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Languages, Volume 10, Issue 7

2025 July - 28 articles

Cover Story: Do heritage speakers engage the same inferential and decoding strategies as L1 or L2 speakers when processing idioms? Results of this eye-tracking study show that native speakers read familiar idioms faster than equivalent literal expressions, such as blacklist compared to secret list, confirming the idiom superiority effect under conditions where idioms are familiar, semantically opaque, and lack a plausible literal reading. L2 speakers also benefit from idiomaticity, while heritage speakers seem to have processing difficulty with such non-compositional meanings. These findings suggest that heritage speakers follow distinct comprehension strategies, shaped by their specific language acquisition context. View this paper
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Articles (28)

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,048 Views
27 Pages

This study examines how several gender-encoding strategies in Spanish and social factors influence gender perception, reinforcing or mitigating a sexist male bias. Using an experimental design, we tested four linguistic conditions in a job recruitmen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
4,775 Views
36 Pages

Enhancing Code-Switching Research Through Comparable Corpora: Introducing the El Paso Bilingual Corpus

  • Margot Vanhaverbeke,
  • Renata Enghels,
  • María del Carmen Parafita Couto and
  • Iva Ivanova

Research on language contact outcomes, such as code-switching, continues to face theoretical and methodological challenges, particularly due to the difficulty of comparing findings across studies that use divergent data collection methods. Accordingl...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,850 Views
31 Pages

The Discourse Function of Differential Object Marking in Turkish

  • Klaus von Heusinger and
  • Haydar Batuhan Yıldız

Differential Object Marking (DOM) is a cross-linguistic phenomenon in which the overt marking of direct objects of certain transitive verbs exhibits distinct morpho-syntactic properties. In Turkish, DOM is realized by the accusative suffix -(y)I and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,780 Views
33 Pages

This paper analyzes 20th century colloquialization processes in Peninsular Spanish, in line with recent works addressing mass-media colloquialization. Previous studies suggest a change in sports-talk announcing towards a more informal model, which is...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,052 Views
23 Pages

This study compares complaints in Korean and Chinese, focusing on how they are expressed explicitly or implicitly. Complaints are potentially face-threatening, yet they frequently appear in conversations among native Korean and Chinese speakers who a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,008 Views
23 Pages

Effective language processing relies on pattern detection. Spanish monolinguals predict verb tense through stress–suffix associations: a stressed first syllable signals present tense, while an unstressed first syllable signals past tense. Low-p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,479 Views
19 Pages

This study investigates the immediate and delayed effects of processing instruction (PI), which is an input-based pedagogical intervention, and its key component, structured input (SI), which aims to foster making correct form-meaning connections, on...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,378 Views
16 Pages

Studies that have examined /s/ weakening as a social practice have found that L1 Spanish speakers perceive this cue as an indicator of lower status, region of origin, and greater friendliness, and even L2 Spanish learners have been found to associate...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,124 Views
19 Pages

Of the few studies that have investigated the linguistic development of heritage speakers (HSs) in the study abroad (SA) context, none have utilized on-line experiments, in spite of these tasks’ clear methodological benefits. In this study, the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,382 Views
36 Pages

This study examines around 350 handwritten letters from semiliterate soldiers during the Spanish Civil War, focusing on written orality and its interaction with scriptural conventions. The theoretical framework combines epistolography research (in wh...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,884 Views
25 Pages

Although prosodic differences in autistic individuals have been widely documented, little is known about their ability to perceive and interpret specific prosodic features, such as contrastive pitch accent—a prosodic signal that places emphasis...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,989 Views
23 Pages

The present paper examines and compares the role of cognitive discourse markers (DMs), such as uhm, like, or I mean, and a set of prosodic parameters as indicators of prosodic boundaries. Cognitive DMs traditionally are not studied as a separate DM g...

  • Article
  • Open Access
877 Views
23 Pages

Bare nouns representing kinship terms (KNs) and body parts (BPNs) can be assumed to project a null possessor argument, which allows for the interpretation of such nouns relative to other linguistically present NPs. In Vietnamese, the distribution of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,189 Views
46 Pages

This paper investigates the acceptability of focused Objects with [+corrective, +exhaustive] features in Italian and French, considering the role of syntactic rigidity, Exhaustivity Markers (EMs), and argument structure. We conducted two parallel acc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,091 Views
24 Pages

This study investigates the semantic development of V-diao in Taiwan Mandarin-speaking children, focusing on how they acquire both literal and non-literal meanings. Three key factors influencing this acquisition—type, metaphoricality, and conte...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,737 Views
32 Pages

Acquiring prosodic focus marking in a second language (L2) is difficult for learners whose native language utilizes strategies that differ from those of the target language. German typically uses pitch accents (L+H*/H*) to mark focus, while (Modern S...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,557 Views
25 Pages

This paper investigates transgenerational change in the use of formal address forms among Polish heritage speakers in Germany by analyzing their language attitudes and usage preferences. The survey-based study involved 100 bilingual Polish speakers w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,672 Views
17 Pages

Dealing with Idioms: An Eye-Tracking Study of Cognitive Processing on L1, L2 and Heritage Speakers of Spanish

  • Pilar Valero Fernández,
  • Adriana Cruz,
  • Mathis Teucher,
  • Inés Recio Fernández and
  • Óscar Loureda Lamas

This study investigates the cognitive processing of Spanish idioms from a pragmatic perspective, with the goal of examining the idiom superiority effect. An eye-tracking experiment was conducted with 77 participants to assess how idiomaticity influen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,656 Views
15 Pages

Ironic remarks are often pronounced with a distinctive intonation. It is not clear whether children rely on acoustic cues to attribute an ironic intent. This question has been only indirectly tackled, with studies that manipulated the intonation with...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,061 Views
22 Pages

Williams Syndrome and Agreement: The Case for Spanish Speakers

  • Antònia Llull Febrer,
  • Lluís Barceló-Coblijn and
  • Elga Cremades

This paper examines morphosyntactic agreement in gender and number within the spontaneous spoken discourse of Spanish-speaking adults with Williams syndrome (WS), compared to that of typically developing (TD) speakers. Data were collected through nat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,387 Views
17 Pages

In four experiments, we investigated when and how English-learning infants perceive intonation contours that signal prosodic units. Using visual habituation, we probed infants’ ability to discriminate disyllabic sequences with a fall versus a r...

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Languages - ISSN 2226-471X