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Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine

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A special issue of Veterinary Sciences (ISSN 2306-7381). This special issue belongs to the section "Anatomy, Histology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2026 | Viewed by 9152

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Dr. Ilaria D'Aquino

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Farms and Livestock Production Hygiene Section, Local Health Authority of Benevento, 82100 Benevento, Italy
Interests: histopathology; forensic pathology; animal welfare
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Davide De Biase

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Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
Interests: laboratory animal medicine; myopathology; histopathology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Lorenzo Riccio

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Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Interests: histopathology; digital pathology; AI-based image analysis; endocrine disruptors; environmental toxicology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Morphology and histopathology play a fundamental role in veterinary medicine, providing critical insights into the structural and pathological changes of animal tissues across a broad spectrum of diseases. Ongoing advancements in diagnostic imaging, staining techniques, molecular pathology, and digital pathology have greatly improved the capacity to accurately evaluate tissue alterations. This Special Issue aims to highlight recent developments and applications in veterinary morphological and histopathological research. We welcome original studies, reviews, and case reports that examine structural pathology, comparative pathology, lesion characterization, and the relationships between histopathological findings and clinical outcomes in domestic, wild, or laboratory animals. By presenting cutting-edge research, this Special Issue seeks to advance disease understanding, enhance diagnostic precision, and ultimately improve animal health care in both clinical and research settings. The Guest Editors gratefully acknowledge the valuable assistance of Dr. Lorenzo Riccio (Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II), whose expertise in specializing in clinical pathology and biochemistry has contributed significantly to the success of this Special Issue.

Dr. Ilaria D'Aquino
Dr. Davide De Biase
Dr. Lorenzo Riccio
Guest Editors

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Keywords

veterinary histopathology
morphological pathology
diagnostic techniques
comparative pathology
animal tissue analysis

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review, Other

17 pages, 3039 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cranial Suture Joints in Sheep Ovis aries (Najdi breed): Anatomical and Radiographic Findings

by Fahad Abdullah Alshanbari, Gamal Mounir Allouch, Madeh Sadan and Moustafa Salouci

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050416 - 24 Apr 2026

Viewed by 272

Abstract

This study aimed to describe the anatomical and morphological features of cranial suture joints in sixteen sheep skulls and to compare these findings with those reported in other domesticated species. The study of cranial sutures extends beyond morphology to elucidate mechanisms of skull growth, as suture patterns function as regulatory units in cranial development, highlighting the important roles in comparative and evolutionary studies, age estimation, and fracture identification, and serving as reference points in veterinary surgery and radiography. A detailed anatomical examination of sheep skulls was performed to identify and classify cranial sutures based on their morphology and anatomical location. Sutures were categorized according to their structural patterns and regional distribution within the cranium. Twenty-eight cranial sutures were identified and classified into four morphological types: serrated, plane, squamosal and foliate. These sutures were distributed across the dorsal, ventral, lateral–vertical, and internal cranial regions, reflecting the complex organization of cranial bones, indicating intraspecies diversity influenced by species-specific cranial architecture and developmental factors. The absence of certain sutures, such as the sagittal suture in sheep, was found. This study provides a detailed anatomical reference for cranial sutures in sheep. In sheep, suture morphology is closely related to the skull’s adaptation to mechanical stresses during growth, including forces generated by fighting and self-defense behaviors and high chewing mechanics. The findings offer valuable baseline data for veterinary clinicians and anatomists in distinguishing normal anatomical patterns from congenital cranial abnormalities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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14 pages, 1411 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Urinary Cotinine and Whole-Slide Digital Cytomorphometric Alterations in the Oral Mucosa of Tobacco Smoke-Exposed Cats

by Ilaria d’Aquino, Lorenzo Riccio, Giuseppe Piegari, Nicola Ambrosio, Consiglia Longobardi, Roberto Ciarcia, Laura Cortese, Evaristo Di Napoli, Orlando Paciello and Valeria Russo

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040354 - 4 Apr 2026

Viewed by 474

Abstract

Cigarette smoke contains a high concentration of carcinogenic substances to which smokers are regularly exposed. Passive smoking is seriously harmful to the health of non-smoking humans and animals. Domestic cats are particularly vulnerable because of their constant grooming activity, which can promote oral ingestion of smoke-derived residues. Cotinine, a nicotine metabolite, is a reliable biomarker for tobacco exposure. Considering these observations, our study aimed to (1) characterize cytological alterations in oral mucosal epithelial cells by conventional morphology and automated digital cytomorphometry; (2) quantify urinary cotinine concentration and investigate its possible correlation with oral epithelial cytological alterations. To this aim, oral smears were collected from 30 cats divided into two groups (20 exposed; 10 non-exposed). Smears were stained with May–Grünwald–Giemsa and Papanicolaou to assess inflammation and dysplasia; digital cytomorphometric analysis was used to quantify the nucleus-to-cytoplasm (N/C) ratio. Urinary cotinine was measured by ELISA. Our results showed that exposed cats had significantly higher urinary cotinine levels and higher N/C ratios (p < 0.01) than non-exposed controls, along with mild-to-severe inflammation and dysplastic-like epithelial alterations. These findings support urinary cotinine as a valid biomarker of household tobacco smoke exposure in domestic cats and suggest that such exposure may be correlated with early cytological and cytomorphometric changes in the oral mucosa. Further studies are needed to better investigate the relationship between exposure duration and cytological, cytomorphometric, and molecular alterations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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31 pages, 19473 KB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological, Histological and Ultrastructural Characterization of the Common Dolphin’s Adrenal Glands

by Paula Alonso-Almorox, Alfonso Blanco, Ignacio Molpeceres-Diego, Raiden Grandía-Guzmán, Diego Llinás Rueda, Manuel Arbelo and Antonio Fernández

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040348 - 2 Apr 2026

Viewed by 888

Abstract

The adrenal glands are central regulators of endocrine function and stress physiology, yet detailed species-specific anatomical baselines remain limited in cetaceans. This study provides a comprehensive gross, histological, morphometric, and ultrastructural characterization of the adrenal glands in 55 short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) examined postmortem in the Canary Islands. Adrenal glands were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically, and histological corticomedullary ratios were calculated from mid-transverse sections. Associations with body length, sexual maturity, and cause-of-death category were assessed statistically. Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize cortical and medullary cellular ultrastructure. Adrenal weight showed a positive correlation with body length. The histological corticomedullary ratio showed no lateral asymmetry but differed significantly between sexually immature and mature individuals, indicating ontogenetic remodeling of adrenal architecture. In contrast, the corticomedullary ratio did not differ significantly between adult dolphins that died from acute events and those that died following more progressive pathological conditions. Ultrastructural analysis identified characteristic steroidogenic cortical cells and two distinct chromaffin cell populations in the medulla. These findings establish the first integrated anatomical baseline for the adrenal gland in Delphinus delphis, providing essential reference data for comparative anatomy, veterinary pathology, and the interpretation of endocrine-related findings in cetaceans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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18 pages, 3342 KB

Open AccessArticle

Look Trout in the Eye: Corneal Biomarkers of Ammonia Stress in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Treated with TiO₂ Photoelectrocatalysis

by Giorgio Mirra, Gaia Beatrice Maria Bianchi, Chiara Stocchero, Mirko Sergio, Lucia Aidos, Chiara Bazzocchi, Anna Zurlo, Annamaria Costa, Eleonora Buoio, Silvia Clotilde Modina, Giuseppe Radaelli, Daniela Bertotto, Tarek Temraz, Nadia Chérif, Gian Luca Chiarello, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Alessia Di Giancamillo and Chiara Giudice

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040347 - 2 Apr 2026

Viewed by 336

Abstract

The eye is a sensitive target of sublethal stress in aquaculture-reared fish due to its direct exposure to the aquatic environment. This study tested a photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) water treatment system, integrated into a standard recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), to improve water quality and evaluated ocular health in Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) reared at 30 kg/m³ for 28 days, with particular emphasis on the cornea as an indicator of fish welfare. Ocular analyses focused on the cornea and retina, two anatomically and functionally distinct structures. PEC significantly reduced ammonia levels and modulated nitrate concentrations compared to the control group (CTR), represented by a standard RAS. No differences in growth performance or body condition were observed between groups. Corneal integrity was assessed using optical coherence tomography, histology, and mucous cell staining to evaluate epithelial structure and protective responses. Corneal tissue was examined to detect local oxidative effects through morphological analysis and immunohistochemistry for 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Alcian Blu–Periodic Acid–Schiff (AB–PAS) staining did not reveal significant differences in mucin-producing cells among groups. CTR fish exhibited epithelial disruption and increased 8-OHdG immunoreactivity, whereas fish reared in the RAS equipped with the PEC system, ensuring improved water quality, showed preserved corneal architecture despite mild oxidative stress. Molecular analysis of ocular tissues revealed no differential expression of oxidative stress-related genes, such as GPx1, GR, or sod1, in the two groups. Overall, these findings support the use of the cornea as a sensitive indicator of sublethal environmental stress in farmed fish and suggest that PEC treatment may contribute to improved water quality management and welfare monitoring in intensive aquaculture systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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17 pages, 1509 KB

Open AccessArticle

Full Characterization of Corpus Luteum Morphological Dynamics, Echotexture, and Blood Flow During Different Stages of the Follicular Wave in Spontaneously Non-Mated Female Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

by Abdulrhman K. Alhaider, Ibrahim A. Emam and Elshymaa A. Abdelnaby

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121212 - 18 Dec 2025

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Abstract

This study was designed, for the first time, to fully characterize the corpus luteum’s (CL) dynamics, echotexture, and ovarian blood flow on the ipsilateral side of the CL during different stages of the follicular wave in spontaneously non-mated camels (Camelus dromedarius) and to correlate the CL’s size echotexture with Doppler parameters. Of 20 non-mated camels, only 7 exhibited spontaneous ovulation. B- and color-mode analyses of the CL were estimated; CL frozen image echotextures [CL echogenicity (CLE) and CL heterogeneity (CLH)] and ovarian artery (OV. A.) dynamics were recorded, and ultrasound scanning was performed. Blood sampling and progesterone (P4) levels were measured after ovulation. CL diameter and echotexture were elevated (p = 0.025 and p = 0.037) at the mid-maturation stage and compared to the early growth and late regression stages (1.03 ± 0.45/cm and 82.65 ± 2.87 for CLE and 33.65 ± 1.83 for CLH vs. 1.98 ± 0.88 cm; 66.52 ± 4.32 for CLE and 15.66 ± 0.25 for CLH vs. 1.02 ± 0.02 cm, 65.12 ± 2.66 for CLE, and 19.32 ± 1.33 for CLH), as those parameters are critical in the determination of CL activity. Ipsilateral OV. A. diameter increased (p = 0.021) in the mid-maturation and regression stages, with a significant elevation in Doppler velocities (p = 0.025) in the maturation stage, with a decline in Doppler indices (p = 0.013), while the contralateral side was not affected. Ipsilateral mean velocity (Vm; cm/s) and blood flow volume (BFV; mL/min) were increased in the mid-maturation stage (23.55 ± 0.66 cm/s and 25.62 ± 0.32 mL/min). CL diameter was positively correlated with the CL’s total colored area/pixels (r = 0.81; p = 0.001), total colored area % (r = 0.93; p = 0.001), and OV. A. velocities (r = 0.96; p = 0.001). In addition, there was a positive correlation between CLH and OV. A.BFV (r = 0.89; p = 0.001). After spontaneous ovulation, the CL increases in diameter and reaches its peak on day 12, with an elevation in the P4 level at day 10, and the total colored area of the CL continues to elevate until day 14. Ipsilateral OV. A. blood flow is elevated and linked to changes that occur in the CL’s total coloration %. Evaluating luteal function in camels presents several challenges due to the species’ unique reproductive physiology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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11 pages, 2238 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Pancreatic Endocrine Reprogramming in Diabetic Cats

by Lune D. Geurts, Alice Zanon, Eylem E. Akyurek, Silvia Ferro, Roberta Sacchetto, Mila Della Barbera, Carolina Callegari, Gabriele Gerardi, Federico Fracassi, Hans S. Kooistra, Thomas A. Lutz and Eric Zini

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1167; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121167 - 8 Dec 2025

Viewed by 580

Abstract

Transcription factors control the development of the endocrine pancreas in various mammals. In humans, paired box-4 (PAX4) and aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) allocate endocrine progenitor cells toward β-cell and α-cell specification, respectively. In adulthood, PAX4 contributes to reprogramming α-cells into β-cells and exocrine into endocrine cells; induction of ARX in β-cells drives them to reprogram into α-cells. Feline diabetes mellitus has a similar pathophysiology to human type 2 diabetes, but information about the role of these transcription factors is unavailable in diabetic cats. The study aim was to test whether diabetic cats have an increased number of pancreatic cells expressing developmental markers of β- and α-cells, respectively, suggesting reprogramming. In 9 diabetic and 9 well-matched control cats, pancreas was collected, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. Tissue slides were labelled for insulin, glucagon, PAX4, and ARX. Positive cells for each marker and double-positive cells for their combinations were counted in the pancreas and compared between groups. Against controls, diabetic cats had fewer insulin-positive cells in the islets (p = 0.001) and exocrine pancreas (p = 0.038); glucagon-positive cells were similar. In the islets, diabetic cats had higher counts of insulin/glucagon-positive cells (p = 0.024), PAX4-positive cells (p = 0.038), as well as PAX4/insulin-positive cells (p = 0.027). In conclusion, in diabetic cats, the increased number of islet cells expressing PAX4 leads to the hypothesis that β-cells change to an earlier stage of differentiation or that novel β-cells are formed. Furthermore, the higher count of islet insulin/glucagon-positive cells might indicate that α-cells transform into β-cells or vice versa. Hence, reprogramming seems possible in diabetic cats, specifically in the islets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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14 pages, 2985 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Custom-Designed 3D-Printed Drill Guides in the Treatment of Lateral Humeral Condylar Fractures in a French Bulldog Bone Model

by Jirawat Srikusalanukul, Nattapon Chantarapanich and Chaiyakorn Thitiyanaporn

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090888 - 14 Sep 2025

Viewed by 1404

Abstract

The French Bulldog is a breed predisposed to lateral humeral intercondylar fractures. A transcondylar lag screw combined with an epicondylar pin is most commonly used for their repair. However, improper screw and pin placement is common. This study used a 3D-printed plastic bone model, designed from a 5-year-old 19.5 kg French Bulldog’s humerus. Then, a 3D-printed drill guide was designed specifically for a lateral humeral condylar fracture. The bone models were divided into two groups: the first group included the use of the 3D-printed drill guide during the screw and pin placement, and the second group did not. After implantation, we compared the angle deviation of the transcondylar screw and the epicondylar pin, as well as the exit point translation of the transcondylar screw. The results showed differences between the two groups. The first group exhibited a lower angle deviation than the second group. Additionally, the exit point translation of the transcondylar screw was reduced in the drill guide group. The use of a custom-designed 3D-printed drill guide significantly improved the accuracy of the transcondylar screw and epicondylar pin placement. This advancement could reduce the incidence of postoperative complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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Review

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60 pages, 7634 KB

Open AccessReview

Canine Cognitive Dysfunction and Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathophysiological Relationships and the Impact of Glymphatic System Impairment on Neurodegeneration

by Maurizio Dondi, Ezio Bianchi, Paolo Borghetti, Rosanna Di Lecce, Giacomo Gnudi, Chiara Guarnieri, Valentina Buffagni, Francesca Ravanetti, Roberta Saleri and Attilio Corradi

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030298 - 21 Mar 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1521

Abstract

Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder in dogs that shares several pathological and clinical features with human Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In both species, β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates within the brain parenchyma and cerebral vessel walls and is associated with synaptic loss, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic neuroinflammation, ultimately leading to progressive cognitive decline. Increasing evidence indicates that impairment of brain clearance mechanisms, particularly the glymphatic system, represents a central pathogenic mechanism in both CCD and AD. The glymphatic system is a glia-dependent perivascular network involved in the clearance of Aβ and other metabolic waste products from the brain. Its function declines with aging, vascular disease, and astrocytic alterations, including changes in aquaporin-4 distribution. Reduced glymphatic and periarterial drainage promotes the retention and aggregation of Aβ and tau proteins. Compared with AD, tau pathology in CCD is generally less extensive, supporting the interpretation of CCD as an Aβ-predominant condition and a partial pathological analog of Alzheimer’s disease. Clinically, CCD is characterized by a constellation of behavioral changes including, disorientation, altered social interactions, sleep–wake cycle disturbances, a loss of housetraining, changes in activity levels, and increased anxiety, commonly summarized by the DISHAA acronym. Overall, CCD represents a valuable spontaneous large-animal model for investigating neurodegenerative mechanisms and clearance-related therapeutic targets relevant to both veterinary and human medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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27 pages, 1036 KB

Open AccessReview

A Practical Diagnostic Approach to Non-Drowning Asphyxia in Animals: Forensic Pathology and Biomarkers

by Vittoria Romano, Davide De Biase, Valeria Russo, Evaristo Di Napoli, Orlando Paciello and Giuseppe Piegari

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030296 - 21 Mar 2026

Viewed by 982

Abstract

The term asphyxia refers to a disruption in brain function due to rapid and persistent cerebral hypoxia or anoxia as a consequence of accidental or non-accidental injury. Considering the different mechanisms that may determine asphyxiation, such injuries can be referred to different categories: strangulation (death by hanging, ligature or manual strangulation), suffocation (smothering, choking, confined spaces and vitiated atmosphere), mechanical asphyxia (positional and traumatic asphyxia) and drowning (submersion or immersion in liquid). In both human and veterinary forensic practice, fatal asphyxia is considered among the most diagnostically challenging categories of sudden death, as it often produces only subtle and non-pathognomonic macroscopic signs, which can be easily covered by post-mortem alterations. Therefore, a wide range of information is often needed for the diagnosis of asphyxiation, including medical history, crime scene analysis, testimonies and physical evidence, along with the macroscopic and histological findings. The following review addresses the main lesions, ancillary tests and diagnostic issues associated with non-drowning asphyxia in veterinary forensic pathology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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Other

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7 pages, 2009 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma in a Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) Stranded on Thyrrhenian Sea Coast

by Maria Dimatteo, Maria Oliviero, Marianna D’amore, Luigia Contaldo, Giuseppe Lucifora, Stefania Giglio, Giovanna Fusco and Barbara degli Uberti

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(11), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12111061 - 5 Nov 2025

Viewed by 814

Abstract

An adult male striped dolphin was found stranded on the Tyrrhenian coast of Belvedere Marittimo (Cosenza, Italy). The animal was multi-parasitized and post-mortem examination revealed a focal extensive white soft lesion with poorly defined margins on the caudal portion of the left lung. The tributary lymph node had similar multifocal lesions in the cortex and medulla. Histological analysis exhibited the presence of lung carcinoma with lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemical examination allowed the characterization of the epithelial neoplasm as a bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. It appears to be the first case of lung cancer recorded in this species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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