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Vet. Sci., Volume 12, Issue 2 (February 2025) – 66 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Ticks pose a significant threat to livestock in Cameroon. This study analyzed ticks from two key regions: agroecological zone I (AEZ I) and zone III (AEZ III). A total of 1100 ticks were collected, with Hyalomma truncatum (39.9%), Amblyomma variegatum (31%), and the invasive, acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus (10.64%) being the most common. R. microplus, a major disease vector, is outcompeting native ticks and poses a serious risk to animal and public health. This research highlights the need for better control strategies to manage R. microplus and safeguard livestock in Cameroon and the broader region. View this paper
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16 pages, 1447 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of a Pool of Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Expressing Eight Antigens of African Swine Fever Virus in a Mouse Model
by Jingshan Huang, Tianqi Gao, Zhanhao Lu, Dailang Zhong, Mingzhi Li, Hua-Ji Qiu, Yongfeng Li, Hongxia Wu and Yuan Sun
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020140 - 7 Feb 2025
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), poses a great threat to the global pig industry. There is an urgent demand for effective and safe vaccines to address this threat. This study reports the generation and evaluation of a [...] Read more.
African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), poses a great threat to the global pig industry. There is an urgent demand for effective and safe vaccines to address this threat. This study reports the generation and evaluation of a recombinant Lactococcus lactis pool, each strain expressing one of eight ASFV antigens (F317L, H171R, D117L, E120R, B602L, CD2v, p54, and p72). We evaluated the immune responses in mice through oral gavage and intramuscular immunization to the recombinant L. lactis pool. The results show that the mice immunized via intramuscular injection induced high-level serum IgG antibodies within 7 d post-primary immunization, which was maintained over an extended period. Additionally, there was a marked increase in the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels in the sera. In contrast, the mice immunized via oral gavage did not induce obvious serum IgG antibodies. However, they experienced a transient peak of secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies in fecal samples within 7 d post-primary immunization, which subsequently decreased to levels that were statistically similar to those in the control group. In addition, this study also found that the multi-antigen cocktail vaccination was safe for mice. This study provides a reference for the development and immunization of ASF vaccines with L. lactis as live carriers. Full article
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17 pages, 2290 KiB  
Article
Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Omega-3 PUFA Enriched Fish Oil During Late-Pregnancy and Lactation on Reproductive Performance, Immune Activity and Fecal Microbiota Composition in Postpartum Sows
by Zihao Ge, Yalong An, Wei Lan and Xiao Li
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020139 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 110
Abstract
Delayed or failed postpartum estrus can impede the reproductive performance of rebreeding dams. Our study aimed to test whether dietary fish oil can promote estrus return and improve fecal microbiota in multiparous sows. Forty-five sows were randomly allocated into three treatments: a basal [...] Read more.
Delayed or failed postpartum estrus can impede the reproductive performance of rebreeding dams. Our study aimed to test whether dietary fish oil can promote estrus return and improve fecal microbiota in multiparous sows. Forty-five sows were randomly allocated into three treatments: a basal diet, or a basal diet plus 30 or 60 g/day of fish oil from gestation day 90 to lactation day 21. Results showed that dietary fish oil significantly elevated circulating DHA in sows, without significant changes in litter size, litter weight, or backfat loss. Supplementation of fish oil (30 or 60 g/day) shortened the interval from weaning to estrus by 1.8 days and 1.67 days, respectively, associated with a significant boost of estradiol. Increases in prolactin and IgA were only significant in the high-dosage group. In addition, plasma MDA and antioxidant activities were up-regulated by fish oil, combined with elevated serum IL-1β and IL-6. Moreover, dietary fish oil significantly reduced serum zonulin, improved the Simpson index of fecal microbiota, and increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 genera. In conclusion, dietary omega-3 PUFA-enriched fish oil provides a promising approach to aiding estrus return and reshaping fecal microbiota in post-weaning sows. Full article
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14 pages, 9212 KiB  
Article
Feline Calicivirus Infection Manipulates Central Carbon Metabolism
by Guangrong Zhao, Hongwei Zhu, Xiu Xue, Chenpei Zhao, Xin Yu, Linlin Jiang, Jingxian Cong, Yang Liu, Yuanlong He, Jianlong Zhang and Xingxiao Zhang
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020138 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 145
Abstract
Viruses can manipulate the host metabolism to achieve optimal replication conditions, and central carbon metabolism (CCM) pathways are often crucial in determining viral infections. Feline calicivirus (FCV), a diminutive RNA viral agent, induces upper respiratory tract infections in feline hosts, with highly pathogenic [...] Read more.
Viruses can manipulate the host metabolism to achieve optimal replication conditions, and central carbon metabolism (CCM) pathways are often crucial in determining viral infections. Feline calicivirus (FCV), a diminutive RNA viral agent, induces upper respiratory tract infections in feline hosts, with highly pathogenic strains capable of precipitating systemic infections and subsequent host cell necrosis, thereby presenting a formidable challenge to feline survival and protection. However, the relationship between FCV and host cell central carbon metabolism (CCM) remains unclear, and the precise pathogenic mechanisms of FCV are yet to be elucidated. Upon FCV infection of Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells, an enhanced cellular uptake of glucose and glutamine was observed. Metabolomics analyses disclosed pronounced alterations in the central carbon metabolism of the infected cells. FCV infection was found to augment glycolytic activity while sustaining the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux, with cellular ATP levels remaining invariant. Concurrently, both glutamine metabolism and the flux of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) were noted to be intensified. The application of various inhibitory agents targeting glycolysis, glutamine metabolism, and the PPP resulted in a significant suppression of FCV proliferation. Experiments involving glucose and glutamine deprivation demonstrated that the absence of either nutrient markedly curtailed FCV replication. Collectively, these findings suggest a critical interplay between central carbon metabolism and FCV proliferation. FCV infection stimulates CRFK cells to augment glucose and glutamine uptake, thereby supplying the necessary metabolic substrates and energy for viral replication. During the infection, glutamine emerges as the primary energy substrate, ensuring ATP production and energy homeostasis, while glucose is predominantly channeled into the pentose phosphate pathway to facilitate nucleotide synthesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)
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10 pages, 2272 KiB  
Article
Early Enhancement in Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography Is an Index of DUSP9, SLPI, ALDH1L2, and SLC1A1 Expression in Canine Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Preliminary Study
by Toshiyuki Tanaka, Tomoki Motegi, Nanami Sumikawa, Misaki Mori, Shohei Kurokawa and Hideo Akiyoshi
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020137 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 128
Abstract
Canine hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by distinct computed tomography (CT) findings. HCC exhibits tumor heterogeneity, with different genomic information and histopathological features within the same tumor. In human HCC, genetic alterations affect the prognosis and treatment, and research has begun to assess [...] Read more.
Canine hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by distinct computed tomography (CT) findings. HCC exhibits tumor heterogeneity, with different genomic information and histopathological features within the same tumor. In human HCC, genetic alterations affect the prognosis and treatment, and research has begun to assess genetic alterations using minimally invasive and reproducible CT. However, the relationship between CT findings and the genomic information of canine HCC is unknown. Early contrast of HCC indicates increased intratumoral neovascular growth. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between enhancement patterns in the arterial phase of CT imaging and gene expression in canine HCC using RNA sequencing. Based on the CT findings, three of the eight dogs studied were classified as having enhancement HCC and five as having non-enhancement HCC. RNA sequencing was performed using the mRNA extracted from the specimens. Eight differentially expressed genes met the cutoff criteria. Among these, DUSP9, SLPI, and ALDH1L2 were the most upregulated genes in enhancement HCC, whereas SLC1A1 was the most downregulated in non-enhancement HCC. Canine HCC may involve different angiogenesis mechanisms. CT findings can be used to assess the gene expression status in canine HCC and may add new value to CT imaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals: 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 217 KiB  
Article
Promoters and Detractors Identify Virtual Care as “Worlds Better than Nothing”: A Qualitative Study of Participating Veterinarians’ Perception of Virtual Care as a Tool for Providing Access
by Rosalie Fortin-Choquette, Jason B. Coe, Cathy A. Bauman and Lori M. Teller
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020136 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 125
Abstract
(1) Background: Veterinary virtual care holds the potential to alleviate some barriers to accessing care, yet concerns within the profession exist. Understanding veterinarians’ perspectives and identifying the potential opportunities and challenges that virtual care poses for access to veterinary care are thus needed. [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Veterinary virtual care holds the potential to alleviate some barriers to accessing care, yet concerns within the profession exist. Understanding veterinarians’ perspectives and identifying the potential opportunities and challenges that virtual care poses for access to veterinary care are thus needed. (2) Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted virtually with 22 companion-animal veterinarians practicing across Canada and the United States. Interviews were accompanied by an electronic survey, with which a Net Promoter Score (NPS) was calculated for each participant. Using their NPS, participants were categorized as a “promoter” or “detractor”, with respect to their perspective on veterinary virtual care. A thematic analysis was conducted on verbatim transcripts of the interviews. (3) Results: A total of 11 detractors and 11 promoters were interviewed. Four subthemes were identified, including the following: (1) there are limitations to virtual care, (2) virtual care plays a role in access to care, (3) “virtual care is better than no care” and (4) virtual care offers specific value in supplementing in-person care. (4) Conclusion: When no other option for care delivery exists, virtual care was viewed as a way to increase access to veterinary care. Full article
16 pages, 272 KiB  
Article
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Thai Slaughterhouse Personnel Regarding Bovine Tuberculosis Surveillance: A Multi-Regional One Health Assessment
by Pongpon Homkong, Sukolrat Boonyayatra, Napat Harnpornchai, Terdsak Yano and Warangkhana Chaisowwong
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020135 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 388
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigated knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding bovine tuberculosis surveillance and analyzed factors influencing KAP among Thai slaughterhouse personnel, utilizing a One Health approach. A validated questionnaire was administered to 208 participants across five geographical regions of Thailand. Statistical analysis [...] Read more.
This cross-sectional study investigated knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding bovine tuberculosis surveillance and analyzed factors influencing KAP among Thai slaughterhouse personnel, utilizing a One Health approach. A validated questionnaire was administered to 208 participants across five geographical regions of Thailand. Statistical analysis revealed moderate mean scores for knowledge (5.28/10), attitudes (38.55/65), and practices (34.62/50). Significant differences were observed in knowledge scores across education levels (F = 3.427, p = 0.005) and job positions (F = 4.562, p = 0.011), with higher education and managerial positions being associated with better performance. Path analysis demonstrated positive correlations among KAP components (p < 0.05), with the strongest correlation between attitudes and practices (r = 0.543). The most significant risk factors for poor practices were identified as lack of training (OR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.45–5.24, p = 0.002) and inadequate tuberculosis screening (OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.18–4.52, p = 0.015). The Knowledge–Practice gap index of −31.14 indicated substantial discrepancy between knowledge and implementation. Developing targeted training programs is needed by focusing on knowledge enhancement and awareness-building, as well as fostering inter-agency collaboration in line with the One Health approach enhance the efficiency of bovine tuberculosis surveillance in Thailand. Full article
14 pages, 1421 KiB  
Article
Effect of Microencapsulated Medium-Chain Fatty Acids, Lignocellulose, and Heat-Killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 Supplementation on Lactating Sow Performance, and Nutritional and Immunological Parameters in Colostrum
by Nithat Wichasit, Wandee Tartrakoon, Rangsun Charoensook, Riantong Singanusong, Juan J. Loor, Gaku Shoji, Satoru Onoda and Tossaporn Incharoen
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020134 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 385
Abstract
This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing miMCFA, lignocellulose, and HKL137 on lactating sow performance and nutritional composition and immunity in colostrum. Fifty 3–4 parity sows (Large White × Landrace) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments: (1) control (CON) [...] Read more.
This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing miMCFA, lignocellulose, and HKL137 on lactating sow performance and nutritional composition and immunity in colostrum. Fifty 3–4 parity sows (Large White × Landrace) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments: (1) control (CON) without supplementation, (2) miMCFA (S1), (3) miMCFA + lignocellulose (S2), (4) miMCFA + HKL137 (S3), and (5) miMCFA + lignocellulose + HKL137 (S4). Supplements were daily added to the morning meal for 21 days (day 100 of gestation to day 7 post-farrowing). Compared with CON, the S1 and S4 groups had improvements (p < 0.01) in live-born piglet numbers, and colostrum yield. Fat content in colostrum was significantly increased (p < 0.01) in the S3 and S4 groups than those of CON group. Additionally, IgG levels were significantly greatest (p < 0.05) in the S3 and S4 groups. Likewise, IgM levels were notably highest (p < 0.05) in the S2 and S4 groups. These results indicated that the synergistic administration of miMCFA, lignocellulose, and HKL137 resulted in significant enhancements in both sow performance indices and colostrum metrics, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Health of Monogastric Animals)
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18 pages, 1476 KiB  
Review
Microbiological Hazards in the Food Chain of Fish and Products, a Focus on Klebsiella spp.
by Alejandro De Jesús Cortés-Sánchez, Mayra Diaz-Ramírez, Adolfo Armando Rayas-Amor, Luis Daniel Espinosa-Chaurand, Erika Torres-Ochoa and Ma. De la Paz Salgado-Cruz
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020133 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 232
Abstract
Feeding is an elementary human need from which we obtain the energy and nutrients necessary for development and survival. Health heavily depends on food, which can be a means of different microbial hazards when contaminated at any stage of the food chain, compromising [...] Read more.
Feeding is an elementary human need from which we obtain the energy and nutrients necessary for development and survival. Health heavily depends on food, which can be a means of different microbial hazards when contaminated at any stage of the food chain, compromising food safety and consumer health. Fish are considered widely produced foods (fishing or aquaculture) and are marketed worldwide; they are also a basic element of the human diet because they are a source of proteins and lipids. On the other hand, owing to their chemical properties (neutral pH and water activity), fish are highly susceptible to contamination by saprophytic and pathogenic microorganisms related to spoilage and risk to human health. Among the contaminating microorganisms in fish are bacteria of the genus Klebsiella, which are considered important in human and animal health worldwide due to their opportunistic pathogenicity, resistance to various antimicrobials, and association with numerous infections at the community and hospital levels, where foods such as fish and other products can serve as important sources of transmission. Therefore, this document presents a bibliographic review focused on describing, in a general way, the genus Klebsiella and its relationship with human health, aquatic animal health, and the safety of fish and products, as well as laboratory analysis procedures and identification of control and prevention measures of this biological hazard in fish and products to safeguard public health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonosis)
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13 pages, 2638 KiB  
Article
Difference Analysis on Virulence Genes, Biofilms and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli from Clinical and Subclinical Bovine Mastitis
by Jiakun Zuo, Zhaoyang Lv, Liyan Lian, Zihao Wu, Shaodong Fu, Haiyang Zhang, Jing Wu, Zihao Pan, Yong Yu, Wei Chen, Wei Jiang, Huifang Yin, Zhaoguo Chen, Yunpeng Yi, Xiangan Han and Jinfeng Miao
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020132 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 239
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) has the ability to induce clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cows, causing a huge loss for the dairy industry. In this study, 51 subclinical mastitis isolates and 36 clinical mastitis isolates from eight provinces of China [...] Read more.
Escherichia coli (E. coli) has the ability to induce clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cows, causing a huge loss for the dairy industry. In this study, 51 subclinical mastitis isolates and 36 clinical mastitis isolates from eight provinces of China between 2019 and 2021 were used to investigate the differences in their biological characteristics. The results showed that B1 (52.9%) and A (39.1%) were the predominant phylogroups; R1 (50.6%) was the predominant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core type; and 44 STs (ST10 and ST58 were the most sequence-prevalent STs) and 2 new STs (ST14828 and ST14829) were identified; however, no significant difference was observed between the clinical and subclinical group strains. To compare the virulence gene differences between the clinical and subclinical mastitis-related isolates, 18 common virulence genes (including afaE, eaeA, papC, saa, sfa, ompA, aer, irp2, iucD, escV, sepD, east1, estB, stx2e, CNF1, cba, hlyA and traT) were determined using the PCR method. The results showed that the detection rates of traT, irp2 and iucD in clinical mastitis isolates were significantly higher than those in subclinical mastitis isolates (p ˂ 0.05). Meanwhile, subclinical-group E. coli had stronger biofilm formation abilities than the clinical group (p < 0.05) in 78 (89.7%) mastitis-related E. coli that could form biofilms. Furthermore, 87 mastitis-related E. coli showed severe resistance against tetracycline (37.9%), ampicillin (36.8%), streptomycin (34.5%) and cotrimoxazole (28.7%); their most prevalent resistance genes were blaCTX-M (33.3%), tetA (27.6%), sul2 (18.4%) and strB (28.7%). It was noteworthy that the clinical-group strains had a higher resistance against ampicillin and possessed higher amounts of the resistance gene blaCTX-M (p < 0.05) compared to the subclinical group. This study aims to provide references for preventing the E. coli isolates from inducing different types of mastitis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ruminant Mastitis: Therapies and Control)
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13 pages, 1349 KiB  
Article
Parathyroid Hormone Concentration in Dogs Affected by Acute Kidney Injury Compared with Healthy and Chronic Kidney Disease
by Jari Zambarbieri, Erika Monari, Francesco Dondi, Pierangelo Moretti, Alessia Giordano and Paola Scarpa
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020131 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 278
Abstract
Information about parathyroid hormone (PTH) status in the course of AKI is lacking. In contrast, renal secondary hyperparathyroidism (RSHPT) is a well-known consequence of canine chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to investigate PTH status in dogs affected by AKI, comparing PTH [...] Read more.
Information about parathyroid hormone (PTH) status in the course of AKI is lacking. In contrast, renal secondary hyperparathyroidism (RSHPT) is a well-known consequence of canine chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to investigate PTH status in dogs affected by AKI, comparing PTH concentrations between healthy dogs, dogs affected by AKI and dogs affected by CKD. Three groups of dogs (35 affected by AKI, 35 affected by CKD and 41 healthy) were retrospectively included. PTH concentrations were significantly higher in both the AKI and CKD groups (p < 0.0001) compared to healthy ones but without significant differences between the AKI and CKD groups. In the AKI group, increased PTH was detected in 88.6% of dogs. Moreover, in AKI dogs, PTH increases with AKI grading and is correlated with serum creatinine (p < 0.0001; r = 0.67) and phosphate concentrations (p < 0.0001; r = 0.74). PTH in AKI dogs was not correlated with total calcium (tCa), while it was negatively correlated with ionized calcium (iCa) (p < 0.0037; r = −0.53). Higher PTH concentrations also occurred in canine AKI, as reported in canine CKD and human AKI, presumably as a rapid response to ionized hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, frequently reported in our patients. PTH seems not to be a useful tool in distinguishing AKI and CKD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)
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17 pages, 5171 KiB  
Article
Aflatoxin B1-Induced Apoptosis in Donkey Kidney via EndoG-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
by Yanfei Ji, Yu Zhang, Wenxuan Si, Jing Guo, Guiqin Liu, Changfa Wang, Muhammad Zahoor Khan, Xia Zhao and Wenqiang Liu
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020130 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 320
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a prevalent environmental and forage contaminant that poses significant health risks to both humans and livestock due to its toxic effects on various organs and systems. Among its toxicological effects, nephrotoxicity is a hallmark of AFB1 exposure. However, the [...] Read more.
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a prevalent environmental and forage contaminant that poses significant health risks to both humans and livestock due to its toxic effects on various organs and systems. Among its toxicological effects, nephrotoxicity is a hallmark of AFB1 exposure. However, the precise mechanisms underlying AFB1-induced kidney damage in donkeys remain poorly understood. To investigate this, we established a donkey model exposed to AFB1 by administering a diet supplemented with 1 mg AFB1/kg for 30 days. Kidney apoptosis was assessed using TUNEL staining, while gene expression and protein levels of Endonuclease G (EndoG), as well as genes related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis, were quantified by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Our findings indicate that AFB1 exposure resulted in significant kidney injury, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Notably, AFB1 exposure upregulated the expression of EndoG and promoted its translocation to the ER, which subsequently induced ER stress and activated the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. These results suggest that AFB1-induced kidney damage in donkeys is mediated through the oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways, primarily involving the EndoG-IRE1/ATF6-CHOP signaling axis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Progress of Equine Medical Research in China and Beyond)
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19 pages, 13618 KiB  
Article
Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking: Exploring the Mechanism of Peppermint in Mastitis Prevention and Treatment in Dairy Cows
by Xinyu Wang, Jiaxin Lai, Fei Xu and Mingchun Liu
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020129 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 284
Abstract
In order to elucidate the active ingredients, potential targets, and mechanisms of action of peppermint in treating bovine mastitis, this study utilized network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking to conduct an exploratory, prospective investigation. Using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database, [...] Read more.
In order to elucidate the active ingredients, potential targets, and mechanisms of action of peppermint in treating bovine mastitis, this study utilized network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking to conduct an exploratory, prospective investigation. Using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database, all compounds and targets of peppermint were retrieved. After removing duplicates, a total of 133 compounds and 272 targets were obtained. Targets were then standardized to gene names using the UniProt database to construct a drug–component-target network. A total of 183 disease targets related to bovine mastitis were retrieved from the GeneCards database. We obtained 28 cross targets of peppermint targets and bovine mastitis targets, and constructed a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network using the STRING database. A visual network was built using Cytoscape 3.10.0 software, and seven core targets were analyzed and obtained. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was performed using the Metascape database. Molecular docking was conducted using AutoDockTools–1.5.6 software on some small–molecule compounds and the seven targets to evaluate the stability of binding between peppermint and core targets. Apigenin, luteolin, and ursolic acid are the three main components in peppermint. Core targets (TNF, IL–6, STAT–3, IL–1β, FGF–2, IFNG, and ESR–1) were selected based on the PPI network. The enrichment analysis suggested that the major signaling pathways in network pharmacology may include AGEs–RAGE, IL–17, NF–κB, TLRs, HIF–1, TGF–β, PI3K–Akt, and MAPK. The molecular docking results showed that one of the main components of mint, ursolic acid, exhibited good binding activity with all core targets of bovine mastitis. Other constituents also produced favorable binding with some core targets. This study elucidates the mechanisms of mint in treating bovine mastitis, providing data to support the potential development of new therapies for bovine mastitis using mint and its constituents. Full article
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14 pages, 1516 KiB  
Article
Effect of an Ultra-Diluted Complex on Health, Growth Performance, and Blood Parameters of Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves
by Mellory M. Martinson, Thiago H. da Silva, Andre S. V. Palma, Bruna L. de Noronha, Emanuel R. Lemos, Iuli C. S. B. Guimarães, Nara. R. B. Cônsolo and Arlindo S. Netto
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020128 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 274
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an ultra-diluted complex on the health status, growth performance, and blood parameters of dairy calves during the preweaning phase in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. During a 75-period trial, thirty-four Holstein newborn calves at the second [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an ultra-diluted complex on the health status, growth performance, and blood parameters of dairy calves during the preweaning phase in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. During a 75-period trial, thirty-four Holstein newborn calves at the second day of life were completely randomized individually into two treatments: (1) control (CON), oral saline supplementation (5 mL/d); and (2) oral supplementation with 5 mL/d of a ultra-diluted complex (UD): Sulfur: 1060 + Viola tricolor: 1014 + Caladium seguinum: 1030 + Zincum oxydatum: 1030 + Phosphorus: 1060 + Cardus marianus: 1060 + Colibacillinum: 1030 + Podophyllum: 1030 + Vehicle: alcohol. Free access to water and a starter was ensured during the trial period. Feed intake and fecal and health scores were monitored daily. Calves were weighed and measured weekly. Blood samples were collected at enrollment on the first day and every 21 days until the 75th day, 2 h after morning milk feeding, and tested for hematology, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total protein albumin, globulin, and creatinine. At 70 days of age, calves were disbudded following the standard management practices of the farm. The inflammatory profile, including Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin G, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, albumin, and haptoglobin, was quantified in serum samples. The ultra-diluted complex was ineffective in reducing the incidence of diseases, starter feed intake, daily weight gain, and body measurements and inflammatory profile. Blood parameters were also not affected. Thus, the ultra-diluted complex was inefficient in reducing the incidence of diseases and did not affect the performance and metabolites of pre-weaned Holstein calves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Ruminant Health and Production: Alternatives to Antibiotics)
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27 pages, 4466 KiB  
Review
“My Bitch Is Empty!” An Overview of the Reasons for Pregnancy Loss in Dogs
by George Mantziaras and Maja Zakosek Pipan
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020127 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 372
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present reasons for pregnancy loss in dogs. Termination of pregnancy can occur at any stage of gestation, sometimes even before pregnancy is diagnosed. If embryonic death occurs before day 35 of gestation, the embryo is absorbed. [...] Read more.
The purpose of this review is to present reasons for pregnancy loss in dogs. Termination of pregnancy can occur at any stage of gestation, sometimes even before pregnancy is diagnosed. If embryonic death occurs before day 35 of gestation, the embryo is absorbed. Fetal death in the second half of gestation leads to abortion or fetal emphysema, maceration, or mummification. Abnormal embryonic development, competition between placental sites, or genetic abnormalities of the embryo(s) can lead to termination of pregnancy. Maternal factors that alter ovarian function or the environment in the oviducts and uterus, such as cystic endometrial hyperplasia or inflammation, can lead to pregnancy loss. Abnormalities of the placenta, uterine torsion, metrocoele, environmental stress, and malnutrition can have detrimental effects on fetal development. Several drugs or medications can also have embryotoxic/teratogenic effect. Endocrinological disorders such as hypoluteodism, gestational diabetes, and hypothyroidism can be reasons for pregnancy failure. Several bacteria, protozoa, and viruses can cause pregnancy loss in dogs. Etiological diagnoses of pregnancy loss in dogs are challenging as the exact causes are not always obvious; so, a multi-faceted approach is required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)
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11 pages, 5802 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ascites Syndrome on Diversity of Cecal Microbiota of Broiler Chickens
by Aikebaier Reheman, Zhichao Wang, Ruihuan Gao, Jiang He, Juncheng Huang, Changqing Shi, Meng Qi and Xinwei Feng
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020126 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 243
Abstract
Ascites syndrome (AS) is a metabolic disease that seriously affects the growth and development of broiler chickens. Intestinal microbiota play a significant role in the growth of broiler chickens. Therefore, further research on the relationship between AS and intestinal microbiota will help to [...] Read more.
Ascites syndrome (AS) is a metabolic disease that seriously affects the growth and development of broiler chickens. Intestinal microbiota play a significant role in the growth of broiler chickens. Therefore, further research on the relationship between AS and intestinal microbiota will help to better understand the impact of AS on broiler growth. In this study, 0.2% sodium chloride was added to the drinking water, which induced AS in broiler chickens, and we detected the influence of AS on the growth performance and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens. The results showed that AS significantly reduced the cecal microbial diversity of broiler chickens and affected the cecal microbial composition at the phylum and genus levels (p = 0.05). Further, LEfSe analysis revealed that AS significantly increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes (p = 0.035) while simultaneously reducing the abundance of Actinobacteria (p = 0.031) in the cecum. Additionally, the differential metabolites associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation were significantly diminished. The findings suggest that AS may further impact the growth rate of broiler chickens by altering cecal microorganisms. Full article
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24 pages, 3166 KiB  
Article
Welfare on Dairy Cows in Different Housing Systems: Emphasis on Digestive Parasitological Infections
by Dragisa Paukovic, Tamara Ilic, Milan Maletic, Nemanja M. Jovanovic, Sreten Nedic, Milorad Mirilovic and Katarina Nenadovic
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020125 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 265
Abstract
The aim of this research was to assess welfare indicators in different dairy cow management systems, determine the prevalence of parasitic infections, and examine the impact of these infections on welfare indicators. This study was conducted in 2024 on 45 Holstein-Friesian cows aged [...] Read more.
The aim of this research was to assess welfare indicators in different dairy cow management systems, determine the prevalence of parasitic infections, and examine the impact of these infections on welfare indicators. This study was conducted in 2024 on 45 Holstein-Friesian cows aged 2 to 6 years (first to third lactation) in Northern Serbia. Monitoring was carried out in tie stall, loose, and pasture-based systems, covering three production phases: late dry period, clinical puerperium, and peak lactation. Cow welfare was evaluated using the Welfare Quality® protocol, and parasitological diagnostics from fecal samples. Identified welfare issues included a low body condition score (BCS), dirtiness of udders, flanks, and legs, integument alterations, nasal and ocular discharge, lameness, and diarrhea. Cows in the pasture-based system had significantly higher scores for dirtiness (p < 0.001), while those in tie stalls showed more integument alterations (p < 0.001). Loose-housed cows had higher nasal discharge scores (p < 0.001). Parasites identified included Eimeria spp., Buxtonella sulcata, gastrointestinal strongylids, Moniezia spp., Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Fasciola hepatica, and Paramphistomum spp. Significant correlations (p < 0.001) were found between certain welfare indicators and parasite infections, such as a low BCS with Eimeria oocysts and nasal discharge and hairless patches with Buxtonella sulcata and Dicrocoelium dendriticum. These data indicate needs for improving dairy cows’ welfare and the implementation of effective parasite control measures in all housing systems. Full article
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17 pages, 5600 KiB  
Article
Stonebrood Disease—Histomorphological Changes in Honey Bee Larvae (Apis mellifera) Experimentally Infected with Aspergillus flavus
by Tammo von Knoblauch, Annette B. Jensen, Christoph K. W. Mülling, Anton Heusinger, Heike Aupperle-Lellbach and Elke Genersch
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020124 - 4 Feb 2025
Viewed by 408
Abstract
Stonebrood (Aspergillus sp.) is a rare, poorly described disease of the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) that can affect adult bees and brood. This study describes the pathogenesis using artificially reared pathogen-free Apis mellifera larvae, experimentally infected (5 × 10 [...] Read more.
Stonebrood (Aspergillus sp.) is a rare, poorly described disease of the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) that can affect adult bees and brood. This study describes the pathogenesis using artificially reared pathogen-free Apis mellifera larvae, experimentally infected (5 × 102 spores/larva) with Aspergillus flavus. Between days 1 and 5 p.i. (larval age 4 until 8 days), five uninfected control larvae, up to five infected living larvae, and up to five infected dead larvae were examined macroscopically. Subsequently, the larvae were photographed, fixed (4% formaldehyde), and processed for histological examination (hematoxylin–eosin stain, Grocott silvering). Sections were digitized, measured (area, thickness), and statistically analyzed. In total, 19 of the 43 collected infected larvae showed signs of infection (germinating spores/fungal mycelium): dead larvae (from day 2 p.i.) showed clear histological and macroscopic signs of infection, while larvae collected alive (from day 1 p.i.) were only locally affected. Infected larvae were significantly smaller (day 2 p.i.: p < 0.001, 4 p.i.: p < 0.01, 5 p.i.: p < 0.01) than uninfected larvae (control group). Our study shows that the pathogenesis of stonebrood is characterized by a short period between Aspergillus germination and the onset of disease (about one day), and a rapid larval death. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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12 pages, 2595 KiB  
Article
Unveiling Tick Diversity in Cattle in Cameroon: Emergence of Rhipicephalus microplus, Replacing the Original Rhipicephalus spp.
by Muhammad Umair Aziz, Jehan Zeb, Michel Lontsi-Demano, Angel Almendros, José de la Fuente, Olivier Andre Sparagano and Patrick Butaye
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020123 - 3 Feb 2025
Viewed by 508
Abstract
Ticks are well-known vectors of pathogens, posing considerable risks to livestock health and productivity. In Cameroon, where livestock production is vital, established tick species such as Amblyomma variegatum and Hyalomma truncatum are prevalent in key cattle-rearing areas. The recent introduction of the invasive, [...] Read more.
Ticks are well-known vectors of pathogens, posing considerable risks to livestock health and productivity. In Cameroon, where livestock production is vital, established tick species such as Amblyomma variegatum and Hyalomma truncatum are prevalent in key cattle-rearing areas. The recent introduction of the invasive, acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus further complicates control efforts. In this study, we deliver baseline data on the composition of tick species and their shifts within agroecological zone I (AEZ I) and agroecological zone III (AEZ III) of Cameroon, providing a foundation for targeted vector control strategies to ultimately reduce the risk of pathogen transmission. From 1100 ticks collected across two Cameroonian agroecological zones, H. truncatum (39.9%), A. variegatum (31%), and R. microplus (10.64%) were the most prevalent species, along with Rhipicephalus lunulatus (4.45%), Hyalomma rufipes (1.45%), Hyalomma marginatum (1.09%), Hyalomma dromedarii (0.45%), and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (0.9%). Molecular identification using cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and 16s led to the identification of five additional species, Hyalomma nitidum (0.73%), Rhipicephalus simus (3.54%), Rhipicephalus sulcatus (2.64%), Rhipicephalus praetextatus (2.1%), and Rhipicephalus pusillus (1.1%). R. microplus emerged as the most dominant Rhipicephalus spp. in AEZ I, comprising 67.5% of the total Rhipicephalus ticks. In conclusion, we demonstrate the further spread of R. microplus, which represents a major source of vector-borne diseases, affecting both humans and animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens)
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17 pages, 1385 KiB  
Article
Individual Genomic Loci, Transcript Level and Serum Profile of Immune, Antioxidant and Hormonal Markers Associated with Sheep Arthritis
by Asmaa Darwish, Ahmed Ateya, Mansour A. Alghamdi and Ahmed El-Sayed
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020122 - 3 Feb 2025
Viewed by 443
Abstract
Arthritis is a leading cause of economic loss in livestock farming including sheep. This study examined the changes in gene expression, antioxidants, pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute-phase proteins (APPs), hormonal assays and iron profiles linked to sheep arthritis, as well as the diagnostic utility of [...] Read more.
Arthritis is a leading cause of economic loss in livestock farming including sheep. This study examined the changes in gene expression, antioxidants, pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute-phase proteins (APPs), hormonal assays and iron profiles linked to sheep arthritis, as well as the diagnostic utility of these markers. Blood samples were obtained from 30 apparently healthy rams and 30 rams with arthritis for gene expression and biochemical analyses. Gene expression intensities were much higher in the arthritis-affected rams than in the healthy ones for the genes IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNFα, NCF4, NFKB, TMED, FCAMR, iNOS and COX18. The SOD3, CAT, GPX and ATOX1 genes were expressed at substantially lower levels in arthritis-affected rams. Disparities in the nucleotide sequence variants for the amplified DNA bases linked to arthritis for the studied genes were found in the PCR-DNA sequence verdicts of the affected and healthy rams. Immunological, acute-phase protein (APP), antioxidant, hormonal and iron profiles were estimated in both groups and statistically analyzed. The arthritic group in relation to the healthy one showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, APPs, free radicals, immunoglobulins, cortisol, GH, TSH, ferritin, TIBC and UIBC and a significant (p ˂ 0.05) decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidants, complements, insulin, T3, T4, SI, and Tf and Tf sat.% serum levels. The estimated pro-inflammatory cytokines and APPs achieved high values of sensitivity and specificity, positive predictive values (PPVs), negative predictive values (NPVs), a high accuracy rate and a moderate likelihood ratio (LR). The study concluded that ovine arthritis stimulates innate and humeral immunity, resulting in prominent alterations in gene expression, pro-inflammatory cytokines, APP assays and antioxidant profiles, which could be valuable indicators of sheep arthritis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)
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18 pages, 4374 KiB  
Article
Transcriptomics-Based Study of Immune Genes Associated with Subclinical Mastitis in Bactrian Camels
by Wanpeng Ma, Huaibin Yao, Lin Zhang, Yi Zhang, Yan Wang, Wei Wang, Yifan Liu, Xueting Zhao, Panpan Tong and Zhanqiang Su
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020121 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 476
Abstract
The significant increase in demand for camel milk has led to a rapid increase in the number of Bactrian camels. However, the widespread occurrence of mastitis significantly impacts the development of the Bactrian camel milk industry and poses a public health risk. Despite [...] Read more.
The significant increase in demand for camel milk has led to a rapid increase in the number of Bactrian camels. However, the widespread occurrence of mastitis significantly impacts the development of the Bactrian camel milk industry and poses a public health risk. Despite this, there is a lack of research on the transcriptional response, immune response pathways, and changes in core genes of Bactrian camels with subclinical mastitis. This study aimed to reveal the changes in immune-related response pathways and gene transcription levels in Bactrian camels with subclinical mastitis by analyzing the blood transcriptional response after the occurrence of subclinical mastitis in natural conditions. This study focused on 7-year-old Bactrian camels and collected 2 mL of blood from the camels that tested positive with a 4-peak California Mastitis Test (CMT) and those that tested negative with a 3-peak CMT. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology was used to analyze gene expression in the blood samples. Gene expression was verified using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Overall, 1722 differentially expressed genes were sequenced in the blood samples of CMT-positive and CMT-negative Bactrian camels, including 1061 upregulated and 661 downregulated genes. After conducting gene ontology functional enrichment, 453 differentially expressed genes were identified. We also discovered pathways such as immune response, the G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, and internal signal transmission. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway enrichment detected 668 differentially expressed genes annotated onto 309 metabolic pathways, with significantly enriched immune pathways including cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, complex and coalescence cascades, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and T helper type 17 cell differentiation, among others. Through a STRING protein interaction database and cytoscape analysis, it was found that core differentially expressed genes related to immunity included IL10, CCL5, IL1B, OSM, TNFRSF1B, IL7, and CCR3, among others. The RT-qPCR results for six randomly selected core differentially expressed genes showed that the RT-qPCR expression pattern was consistent with the RNA Seq results. The immune-related genes in Bactrian camels affected by subclinical mastitis are primarily concentrated in the immune response and the cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction pathway. Given the importance of these pathways and the connections among related genes, the immune genes within these pathways may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of subclinical mastitis in Bactrian camels. This study provides a valuable reference for investigating the immune regulatory mechanisms of subclinical mastitis in Bactrian camels. Full article
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15 pages, 1067 KiB  
Article
Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on the Development, Oxidative Stress, and Cryotolerance of Bovine Embryos Produced In Vitro
by Mariana Moreira dos Anjos, Gabriela Rodrigues de Paula, Deborah Nakayama Yokomizo, Camila Bortoliero Costa, Mariana Marques Bertozzi, Waldiceu Aparecido Verri, Jr., Amauri Alcindo Alfieri, Fábio Morotti and Marcelo Marcondes Seneda
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020120 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 412
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) induced by an imbalance in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in vitro impairs embryonic development. Here, we assessed the effects of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) in in vitro production media on OS reduction, embryonic development, and cryotolerance of bovine embryos. We [...] Read more.
Oxidative stress (OS) induced by an imbalance in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in vitro impairs embryonic development. Here, we assessed the effects of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) in in vitro production media on OS reduction, embryonic development, and cryotolerance of bovine embryos. We evaluated the effects of adding different concentrations of ALA (2.5, 5, 10, and 25 μM) to in vitro maturation (IVM) or in vitro culture (IVC) medium on embryonic development. We also determined the effects of adding ALA (25 μM) to the IVM and IVC medium in the same routine on the development and quality of embryos, ROS levels, and cryotolerance. Embryos were produced in vitro using conventional protocols for each treatment. The inclusion of ALA in the IVM and IVC media did not affect the development or quality of embryos; however, it reduced ROS levels in grade II embryos and increased hatching after 12 h on day 7 in grade I embryos and on day 8 in grade II embryos after warming. These findings prompt questions regarding the potential of ALA in improving embryo metabolism, considering the initial embryo recovery in the first few hours of embryo warming. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Oxidant and Antioxidant Status in Livestock)
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15 pages, 639 KiB  
Case Report
Evaluating a Response to a Canine Leptospirosis Outbreak in Dogs Using an Owner Survey
by Sierra Villanueva and Cord Brundage
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020119 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 342
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease that spreads through contaminated soil and water or directly from infected animals through urine. Although animal-to-human transmission is low, humans are most susceptible to contracting leptospirosis from these contaminated sources. This makes leptospirosis a public health concern, [...] Read more.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease that spreads through contaminated soil and water or directly from infected animals through urine. Although animal-to-human transmission is low, humans are most susceptible to contracting leptospirosis from these contaminated sources. This makes leptospirosis a public health concern, and therefore it is important to control these bacteria from spreading into the environment. A survey targeting Los Angeles County communities, in which a 2021 leptospirosis outbreak occurred, was sent out via groups on the online platforms Instagram and Facebook to gather dog and owner demographics. With 92 (90.2%) respondents having a primary veterinarian, it could not be determined what caused certain owners to have a greater vaccination rate than those who did not (n = 10; 9.8%). Overall, 69 respondents (68%), regardless of whether they had a primary veterinarian or not, reported not knowing of canine leptospirosis and 79 (77%) not knowing the signs to look for or that it is zoonotic. These data help provide a basis in terms of the status of dog owners’ knowledge of leptospirosis and how to begin to inform dog owners better about preventatives for this disease. Full article
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15 pages, 2434 KiB  
Article
Pharmacokinetics of Tylvalosin Following Intravenous or Oral Administration at Different Doses in Broiler Chickens
by Zeyu Wen, Sumeng Chen, Jinyan Meng, Qinyao Wu, Runlin Yu, Nuoyu Xu, Jingyuan Kong, Lu Zhang and Xingyuan Cao
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020118 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 398
Abstract
Tylvalosin is a macrolide antimicrobial with antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, some Gram-negative organisms, and mycoplasma. It is used to treat respiratory and enteric bacterial infections in swine and poultry. In this study, we aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic changes in tylvalosin following [...] Read more.
Tylvalosin is a macrolide antimicrobial with antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, some Gram-negative organisms, and mycoplasma. It is used to treat respiratory and enteric bacterial infections in swine and poultry. In this study, we aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic changes in tylvalosin following its intravenous or oral administration at doses of 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg in broiler chickens. Forty-eight broiler chickens were included in the study. The plasma concentrations of tylvalosin were measured by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and its pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated by using both non-compartmental and compartmental analyses. The linear mixed-effects model revealed no dose proportionality within the 5–25 mg/kg range for either administration route. Based on pharmacokinetic data from a single oral dose, this study simulated a multiple-dose regimen of tylvalosin (25 mg/kg), demonstrating that a 6-hour dosing interval reaches a steady state after the fourth dose. Furthermore, the results show that the absolute bioavailability of tylvalosin after oral administration in chickens was relatively low, with values of 5.92%, 3.56%, and 3.04% for the doses of 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg, respectively. Further studies are required to significantly improve the oral bioavailability of tylvalosin and similar compounds through formulation optimization. Full article
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20 pages, 10411 KiB  
Article
Paeoniflorin Inhibits Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Replication by Inhibiting Autophagy and Targeting AKT/mTOR Signaling
by Zhengchang Wu, Luchen Yu, Yueqing Hu, Wenbin Bao and Shenglong Wu
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020117 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 316
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an important pathogen that leads to great economic losses to the swine industry. Paeoniflorin (PF), a novel plant extract, has been reported to have antiviral properties. However, the role of paeoniflorin in regulating PCV2 replication remains unclear. [...] Read more.
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an important pathogen that leads to great economic losses to the swine industry. Paeoniflorin (PF), a novel plant extract, has been reported to have antiviral properties. However, the role of paeoniflorin in regulating PCV2 replication remains unclear. Here, we used the CCK8 assay to demonstrate that PF within safe concentrations (0–275 mM) significantly inhibits PCV2 replication in a dose-dependent manner in porcine kidney cells. Subsequently, comparative transcriptome and functional verification revealed that PF probably inherits PCV2 replication via targeting AKT/mTOR signaling. Further experimental data show that the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is highly relevant to autophagy. Thus, experimental data from Western blot, qPCR, and the indirect immunofluorescence test indicate that PF inhibits PCV2 replication by inhibiting autophagy by targeting the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Together, our results provide insight into the mechanism of paeoniflorin in regulating PCV2 replication and offer new ideas for the treatment of PCV2 infection in pigs. Full article
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12 pages, 1781 KiB  
Article
Agreement and Diagnostic Accuracy of New Linear Deflection Oscillometry and Doppler Devices for Hypotension Detection Compared to Invasive Blood Pressure in Anesthetized Dogs
by Matheus M. Mantovani, Any C. A. Costa, Mayara T. de Lima, Luis F. N. dos Santos, Kimberly F. Silva, Alessandro R. de C. Martins, Adan W. M. Navarro, Renata S. Akabane and Denise T. Fantoni
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020116 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 428
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) monitoring is essential during anesthesia to maintain cardiovascular stability and detect hypotension. This study evaluated the agreement and diagnostic accuracy of linear deflection oscillometry (LDO) and Doppler compared to invasive blood pressure (IBP) in anesthetized dogs. Eleven healthy dogs were [...] Read more.
Blood pressure (BP) monitoring is essential during anesthesia to maintain cardiovascular stability and detect hypotension. This study evaluated the agreement and diagnostic accuracy of linear deflection oscillometry (LDO) and Doppler compared to invasive blood pressure (IBP) in anesthetized dogs. Eleven healthy dogs were anesthetized, and BP measurements were taken using LDO, Doppler, and IBP methods under normotensive and hypotensive conditions. The LDO device demonstrated superior agreement, assessed using Bland–Altman analysis, with IBP, especially in hypotensive conditions, compared to the Doppler method. LDO showed bias and standard deviation in the hypotensive state, with a mean and systolic arterial pressure (MAP and SAP) of −5.1 ± 7.9 and −5.6 ± 12.5 mmHg, respectively. Conversely, Doppler measurements tended to overestimate SAP during hypotension, presenting a bias of −13 ± 15.45 mmHg. The LDO achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.809 for hypotension detection, with an MAP cutoff of ≤72 mmHg (sensitivity: 90%, specificity: 63%). Meanwhile, the best threshold for Doppler measurements was an AUC of 0.798, SAP ≤ 100 mmHg (sensitivity: 77.8%, specificity: 81.8%). These results indicate that LDO is a reliable method for hypotension detection in anesthetized dogs, with potential applications for real-time monitoring. In contrast, the Doppler method may help confirm hypotension diagnoses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blood Pressure Monitoring for Small Animals)
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17 pages, 3716 KiB  
Article
Zinc Oxide Administration Relieves the Diarrhea of ETEC K88-Infected Piglets by Reducing Ileal Apoptosis and Maintaining Gut Microbial Balance
by Yanyan Zhang, Jiale Liu, Muzi Li, Yi Dong, Zongyun Li, Dan Yi, Tao Wu, Lei Wang, Di Zhao and Yongqing Hou
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020115 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 411
Abstract
The impact of ZnO as a feed additive on growth-performance and intestinal function of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88-infected piglets remains unclear. Fecal scores of piglets in ETEC group were significantly increased compared to control group. ETEC K88 significantly damages the small intestine, [...] Read more.
The impact of ZnO as a feed additive on growth-performance and intestinal function of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88-infected piglets remains unclear. Fecal scores of piglets in ETEC group were significantly increased compared to control group. ETEC K88 significantly damages the small intestine, including a reduction in villus height in the jejunum, duodenum, and ileum, and a decrease in total superoxide dismutase activity in the jejunum and catalase activity in the ileum and jejunum. Compared to control group, ETEC K88 infection significantly elevated the mRNA level of gene IL-1β and the level of ileal epithelial cell apoptosis. ZnO administration significantly alleviated these negative effects and improved the antioxidative capability of the ileum. Moreover, ZnO supplementation alleviated the imbalance of gut microbiota by restoring the reduced amount of Enterococcus and Lactobacillus in the jejunum, Clostridium in the ileum, and Lactobacillus in the cecum, as well as the increased amount of total eubacteria in the ileum and Enterococcus in the cecum induced by the ETEC K88 infection. In conclusion, ZnO administration can reduce the diarrhea of piglets infected with ETEC K88 by reducing the structural damage of the intestine, attenuating intestinal oxidative stress and epithelial cell apoptosis, and modulating the gut microbiota. Full article
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35 pages, 1903 KiB  
Review
Tick Control Strategies: Critical Insights into Chemical, Biological, Physical, and Integrated Approaches for Effective Hard Tick Management
by Tsireledzo Goodwill Makwarela, Nimmi Seoraj-Pillai and Tshifhiwa Constance Nangammbi
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020114 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 644
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases significantly impact animal health, public health, and economic productivity globally, particularly in areas where the wildlife–livestock interface complicates management. This review critically examines the current control strategies, focusing on chemical, biological, physical, and integrated pest management (IPM) approaches. Chemical [...] Read more.
Ticks and tick-borne diseases significantly impact animal health, public health, and economic productivity globally, particularly in areas where the wildlife–livestock interface complicates management. This review critically examines the current control strategies, focusing on chemical, biological, physical, and integrated pest management (IPM) approaches. Chemical acaricides, while effective, are increasingly challenged by resistance development and environmental concerns. Biological approaches, including natural predators and entomopathogenic fungi, and physical interventions, such as habitat modification, provide sustainable alternatives but require further optimization. IPM stands out as the most promising long-term solution, integrating multiple approaches to enhance efficacy while reducing environmental risks. Emerging innovations, such as nanotechnology-enhanced acaricides and next-generation vaccines, offer promising avenues for improved tick control. Addressing the complex challenges of tick management requires tailored strategies, interdisciplinary collaboration, and sustained research investment in both veterinary and public health contexts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control Strategies of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens)
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9 pages, 500 KiB  
Review
Detection of Bagaza Virus in Europe: A Scoping Review
by Filipa Loureiro, João R. Mesquita, Luís Cardoso, Ana C. Matos, Manuela Matos and Ana Cláudia Coelho
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020113 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 440
Abstract
The Bagaza virus (BAGV) belongs to the genus Orthoflavivirus (Ntaya serocomplex) and emerged in Europe, Spain, in 2010. The natural transmission cycle of this virus is perpetuated by Culex spp. mosquitoes and viraemic birds. The ability of BAGV to cause infection in several [...] Read more.
The Bagaza virus (BAGV) belongs to the genus Orthoflavivirus (Ntaya serocomplex) and emerged in Europe, Spain, in 2010. The natural transmission cycle of this virus is perpetuated by Culex spp. mosquitoes and viraemic birds. The ability of BAGV to cause infection in several game birds from the family Phasianidae has been well-studied. BAGV is antigenically similar to other orthoflaviviruses from the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex, such as the West Nile and Usutu viruses, a circumstance which can lead to cross-reactivity in less specific serological techniques (e.g., ELISA). Severe implications in animal health has already been described, but some aspects of the dynamics of transmission and the limits of zoonotic potential of BAGV still need to be clarified. Further investigation focused on epidemiological surveillance in high-risk areas would be beneficial for prevention and control of new outbreaks. The present study is a systematic review of the BAGV reports in Europe. Full article
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20 pages, 5570 KiB  
Article
Administration of a Recombinant Fusion Protein of IFN-γ and CD154 Inhibited the Infection of Chicks with Salmonella enterica
by Jingya Zhang, Guofan Ren, Wei Li, Honglin Xie, Zengqi Yang, Juan Wang, Yefei Zhou and Xinglong Wang
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020112 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 473
Abstract
The cytokines IFN-γ and CD154 have been well established, and they play pivotal roles in immune protection against Salmonella in mice, but their effects and specific mechanisms in Salmonella-infected chickens are less understood. In this study, we conducted animal experiments to screen [...] Read more.
The cytokines IFN-γ and CD154 have been well established, and they play pivotal roles in immune protection against Salmonella in mice, but their effects and specific mechanisms in Salmonella-infected chickens are less understood. In this study, we conducted animal experiments to screen the highly immunoprotective chIFN-γ-chCD154 fusion protein compared with single protein chIFN-γ or chCD154 in white Leghorn chickens. The results showed that compared with separate pretreatments with chIFN-γ and chCD154, the fusion protein, chIFN-γ-chCD154, synergistically increased survival of infected chickens, reduced bacterial load in feces and organs, and attenuated pathological damage to the liver and cecum. Pretreatment with chIFN-γ-chCD154 also increased humoral immune responses, expression of the tight junction proteins zo-1, occludin, and claudin-1, and the relative abundance of Enterococcus_cecorum, Lactobacillus_helveticus, and Lactobacillus_agilis, which protect against intestinal inflammation. Compared with single protein pretreatment, chIFN-γ-chCD154 significantly upregulated STAT1, IRF1, and GBP1 in infected chickens while decreasing mRNA expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. In summary, damage to the cecal epithelial barrier and the inflammation induced by S. typhimurium infection was alleviated by chIFN-γ-chCD154 pretreatment through a mechanism involving the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and IFN-γ/STAT/IRF1/GBP1 pathways. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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10 pages, 203 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Perioperative Analgesic Efficacy of Lidocaine Intratesticular Block and Spermatic Cord Instillation in Feline Castration
by Tossawarn Makpunpol, Yanika Chanrobru, Passawan Thanapaisal, Manawee Kuropakaranan, Piyasak Wipoosak, Suvaluk Seesupa, Supranee Jitpean, Duangdaun Kaenkangploo, Preenun Jitasombuti, Chalermkwan Nonthakotr, Nitaya Boonbal, Somphong Hoisang, Wanwisa Chaoum, Naruepon Kampa and Thanikul Srithunyarat
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020111 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 541
Abstract
Intratesticular block is an effective local anesthetic technique for castration; however, its use may be limited in cases of testicular masses or infections. Instillation is a simple technique used in several procedures, though studies investigating its application in feline castration remain scarce. Therefore, [...] Read more.
Intratesticular block is an effective local anesthetic technique for castration; however, its use may be limited in cases of testicular masses or infections. Instillation is a simple technique used in several procedures, though studies investigating its application in feline castration remain scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the perioperative analgesic efficacy of lidocaine intratesticular block and spermatic cord instillation in feline castration. Forty-five male cats were randomly divided into three groups: the intratesticular block group (IT), the spermatic cord instillation group (S), and the control group (C). All cats were anesthetized using the same protocol and both techniques were performed based on group assignments. Lidocaine (2 mg/kg) was administrated according to the designated route, while 0.9% normal saline was used for the alternative route and in the C group. Intraoperative parameters were recorded, showing that noninvasive blood pressure in the IT and S groups was significantly lower than in the C group. Although both lidocaine intratesticular block and spermatic cord instillation effectively reduce surgical noxious stimulation, intratesticular block is recommended as it provides more stable intraoperative vital signs and less postoperative pain. Therefore, spermatic cord instillation can be considered as an optional technique for managing pain in feline castration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Small-Animal Anaesthesia and Analgesia)
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