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Risks, Volume 13, Issue 12

2025 December - 26 articles

Cover Story: Integrating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) metrics into supply chain finance is critical for promoting sustainable development. However, the dynamic mechanisms through which real-time ESG performance influences credit allocation and, consequently, shapes credit risk and environmental risk exposures for financial institutions, remain poorly understood, especially when compared to traditional static and retrospective ESG evaluations. To address this, we developed an agent-based model that simulates interactions among green enterprises, a financial institution, and a regulator, featuring a dynamic credit algorithm that adjusts credit lines based on real-time ESG scores. View this paper
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Articles (26)

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,537 Views
14 Pages

18 December 2025

This paper develops a robust portfolio optimization framework that integrates Weighted Shannon Entropy (WSE) into the classical mean–variance paradigm, offering a distribution-free approach to diversification suited for volatile and heavy-taile...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,109 Views
21 Pages

15 December 2025

The One-X property, introduced by Zetocha in a 2023 paper, provides a novel stochastic order with direct implications for constructing arbitrage-free implied volatility surfaces. The current work revisits its theoretical foundations and explores its...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stochastic Modelling in Financial Mathematics, 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2,092 Views
33 Pages

15 December 2025

We show that financial integration in emerging Asia is state-dependent in the sense that cross-market linkages vary systematically across regimes of global uncertainty and market stress. Focusing on Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietn...

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Techniques and Modeling in Business and Economics)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,358 Views
16 Pages

Policy Implications and Risk Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Management in the Renewable Energy Sector

  • Bogdan Firtescu,
  • Laurentiu Droj,
  • Adrian Florea and
  • Bogdan-Florin Filip

11 December 2025

The transition toward renewable energy systems offers significant opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while also introducing new challenges in risk management and policy design. This study examines the long-term effects of renewab...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risks in Finance, Economy and Business on the Horizon in the 2030s)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,127 Views
30 Pages

11 December 2025

The widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies has transformed the financial landscape by enabling swift, decentralised transactions. However, the pseudonymous nature of digital currencies has also fuelled illicit activities, such as money laundering. C...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cryptocurrency Pricing and Trading)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,750 Views
23 Pages

11 December 2025

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure has gained global prominence, yet its implementation in emerging markets particularly in environmentally intensive sectors remains fragmented. In Indonesia’s energy industry, ESG transparen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
6,547 Views
24 Pages

The Regress of Uncertainty and the Forecasting Paradox

  • Nassim Nicholas Taleb and
  • Pasquale Cirillo

10 December 2025

We show that epistemic uncertainty–our iterated ignorance about our own ignorance–inevitably thickens statistical tails, even under perceived thin-tailed environments from past realizations. Any claim of precise risk carries a margin of e...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,188 Views
27 Pages

10 December 2025

This study employs a quantile-on-quantile connectedness approach to analyze the asymmetric, distribution-dependent, and time-varying spillovers between FinTech indices and traditional financial markets. The results show that spillovers are concentrat...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Issues in Financial Markets: Risk-Return Tradeoff and Investment Strategies)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,680 Views
23 Pages

The Sovereign Risk Amplifies ESG Market Extremes: A Quantile-Based Factor Analysis

  • Oscar Walduin Orozco-Cerón,
  • Orlando Joaqui-Barandica and
  • Diego F. Manotas-Duque

10 December 2025

This study examines how sovereign risk shapes the financial performance of sustainable investments, using the MSCI Emerging Markets ESG Index as a reference. The analysis covers 24 emerging and frontier economies from Latin America, Asia, the Middle...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
832 Views
28 Pages

9 December 2025

This paper analyzes how the agricultural insurance market is adapting to climate change, particularly as extreme weather events become more frequent and severe. We focus on the optimal decision faced by a risk-averse farmer who wants to insure their...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,803 Views
28 Pages

8 December 2025

Institutional investors exert significant influence on the operations and development of financial institutions, with different categories of investors playing distinct roles. We contend that institutional investor diversity may affect systemic finan...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,511 Views
21 Pages

8 December 2025

This study examines the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosures on the firm valuation of non-financial firms listed in South Africa, using Tobin’s Q as a firm value proxy. Using a panel data approach of 642 firm-year o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4,251 Views
22 Pages

Economic Analysis of Global Catastrophic Risks Under Uncertainty

  • Wei-Chun Tseng,
  • Chi-Chung Chen and
  • Tsung-Ling Hwang

5 December 2025

Background: Despite the apparent importance of global catastrophe risks (GCRs), human society has invested relatively little to reduce them. One possible reason is that we do not understand the significance of reducing GCRs, especially when measured...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,309 Views
34 Pages

Machine Learning Analysis of Financial Risk Dynamics in Micro-, Small, and Medium Enterprises

  • Dražen Božović,
  • Nataša Perović,
  • Marinko Aleksić,
  • Ivana Rašović and
  • Oto Iker

5 December 2025

This study examines the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to classify financial risks in micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in Montenegro and the wider Western Balkan region. The economies in this region share structural simi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,701 Views
15 Pages

5 December 2025

European Union legislation, particularly Council Directive 2004/113/EC, mandates gender neutrality in credit scoring to prevent discrimination. However, this creates a regulatory paradox if gender is a statistically relevant predictor of default risk...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
6,073 Views
16 Pages

3 December 2025

The rapid growth of the consumer credit card market has introduced substantial regulatory and risk management challenges. To address these challenges, financial institutions increasingly adopt advanced machine learning models to improve default predi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,857 Views
18 Pages

3 December 2025

Understanding how ESG performance and corporate governance practices influence financial policies has become increasingly critical for investors, regulators, and other stakeholders. This study specifically examines the simultaneous independent effect...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,593 Views
29 Pages

1 December 2025

This study investigates the relationship between emission performance, environmental disclosure, and firm value in Southeast Asia, where climate-related risks are increasingly shaping corporate strategies and investor decisions. Using a sample of 206...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) and Corporate Risk-Taking Capability)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,678 Views
20 Pages

1 December 2025

Integrating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) metrics into supply chain finance is critical for promoting sustainable development. However, the dynamic mechanisms through which real-time ESG performance influences credit allocation and, con...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,365 Views
18 Pages

1 December 2025

Reducing stock price crash risk is vital for capital market stability, particularly in emerging economies such as China. This study investigates whether Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) can mitigate crash risk by analyzing panel data from A-sha...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantitative Analysis and Mathematical Modeling in Economics and Financial Decision-Making)
  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,280 Views
23 Pages

Optimal Investment Considerations for a Single Cohort Life Insurance Portfolio

  • Sari Cahyaningtias,
  • Petar Jevtić,
  • Carl Gardner and
  • Traian A. Pirvu

1 December 2025

This study examines the portfolio optimization problem of an insurance company that issues an annuity, receives the associated premiums as a lump sum, and invests in a financial market. The insurer’s objective is to determine an investment stra...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Actuarial Mathematics and Insurance Risk Management)
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
4,118 Views
28 Pages

30 November 2025

This study investigates the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance on the link between financial reporting quality (FRQ) and corporate risk-taking (CRT). Building upon agency and stakeholder theories, we contend that ESG pr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,530 Views
47 Pages

28 November 2025

Statistical models are crucial in analyzing insurance loss and claims data, offering insights into various risk elements. The prevailing statistical notion that “all models are wrong, but some are useful” can wield significant influence,...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Financial Risk, Actuarial Science, and Applications of AI Techniques)
  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,974 Views
20 Pages

Low Financial Risk of Default and Productive Use of Assets Through Hidden Markov Models

  • Alexander Haro,
  • Genaro Sandoval,
  • María Rodríguez,
  • Victor Armijo,
  • Ivonne Arana,
  • William Vasquez,
  • Elizabeth Proaño and
  • Amanda Martínez

27 November 2025

This paper analyzes solvency dynamics in Ecuador’s mutualist segment by modeling the joint behavior of the productive-assets-to-total-assets ratio (PATR) and portfolio-specific delinquency rates. Using monthly supervisory data from the Superint...

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stochastic Modelling in Financial Mathematics, 2nd Edition)
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,730 Views
16 Pages

27 November 2025

Purpose of the article: The study aims to explore how demographic characteristics—including gender, age, education, employment type, household composition, and place of residence—affect perceived financial security among Hungarian adults....

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,096 Views
14 Pages

24 November 2025

This paper investigates the return spillover dynamics among carry trade, stock, foreign exchange, and commodity markets to identify their roles as net transmitters or receivers of shocks under varying market conditions. Employing a Quantile Vector Au...

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Risks - ISSN 2227-9091