty acid degradation, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites. These findings provide intriguing insights into the mechanistic role of arginine in enhancing the tolerance of W. anomalus to ethanol stress, and broaden its application in the fermentation industry for alcoholic beverages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Yeasts’ Excellent Contribution to Beverage Fermentation)

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14 pages, 1609 KiB

Open AccessReview

RNA Interference in Fungal Plant Pathogens: What Do We Know from Botrytis cinerea with Research Hotspots and Gaps, and What Are the Future Directions?

by Guy Smagghe

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070498 - 1 Jul 2025

Viewed by 357

Abstract

RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a promising tool for controlling fungal plant pathogens, offering a targeted and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional chemical fungicides. Botrytis cinerea, the causative agent of gray mold disease, serves as a model and plant pathogen for [...] Read more.

RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a promising tool for controlling fungal plant pathogens, offering a targeted and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional chemical fungicides. Botrytis cinerea, the causative agent of gray mold disease, serves as a model and plant pathogen for investigating RNAi-based strategies due to its wide host range and economic impact. This review synthesizes current knowledge on RNAi mechanisms in B. cinerea, and that several factors influence the efficacy of RNAi in B. cinerea, including the stability and uptake of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), the efficiency of RNA processing machinery, and environmental conditions. Furthermore, RNAi responses can vary significantly across strains, developmental stages, and infection modes, underscoring the complexity of fungal responses. With this review, I also aim to present the field trials reported so far, underscoring the practicality of RNAi. This review identifies current hotspots and outlines future directions for deploying RNAi as a sustainable control strategy against fungal pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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19 pages, 2039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Study of Metschnikowia pulcherrima E1 in the Induction of Improved Gray Spot Disease Resistance in Loquat Fruit

by Xiaoya Li, Kunkun Wu, Xin Li, Yuhao Zhao and Weihong Sun

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070497 - 30 Jun 2025

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Abstract

In this study, the dominant pathogenic fungus of gray spot disease in loquat, which was isolated from postharvest decaying loquat fruits in Zhenjiang, was identified as Pestalotiopsis vismiae (P. vismiae) by morphological characteristics and DNA sequencing. At the same time, a [...] Read more.

In this study, the dominant pathogenic fungus of gray spot disease in loquat, which was isolated from postharvest decaying loquat fruits in Zhenjiang, was identified as Pestalotiopsis vismiae (P. vismiae) by morphological characteristics and DNA sequencing. At the same time, a strain of yeast E1, which could effectively inhibit the pathogen, was isolated from the loquat leaves and soil and identified as Metschnikowia pulcherrima (M. pulcherrima) by morphological and molecular biological characteristics. It significantly reduced the natural decay of loquat fruits without affecting fruit quality. Metschnikowia pulcherrima E1 (M. pulcherrima E1) exhibited significant biocontrol efficacy against P. vismiae, the causal agent of gray spot in loquat, reducing disease incidence to 22.73% compared to 100% in the control group. Transcriptome analysis revealed 1444 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (1111 upregulated, 333 downregulated), with key genes (CML19, XTH23, GSTU10) validated by RT-qPCR. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis highlighted enrichment in plant–pathogen interactions, glutathione metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. These findings provided molecular insights into yeast-induced resistance, bridging biocontrol applications with mechanistic studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Control of Fungal Plant Pathogens)

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20 pages, 3541 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immunoregulation in Fungal Infections: A Review and Update on the Critical Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells

by Valéria de Lima Kaminski, Ana Luiza Oliveira Menezes, Kauan Gonçalves de Lima, Stephani Leonelo de Almeida, Diego Vinícius Alves da Silva, Filipe Nogueira Franco, Nycolas Willian Preite and Flávio Vieira Loures

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070496 - 30 Jun 2025

Viewed by 383

Abstract

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of immune cells that play a central role in regulating host immune responses during fungal infections. Their recruitment is mediated by pathogen recognition receptors, particularly Dectin-1 and CARD9 signaling, which promote the production of reactive [...] Read more.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of immune cells that play a central role in regulating host immune responses during fungal infections. Their recruitment is mediated by pathogen recognition receptors, particularly Dectin-1 and CARD9 signaling, which promote the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and IL-1β. Once activated, MDSCs suppress T-cell and natural killer cell functions through immunosuppressive cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β, as well as enzymes such as arginase-1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1). This review explores the role of MDSCs in fungal infections caused by Candida spp., Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Aspergillus spp., and Cryptococcus neoformans, emphasizing their impact on immune modulation and disease progression. The emerging evidence suggests that fungal bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharides, can influence MDSC activity and restore immune balance. Notably, therapies targeting MDSCs have demonstrated promise in both fungal infections. In particular, infections with P. brasiliensis and C. neoformans show improved T-cell responses following MDSC-targeted interventions. Additionally, polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa and exposure to Aspergillus sydowii affect MDSC behavior, supporting the potential of modulating these cells therapeutically. Together, these findings highlight the relevance of MDSCs in fungal pathogenesis and underscore their potential as targets for immunotherapeutic strategies in infectious diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Cell Biology)

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24 pages, 10260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Characterization of Deubiquitinase UBP Family and Proteomic Analysis of Aaubp14-Mediated Pathogenicity Mechanism in Alternaria alternata

by Jiejing Tang, Hang Zhou, Chen Jiao and Hongye Li

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070495 - 29 Jun 2025

Viewed by 412

Abstract

The Alternaria alternata tangerine pathotype causes Alternaria brown spot, a devastating disease of susceptible tangerine varieties and their hybrids. Alternaria citri toxin (ACT) is the primary virulence factor, but the regulatory mechanisms governing ACT synthesis remain unclear. Deubiquitinating enzymes maintain ubiquitination homeostasis and [...] Read more.

The Alternaria alternata tangerine pathotype causes Alternaria brown spot, a devastating disease of susceptible tangerine varieties and their hybrids. Alternaria citri toxin (ACT) is the primary virulence factor, but the regulatory mechanisms governing ACT synthesis remain unclear. Deubiquitinating enzymes maintain ubiquitination homeostasis and regulate fungal pathogenicity, yet their role in A. alternata remains unexplored. We characterized 13 ubiquitin-specific protease (UBP) family members in A. alternata tangerine pathotype. Six UBP genes (Aaubp2, Aaubp3, Aaubp4, Aaubp6, Aaubp14, and Aaubp15) regulated mycelial growth. Aaubp14 deletion abolished sporulation, while mutations of Aaubp3, Aaubp4, Aaubp6, Aaubp8, and Aaubp15 altered conidial morphology. qRT-PCR demonstrated distinct host-induced expression patterns among Aaubp genes. Pathogenicity tests showed that ΔAaubp6, ΔAaubp14, and ΔAaubp15 mutants failed to produce lesions on Citrus reticulata cv. Hongjv leaves. Moreover, Aaubp14 deletion significantly suppressed ACT biosynthesis gene expression and blocked ACT production. Comparative proteomics showed Aaubp14 regulates ACT biosynthesis by modulating protein ubiquitination in metabolic pathways and controls pathogenicity via a complex network. Our findings elucidate Aaubp gene function in development and pathogenicity, particularly the Aaubp14-mediated regulation mechanism, providing insights into ubiquitination-mediated pathogenicity in phytopathogenic fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Pathogenesis and Disease Control)

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25 pages, 4815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Six Novel Species of Distoseptispora (Distoseptisporaceae, Distoseptisporales) and Helminthosporium (Massarinaceae, Pleosporales) Isolated from Terrestrial Habitats in Southern China

by Ming-Gen Liao, Xing-Xing Luo, Ji-Wen Xia, Ya-Fen Hu, Xiu-Guo Zhang, Lian-Hu Zhang, Xian-Peng Zhang, Zhao-Huan Xu and Jian Ma

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070494 - 29 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Saprobic hyphomycetous fungi exhibit high colonization density and diversity on rotting woody plant material. During our continuing mycological research in the forest ecosystem of Jiangxi, Fujian and Zhejiang provinces, China, several Distoseptispora-like and Helminthosporium-like strains were isolated from unidentified dead branches [...] Read more.

Saprobic hyphomycetous fungi exhibit high colonization density and diversity on rotting woody plant material. During our continuing mycological research in the forest ecosystem of Jiangxi, Fujian and Zhejiang provinces, China, several Distoseptispora-like and Helminthosporium-like strains were isolated from unidentified dead branches in terrestrial habitats. Based on morphological comparisons and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses using maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI), six novel species of Distoseptispora (D. terrestris, D. wuyishanensis, D. zhejiangensis) and Helminthosporium (H. ganzhouense, H. jiangxiense, H. saprophyticum) were introduced, and one known species, H. velutinum was reported. The species diversity within Distoseptispora and Helminthosporium was supplemented in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Pathogenic Fungi: Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Morphology，2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 1421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Venturia inaequalis Response to Common Fungicides in Morocco

by Safae Gouit, Safae Chiadmi, Khadija Goura, Ikram Legrifi, Moussa El Jarroudi, Zineb Belabess, Abdessalem Tahiri, Abderrahim Lazraq, Mohammed Baala and Rachid Lahlali

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070493 - 29 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, remains a major challenge for apple production in Morocco, where disease management heavily depends on fungicide applications. However, increasing reports of resistance have raised concerns about the long-term efficacy of commonly used products and the economic [...] Read more.

Apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, remains a major challenge for apple production in Morocco, where disease management heavily depends on fungicide applications. However, increasing reports of resistance have raised concerns about the long-term efficacy of commonly used products and the economic sustainability of apple orchards. In this study, we evaluated the sensitivity of five V. inaequalis isolates from the Fes-Meknes region, a key apple-producing area in Morocco, to three fungicides: difenoconazole, trifloxystrobin, and thiophanate-methyl. The identity of the isolates was confirmed based on both morphological characteristics and by molecular analysis of the ITS region. In vitro and in vivo assays revealed significant differences in isolate responses. Difenoconazole consistently showed the highest efficacy, with EC₅₀ values ranging from 0.05 to 1.46 µg/mL, and preventive applications reducing disease severity by up to 85.8% at 10 µg/mL. In contrast, trifloxystrobin and thiophanate-methyl exhibited much higher EC₅₀ values (2.94–29.62 µg/mL and 14.84–1237.20 µg/mL, respectively), indicating widespread resistance, particularly to thiophanate-methyl, whose curative and preventive efficacy rarely exceeded 44%. Preventive treatments were significantly more effective than curative applications for all fungicides tested. These findings highlight the urgent need to revise apple scab management strategies in Morocco, including the rotation of fungicides with different modes of action and the integration of non-chemical approaches. Broader sensitivity monitoring and the use of molecular diagnostics are recommended to better inform sustainable disease control programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Insights and Challenges in Managing Fungal Diseases in Crops: Toward Sustainable Agricultural Practices)

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16 pages, 982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Silent Allies: Endophytic Entomopathogenic Fungi Promote Biological Control and Reduce Spittlebug Mahanarva spectabilis Distant, 1909 (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)

by Michelle O. Campagnani, Luís Augusto Calsavara, Charles Martins de Oliveira and Alexander Machado Auad

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070492 - 27 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Urochloa ruziziensis (R. Germ. and C.M. Evrard) Crins (synonym Brachiaria ruziziensis) Poales: Poaceae) pastures are often attacked by spittlebugs, compromising their biomass for livestock usage. A sustainable control method involves the use of entomopathogenic fungi. Therefore, the objective of this study was [...] Read more.

Urochloa ruziziensis (R. Germ. and C.M. Evrard) Crins (synonym Brachiaria ruziziensis) Poales: Poaceae) pastures are often attacked by spittlebugs, compromising their biomass for livestock usage. A sustainable control method involves the use of entomopathogenic fungi. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of controlling Mahanarva spectabilis Distant, 1909 (Hemiptera: Cercopidae), in greenhouse and field conditions via endophytic entomopathogenic fungi. In the greenhouse, the mortality of nymphs and adults was 100%, and more than 53% of the nymphs and 59% of the adults that fed on plants inoculated with Fusarium multiceps and Metarhizium anisopliae presented with these fungi in their cadavers. In the field, more than 45% of the insect cadavers that had fed on plants grown from fungus-treated seeds were found to contain the fungi. F. multiceps was found to be endophytic in more than 60% of the plants up to 90 days after seed treatment, and M. anisopliae was found in more than 70% of the plants up to 120 days after treatment. The damage scores of the control plants, both in the greenhouse and in the field, were greater than those of the plants inoculated with the fungi. F. multiceps and M. anisopliae in the endophytic pathway of U. ruziziensis are therefore efficient at controlling spittlebugs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenic Mechanisms and Biological Control in Entomopathogenic Fungi)

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17 pages, 5041 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Characteristics of Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Isolates and Their Biocontrol Impact on Soil Fungal Communities

by Yanyan Zhang, Wanning Wang, Chenggui Piao, Wenjin Li, Peter J. Cotty, Shihua Shan, Usman Rasheed, Quirico Migheli and Qing Kong

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070491 - 27 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Aspergillus flavus can produce aflatoxins, posing a threat of contamination to peanuts. To mitigate this issue, the use of biocontrol isolates, which do not produce aflatoxins (AF⁻), has been considered to reduce aflatoxin levels. In this study, we evaluated five different [...] Read more.

Aspergillus flavus can produce aflatoxins, posing a threat of contamination to peanuts. To mitigate this issue, the use of biocontrol isolates, which do not produce aflatoxins (AF⁻), has been considered to reduce aflatoxin levels. In this study, we evaluated five different AF⁻ isolates belonging to different vegetative compatibility groups, all of which exhibited varying degrees of deletion in aflatoxin biosynthesis gene clusters. One isolate that exhibited poor competitive ability against toxigenic A. flavus was eliminated, and the remaining four isolates were formulated as biocontrol agents and applied to a peanut field in Tai’an, Shandong, as a combination. Three months after application, the soil aflatoxin content was reduced from 0.62 ± 0.01 to 0.19 ± 0.03 μg/kg (inhibition rate: 69.35%). Among filamentous fungi in the soil, the proportion of AF⁻ isolates increased from 0% to 4.33%. Using SSR-specific primers, the microbial agents were recovered. We discovered that among the four AF⁻ isolates, CA04 had a lower colonization rate compared to the other three (only 12.00% of the total AF⁻ population), suggesting that the absence of sclerotia may result in poor reversibility and weaker dispersal ability. We utilized Illumina sequencing to investigate the changes in soil fungal ecology. The results showed a reduction in the population density of harmful fungi, such as Fusarium spp. (66.18%) and Plectosphaerella spp. (79.90%), but an increase in the density of Nothopassalora personata. This is the first study on the dispersal distance and soil fungal community structure following the application of AF⁻ agents in peanut fields in China. Full article

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12 pages, 1229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methodology for Extracting High-Molecular-Weight DNA from Field Collections of Macrofungi

by Leigh A. Burgoyne, Andy R. Nilsen, Teresa Lebel, Pamela S. Catcheside, Tom W. May, David Orlovich, Alan Kuo, Anna Lipzen, Kurt Labutti, Robert Riley, William Andreopoulos, Maxim Koriabine, Mi Yan, Vivian Ng, Igor V. Grigoriev and David E. A. Catcheside

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070490 - 27 Jun 2025

Viewed by 263

Abstract

Many macrofungi are impractical or impossible to culture. Consequently, DNA for long-read sequencing required for the assembly of high-quality genomes must be isolated from samples taken from the environment. Collection is often in remote locations, limiting the options for stabilising samples to methods [...] Read more.

Many macrofungi are impractical or impossible to culture. Consequently, DNA for long-read sequencing required for the assembly of high-quality genomes must be isolated from samples taken from the environment. Collection is often in remote locations, limiting the options for stabilising samples to methods that do not require refrigeration. Fungi contain species-specific arrays of metabolites that may complicate purification techniques and call for judgement to be made to apply appropriate modifications to the DNA extraction protocol in specific cases. The protocols and commentary we describe are informed by the preparation of DNA from a range of Australasian ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic macrofungi. We collect samples into isopropanol at ambient temperature and employ a strategy of chromatin isolation followed by the sequential removal of unwanted molecular components to purify DNA. Full article

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