Systems

32 pages, 741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Do Executives’ Overseas Experiences Reshape Corporate Climate Risk Disclosure in Emerging Countries? Evidence from China’s Listed Firms

by Xiaolei Zou, Wangtong Li, Wenzhe Wu, Alistair Hunt and Haoyang Lu

Systems 2025, 13(6), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060494 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 254

Abstract

Urgency and severity of climate change impacts have become increasingly prominent, making the enhancement of corporate climate risk disclosure (CCRD) a shared demand among regulators, investors, and the general public. From the perspective of irrational behavioral traits, this paper utilizes a sample of [...] Read more.

Urgency and severity of climate change impacts have become increasingly prominent, making the enhancement of corporate climate risk disclosure (CCRD) a shared demand among regulators, investors, and the general public. From the perspective of irrational behavioral traits, this paper utilizes a sample of A-share-listed companies in China from 2008 to 2022 to empirically examine the impact of executives’ overseas experiences on CCRD and its underlying mechanisms. To measure firm-level climate risk disclosure, we employ machine learning-based textual analysis techniques and match the constructed disclosure indicators with firms’ financial data. The results demonstrate that executives with overseas experience significantly enhance the level of CCRD, and this effect remains consistent after a series of robustness tests. This effect operates through the dual paths of “climate attention allocation enhancement” and “management myopia mitigation”. Moreover, the positive impact of overseas experience is more pronounced among firms in climate-sensitive industries and regions with lower climate awareness. A further analysis of executive overseas experience characteristics shows that executives with experience in developed economies and those with international educational backgrounds exhibit a stronger influence in promoting CCRD. Additionally, an investigation into the economic consequences demonstrates that executives with overseas experiences not only improve firms’ ESG performances but also help reduce ESG rating discrepancies, reinforcing the beneficial role of overseas exposure in corporate governance. The findings not only provided micro-level empirical evidence for the effectiveness of talent recruitment policies in emerging economies but also yielded critical policy implications for regulatory bodies to refine climate disclosure frameworks and enable enterprises to leverage opportunities in low-carbon transition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)

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15 pages, 912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation Model for Emergency Material Suppliers in Emergency Logistics Systems Based on Game Theory–TOPSIS Method

by Lihao Lei, Songtao Yu, Yuxian Ke, Linhong Deng and Qian Kang

Systems 2025, 13(6), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060493 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 178

Abstract

Emergency material suppliers serve as a critical component within emergency logistics systems, with their capabilities directly influencing operational efficiency. To identify suppliers with comprehensive capabilities, this study establishes an evaluation index system encompassing four key dimensions: emergency resilience, logistics costs, material quality, and [...] Read more.

Emergency material suppliers serve as a critical component within emergency logistics systems, with their capabilities directly influencing operational efficiency. To identify suppliers with comprehensive capabilities, this study establishes an evaluation index system encompassing four key dimensions: emergency resilience, logistics costs, material quality, and supplier internal conditions. The methodology integrates subjective weights derived from the G1 method and objective weights calculated by entropy weighting, subsequently employing game theory to reconcile conflicts between weighting methods and determine comprehensive weights. The TOPSIS method is applied to identify optimal suppliers through relative approximation comparisons. A case study demonstrates the model’s effectiveness, with comparative analysis against AHP and traditional combination weighting methods revealing distinct advantages: under information distortion conditions, the game theory combination weighting exhibits significantly lower weight fluctuations (0.00018) compared to the additive synthesis (0.00044) and multiplicative synthesis methods (0.000503). This evidence confirms that game theory not only demonstrates superior stability and adaptability for emergency evaluations but also effectively balances weight conflicts, yielding more rational assessment outcomes. The research findings validate the practical utility of this game theory–TOPSIS integrated evaluation model, providing valuable decision support for emergency management professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Sustainable Operations and Supply Chain Management)

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20 pages, 632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Mechanism of Fun Activities Weakening the Impact of Workplace Ostracism: A Mediated Moderation Model

by Hongqing Wang and Chuanhao Fan

Systems 2025, 13(6), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060492 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 328

Abstract

In the era of shifting global economic dynamics and rapid digital transformation, the demand for enhanced corporate innovation capabilities has significantly increased. However, workplace ostracism, which often arises in complex organizational contexts, may trigger employees’ creative territory behavior, thereby undermining the organization’s innovation [...] Read more.

In the era of shifting global economic dynamics and rapid digital transformation, the demand for enhanced corporate innovation capabilities has significantly increased. However, workplace ostracism, which often arises in complex organizational contexts, may trigger employees’ creative territory behavior, thereby undermining the organization’s innovation ecosystem. There is a need for further research on mitigating the negative impacts of workplace ostracism. Drawing on Affective Events Theory, this study adopts the perspective of enhancing individuals’ perceived coping resources and conceptualizes fun activities as a form of indirect support created by the organization. It further develops a mediated moderation model to examine how fun activities buffer the impact of workplace ostracism on employees’ creative territory behavior by mitigating their fear of missing out. Using a two-wave questionnaire survey, this study collected 337 valid responses from Chinese employees and conducted a hierarchical regression analysis with SPSS. The results reveal that fun activities perform a dual role: directly, they can mitigate employees’ fear of missing out triggered by workplace ostracism; indirectly, they can weaken the impact of workplace ostracism on employees’ creative territory behavior by alleviating such apprehension. This study offers theoretical insights for organizations on integrating ostracism governance into their organizational management systems and on alleviating the adverse outcomes of workplace ostracism by fostering an environment of indirect support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches in Knowledge Management and Organizational Innovation)

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17 pages, 2706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micro-Driving Behavior Analysis of Drivers in Congested and Conflict Environments Using Graph Theory

by Rongjun Cheng, Xudong An, Weiqi Fan and Dan Zhao

Systems 2025, 13(6), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060491 - 19 Jun 2025

Viewed by 248

Abstract

Many traffic conflicts on the roads are caused by a small proportion of drivers. Currently, there are few studies exploring the time-varying patterns of driving behavior among these drivers. This paper proposes a generic time-series analytical framework and uses it to analyze the [...] Read more.

Many traffic conflicts on the roads are caused by a small proportion of drivers. Currently, there are few studies exploring the time-varying patterns of driving behavior among these drivers. This paper proposes a generic time-series analytical framework and uses it to analyze the driving behavior patterns of many high-risk drivers, which provides a theoretical and targeted basis for vehicle warning systems. Specifically, the natural trajectory time-series data in the rear-end conflict process from congested highway sections were first obtained. Secondly, K-medoid clustering was utilized to obtain the quantitative driving behavior sequence from the trajectory. Thirdly, the driving behavior sequence was transformed into a graph structure by the co-occurrence matrix. Graph theory and Markov theory were used to analyze the obtained graph to achieve the goal of analyzing the time-varying patterns of driving behavior. The analysis found that the driving behavior transition graph network of high-risk drivers on congested highway sections does not exhibit the small-world property and this suggests that during the conflict process, the driver is unable to quickly transition between states. Additionally, vehicles consistently evolve into a rear-end conflict state along a fixed driving behavior transition route, which indicates that the causes of conflicts in congested road sections are similar. Finally, the state change of the conflict process follows the Markov property, proving that the state during the conflict process can be predicted and controlled. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Simulation of Transportation Systems)

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19 pages, 645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Auditing AI Literacy Competency in K–12 Education: The Role of Awareness, Ethics, Evaluation, and Use in Human–Machine Cooperation

by Ahlam Mohammed Al-Abdullatif

Systems 2025, 13(6), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060490 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 360

Abstract

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education highlights the growing need for AI literacy among K–12 teachers, particularly to enable effective human–machine cooperation. This study investigates Saudi K–12 educators’ AI literacy competencies across four key dimensions: awareness, ethics, evaluation, and use. Using [...] Read more.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education highlights the growing need for AI literacy among K–12 teachers, particularly to enable effective human–machine cooperation. This study investigates Saudi K–12 educators’ AI literacy competencies across four key dimensions: awareness, ethics, evaluation, and use. Using a survey of 426 teachers and analyzing the data through descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM), this study found high overall literacy levels, with ethics scoring the highest and use slightly lower, indicating a modest gap between knowledge and application. The SEM results indicated that awareness significantly influenced ethics, evaluation, and use, positioning it as a foundational competency. Ethics also strongly predicted both evaluation and use, while evaluation contributed positively to use. These findings underscore AI literacy skills’ interconnected nature and point to the importance of integrating ethical reasoning and critical evaluation into teacher training. This study provides evidence-based guidance for educational policymakers and leaders in designing professional development programs that prepare teachers for effective and responsible AI integration in K–12 education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Education Systems as Learning Organizations: Challenges and Opportunities of Evolving Human–Machine Cooperation)

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24 pages, 626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Critical Success Factors for Supply Chain 4.0 Implementation Using a Hybrid MCDM Framework

by Ibrahim Mutambik

Systems 2025, 13(6), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060489 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 306

Abstract

Heightened environmental policies along with the necessity for a resilient supply chain (SC) network have driven companies to adopt circular economy (CE) strategies. Although CE initiatives have shown significant effects on SC operations, the advent of digital technologies is encouraging businesses to digitize [...] Read more.

Heightened environmental policies along with the necessity for a resilient supply chain (SC) network have driven companies to adopt circular economy (CE) strategies. Although CE initiatives have shown significant effects on SC operations, the advent of digital technologies is encouraging businesses to digitize their SCs. However, the relationship connecting SC digitalization with CE practices remains underexplored. This study presents a novel framework that bridges the gap between CE principles and SC digitalization by identifying and prioritizing critical success factors (CSFs) for implementing SC4.0 in a circular economy context. We conducted a comprehensive literature review to determine CSFs and approaches relevant to Supply Chain 4.0 (SC4.0), and expert insights were gathered using the Delphi method for final validation. To capture the complex interrelationships among these factors, the study employed a combined approach using Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set (IFS), Analytic Network Process (ANP), decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory, and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) techniques to assess the CSFs and strategies. The findings highlight that an intelligent work environment, performance tracking, and data accuracy and pertinence are the top three critical CSFs for SC digitalization. Furthermore, enhancing analytical capabilities, optimizing processes through data-driven methods, and developing a unified digital platform were identified as key strategies for transitioning to SC4.0. By embedding CE principles into the evaluation of digital SC transformation, this research contributes a novel interdisciplinary perspective and offers practical guidance for industries aiming to achieve both digital resilience and environmental sustainability. The study delivers a comprehensive evaluation of CSFs for SC4.0, applicable to a variety of sectors aiming for digital and sustainable transformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Supply Chain Management)

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30 pages, 3754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Kind of Rural Digital Configurations Contribute to High County-Level Economic Growth? A Study Conducted in China’s Digital Village Pilot Counties

by Guojie Xie, Yu Tian, Lijuan Huang, Muyun Li and John Blenkinsopp

Systems 2025, 13(6), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060488 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 425

Abstract

The digitalization of rural areas has emerged as a crucial strategy for promoting economic development, yet the phenomenon of “digital suspension” poses a challenge, where the lack of digital integration in certain sectors may hinder economic progress. This study delves into this issue [...] Read more.

The digitalization of rural areas has emerged as a crucial strategy for promoting economic development, yet the phenomenon of “digital suspension” poses a challenge, where the lack of digital integration in certain sectors may hinder economic progress. This study delves into this issue by identifying multiple configurations that drive county-level economic growth. More specifically, this study aims to explore how rural digitalization contributes to county-level economic growth through different combinations of environmental and subject-level factors. To address this issue, this study applies the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis method, guided by systems thinking and ecological systems theory. The analysis is based on 89 case samples selected from China’s digital village pilot counties, using data from the China County-level Digital Rural Index Research Report jointly released by Peking University and Ali Research Institute, published in 2022, and other county-level statistical data. The study explores the complex causal mechanisms and configuration paths through which rural digitalization empowers county-level economic growth. This study found that (1) the conditions necessary to generate high county-level economic growth do not exist in the process of rural digitalization (at least not within the digital village pilot); (2) four configurations facilitate high county-level economic growth: digital governance-led configuration, dual promotion of digital governance and digital infrastructure, dual promotion of digital life and digital infrastructure, and dual promotion of digital life and digital economy; and (3) two configurations yield non-high county-level economic growth and exhibit asymmetrical relationships with those configurations conducive to high growth. These research findings not only broaden the application of systems thinking and ecological systems theory in the realm of rural digitalization but also offer practical insights into strategies for enhancing county-level economic growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complex Systems Theory in Regional and Urban Marketing: Strategies for Resilient, Sustainable, and Smart Cities)

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12 pages, 705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Systems Between the Environment, Human Health and Society: An Overview

by Carlo Modonesi, Stefano Serafini and Alessandro Giuliani

Systems 2025, 13(6), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060487 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 630

Abstract

This work underlines an analogy between urban and biological systems. The dialogic approach of systems biology showed us that parts constitute a whole and, in turn, the whole constitutes the parts. The development of a biological system such as an animal or a [...] Read more.

This work underlines an analogy between urban and biological systems. The dialogic approach of systems biology showed us that parts constitute a whole and, in turn, the whole constitutes the parts. The development of a biological system such as an animal or a plant does not unfold by means of an autonomous internal program. Rather, it stems from the interaction of the organism’s internal response pattern and its external environment. The wide scientific literature on the genome–environment interaction confirms this. Nevertheless, the scientific community still tends to consider the environment as a mere external factor which simply modulates the organism’s program. On the contrary, the environment has a key role in development. For example, when a seed germinates after heavy rain, it does not simply react to an external signal indicating favorable conditions for germination. Rather, it interacts directly with rainwater, which becomes a developmental factor no less important than the seed coat proteins. Similar to what happens during the development of an organism, the interface between any complex system and its environment determines its structural and functional fate. We argue that large cities have blurred the interface with their natural environment and depend on delocalized global sources. They are like organisms kept alive by external devices. Hence, we propose to regenerate a vital interface between cities and their rural and natural environment as the main and promising path towards future urban civilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Theory and Methodology)

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29 pages, 1593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Port Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty, and Referral Intention: Focusing on Korean Container Terminals Amid Smart Port Development

by Lele Zhou and Woojong Suh

Systems 2025, 13(6), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060486 - 18 Jun 2025

Viewed by 496

Abstract

The evaluation of port service quality (PSQ) is critical for enhancing the competitiveness of container terminals. As technological innovation continues to reshape port operations, PSQ has shifted beyond operational efficiency to deliver smart, reliable, and sustainable services. However, few studies have addressed PSQ [...] Read more.

The evaluation of port service quality (PSQ) is critical for enhancing the competitiveness of container terminals. As technological innovation continues to reshape port operations, PSQ has shifted beyond operational efficiency to deliver smart, reliable, and sustainable services. However, few studies have addressed PSQ in the context of smart port evolution, especially with a focus on container terminals. This study employs a five-dimensional framework, comprising resources, outcomes, process, management, image, and social responsibility, to analyze how PSQ influences customer satisfaction and how customer satisfaction, in turn, affects customer loyalty and referral intention. The data was collected through a survey targeting users of container terminals in five major ports in Korea that undergoing smart port transformation, resulting in a final sample of 324 respondents. The findings reveal that resource-related, process-related, and image- & social responsibility-related PSQ dimensions significantly enhance customer satisfaction, which in turn has a positive effect on customer loyalty and referral intention. In contrast, the outcome-related and management-related dimensions did not have a significant impact on customer satisfaction. The analysis results and various implications discussed in this study are expected to provide helpful information and insights for establishing strategies to enhance the competitiveness of smart ports in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Supply Chain Management)

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30 pages, 2031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Group Stable Matching Problem in Freight Pooling Service of Vehicle–Cargo Matching Platform

by Linlin Kong and Min Huang

Systems 2025, 13(6), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060485 - 17 Jun 2025

Viewed by 249

Abstract

With the continuous advancement of the Internet and information technologies, the capacity for development and integration of vehicle and cargo resources has been significantly enhanced, driving the rapid emergence of vehicle–cargo matching platforms. Serving as critical intermediaries between vehicle owners and cargo owners, [...] Read more.

With the continuous advancement of the Internet and information technologies, the capacity for development and integration of vehicle and cargo resources has been significantly enhanced, driving the rapid emergence of vehicle–cargo matching platforms. Serving as critical intermediaries between vehicle owners and cargo owners, vehicle–cargo matching platforms effectively address key challenges in traditional logistics, such as low matching efficiency and information asymmetry. As a result, they significantly improve the intelligence and precision of logistics resource allocation. However, at the current stage, vehicle–cargo matching platforms rarely promote freight pooling services, leading to resource underutilization. Due to the freight pooling matching problem involving the combination and allocation of multiple vehicle owners and cargo owners, which is highly complex, few scholars have conducted research on such issues. The lack of coordinated optimization in matching models may result in inefficiencies, and the limited consideration of individual user preferences can lead to low user satisfaction. Therefore, this paper focuses on the freight pooling matching problem in vehicle–cargo matching platforms. To improve matching efficiency and fully consider user preferences, the theory of stable matching is introduced into the freight pooling matching problem. It defines the concepts of combination preferences and group stability based on combination preferences, establishes a group stable matching model for the freight pooling business of vehicle–cargo matching platforms, and verifies the stability of the model through theoretical proof. Since this model is a mixed-integer linear programming model with relatively few decision variables but a large number of constraints, this paper introduces the cutting-plane algorithm. Based on the characteristics of the problem, the algorithm is improved by removing ineffective constraints and only using key constraints, significantly reducing computational complexity, optimizing the solving process, and greatly improving the model’s solution efficiency. This approach aligns well with the characteristics of the vehicle–cargo freight-pooling matching model. The research results indicate that the group stable matching model significantly improves platform revenue, vehicle owners’ profits, and cargo owners’ satisfaction across various supply and demand scenarios. Additionally, the cutting-plane algorithm reduces computation time by 97% and decreases the number of constraints during the solving process by 99%. The stable matching theory and solution algorithm proposed in this paper can provide users with precise matching schemes, significantly improving matching efficiency, user satisfaction, platform revenue and platform competitiveness. It demonstrates high innovation and practical application value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Sustainable Operations and Supply Chain Management)

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29 pages, 5769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Sustainable Earned Value Management (EVM) Under Grey Uncertain Conditions

by Lei Fan, Shima Mohseni Nejad, Morteza Bagherpour, Mohammad Reza Feylizadeh and Negar Karimi

Systems 2025, 13(6), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060484 - 17 Jun 2025

Viewed by 364

Abstract

The EVM method is an essential project management technique that compares the work done to the planned values (PVs) to identify project variances. However, the inherent uncertainties and possibilities in the project introduce uncertainty in the input data. Despite this importance, the input [...] Read more.

The EVM method is an essential project management technique that compares the work done to the planned values (PVs) to identify project variances. However, the inherent uncertainties and possibilities in the project introduce uncertainty in the input data. Despite this importance, the input data for this method is often considered deterministic in most research, and several researchers have modeled it under fuzzy information. In this research, we developed a novel approach using a combined model of fuzzy numbers and grey numbers called interval grey triangular fuzzy (IGTF) numbers. This model is designed to manage the project’s fuzzy grey value, addressing the two pillars of fuzzy and grey uncertainty. The findings of the study indicate that by combining the grey degree of confidence with the triangular fuzzy number (TFN), the results are closer to the real world and more lenient. Finally, based on the estimation of the actual final cost of the project, managers are encouraged to use certainty in lowering costs concerning the value obtained by using the Z-number for the phases of the project. This research provides practical insights and a new model for managing sustainable project uncertainties using fuzzy and grey theories, offering a potential solution to this challenge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision Making in Uncertain Environments via Advanced Analytical Methods)

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20 pages, 11802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distributed Trajectory Optimization for Connected and Automated Vehicle Platoons Considering Safe Inter-Vehicle Following Gaps

by Meiqi Liu, Ying Gao, Yikai Zeng and Ruochen Hao

Systems 2025, 13(6), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060483 - 17 Jun 2025

Viewed by 298

Abstract

Existing studies on platoon trajectory optimization of connected and automated vehicles face challenges in balancing computational efficiency, privacy, and safety. This study proposes a distributed optimization method that decomposes the platoon trajectory planning problem into independent individual vehicle tasks while ensuring safe inter-vehicle [...] Read more.

Existing studies on platoon trajectory optimization of connected and automated vehicles face challenges in balancing computational efficiency, privacy, and safety. This study proposes a distributed optimization method that decomposes the platoon trajectory planning problem into independent individual vehicle tasks while ensuring safe inter-vehicle following gaps and maximizing travel efficiencyand ride comfort. The individual vehicle problems independently optimize their trajectory to improve computational efficiency, and only exchange dual variables related to safe following gaps to preserve privacy. Simulation experiments were conducted under single-platoon scenarios with different simulation horizons, as well as multi-platoon and platoon-merging scenarios, to analyze the control performance of the distributed method in contrast to the centralized method. Simulation results demonstrate that the mean computation time is reduced by 50% and the fuel consumption is decreased by 4% compared to the centralized method while effectively maintaining the safe inter-vehicle following gaps. The distributed method shows its scalability and adaptability for large-scale problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Optimization of Transportation and Logistics System)

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19 pages, 2821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Hub Location and Flow Assignment Problem in the Intermodal Express Network of High-Speed Railways and Highways

by Xiaoting Shang, Zhenghang Wang, Xin Cheng and Xiaoyun Tian

Systems 2025, 13(6), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060482 - 17 Jun 2025

Viewed by 287

Abstract

The intermodal express network of high-speed railways and highways can fully utilize the flexibility of highways and the advantages of high-speed railways, such as low cost, high efficiency, and low carbon emission. This paper studies the hub location and flow assignment problem in [...] Read more.

The intermodal express network of high-speed railways and highways can fully utilize the flexibility of highways and the advantages of high-speed railways, such as low cost, high efficiency, and low carbon emission. This paper studies the hub location and flow assignment problem in the intermodal express network of high-speed railways and highways, which can not only increase the transportation efficiency but also provide door-to-door service. Considering the characteristics of multiple modes, flow balance, carbon emission, capacity constraints, and time constraints in the intermodal express network, a mixed-integer linear programming model is proposed with the objective of minimizing the total cost by determining the hub locations, allocations, mode selections, and flow assignments. Owing to the NP-hard computational complexity, an improved genetic algorithm with local search is designed by combining the genetic operators and two optimization strategies to solve the problem effectively. Lastly, numerical experiments are conducted to validate the feasibility of the model and the effectiveness of the algorithm. Full article

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20 pages, 1369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Impact for Mixed Traffic Flow Based on the Time-Varying Model Predictive Control

by Rongjun Cheng, Haoli Lou and Qi Wei

Systems 2025, 13(6), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060481 - 17 Jun 2025

Viewed by 295

Abstract

The connected and automated vehicles (CAV) smoothing mixed traffic flow has gained attention, and a thorough assessment of these control algorithms is necessary. Our previous research proposed the time-varying model predictive control (TV-MPC) strategy, which considers the time-varying driving style of human driven [...] Read more.

The connected and automated vehicles (CAV) smoothing mixed traffic flow has gained attention, and a thorough assessment of these control algorithms is necessary. Our previous research proposed the time-varying model predictive control (TV-MPC) strategy, which considers the time-varying driving style of human driven vehicles (HDV), performing better than current baseline models. Due TV-MPC can be applied to any traffic congestion scenario and the dynamic modeling that considers driving style, can be easily transferred to other control algorithms. Thus, TV-MPC enable to represent typical control algorithms in mixed traffic flow. This study investigates the performance of TV-MPC under diverse disturbance characteristics and mixed platoons. Firstly, quantifying mixed traffic flow with different CAV penetration rates and platooning intensities by a Markov chain model. Secondly, by constructing evaluation indicators for micro-level operation of mixed traffic flow, this paper analyzed the impact of TV-MPC on the operation of mixed traffic flow through simulation. The results demonstrate that (1) CAV achieve optimal control at specific positions within mixed traffic flow; (2) higher CAV penetration enhances TV-MPC performance; (3) dispersed CAV distributions improve control effectiveness; and (4) TV-MPC excels in scenarios with significant disturbances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Transportation Systems: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Mobility)

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25 pages, 1617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Does Artificial Intelligence Capability Affect Product Innovation in Manufacturing Enterprises? Evidence from China

by Yang Gao, Yexin Liu and Weiwei Wu

Systems 2025, 13(6), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060480 - 17 Jun 2025

Viewed by 511

Abstract

In today’s fast-changing business environment, artificial intelligence (AI) capability plays a critical role in fostering product innovation (PI). Resource-based theory (RBT) posits that resources and capabilities characterized as valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable can generate a sustained competitive advantage, providing an appropriate theoretical [...] Read more.

In today’s fast-changing business environment, artificial intelligence (AI) capability plays a critical role in fostering product innovation (PI). Resource-based theory (RBT) posits that resources and capabilities characterized as valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable can generate a sustained competitive advantage, providing an appropriate theoretical framework for this study. Using RBT this study examines how business intelligence transforming capability (BITC) mediates the relationship between AI capability and PI and how formal and informal knowledge governance mechanisms (FKGMs and IKGMs, respectively) moderate the effect of AI capability on BITC. Using partial least squares structural equation modeling on 516 Chinese manufacturing enterprises, we empirically test a mediated moderation model. The findings reveal that BITC significantly mediates the relationship between AI capability and PI. Both FKGMs and IKGMs strengthen the effect of AI capability on BITC (with IKGMs showing a stronger influence). This study theoretically contributes by identifying BITC’s mediating role, defining AI capability and BITC boundary conditions, revealing FKGMs’ and IKGMs’ asymmetries, and extending RBT. In terms of practical contributions, the findings emphasize the necessity of developing BITC and strategically applying both FKGMs and IKGMs to maximize AI capability-driven PI benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Business Model Innovation in the Context of Digital Transformation)

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15 pages, 663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Employability Thinking Scale for Use with Young People in Training: Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis

by Ramón Chacón-Cuberos, Clemente Rodríguez-Sabiote, Jorge Expósito-López, Eva Olmedo-Moreno, Jennifer Serrano-García and Olga Hortas-Aliaga

Systems 2025, 13(6), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060479 - 17 Jun 2025

Viewed by 256

Abstract

The present study addresses the need for valid and reliable tools to assess employability thinking among young people in training. In a labor market increasingly shaped by transversal skill demands, the objective was to construct and validate a scale adapted for secondary and [...] Read more.

The present study addresses the need for valid and reliable tools to assess employability thinking among young people in training. In a labor market increasingly shaped by transversal skill demands, the objective was to construct and validate a scale adapted for secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary students. Grounded in strategic frameworks such as the Europe 2020 Strategy, the European Skills Agenda, and relevant Spanish legislation, an abbreviated version of the Graduate Skills and Attributes Scale (GSAS) was administered to a representative sample of 949 Andalusian students enrolled in compulsory secondary education, baccalaureate, or vocational training. A cross-sectional and exploratory research design was adopted, with all procedures conducted in accordance with ethical and legal standards and approved by the University of Granada’s ethics committee. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed, leading to a refined 28-item version of the instrument. Items were grouped into four well-defined factors: ethical self-regulation and achievement orientation, effective communication and collaborative working, proactivity and commitment to learning, and analytical thinking and information handling. The factors demonstrated high internal consistency and structural validity. These findings indicate that the scale is a clear and effective tool for assessing employability-related competencies and may assist in the design of educational interventions aimed at improving students’ professional development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Navigating Digital Transformation: Leadership and Decision Making in Today’s Systems)

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20 pages, 1765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forecasting Demand for Emergency Material Classification Based on Casualty Population

by Jianliang Yang, Kun Zhang, Hanping Hou and Na Li

Systems 2025, 13(6), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060478 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 320

Abstract

Accurately forecasting emergency material demand during the initial stages of disaster response is challenging due to communication disruptions and data scarcity. This study proposes a hybrid model integrating regression analysis and intelligent analysis to estimate casualties and predict emergency supply needs indirectly. A [...] Read more.

Accurately forecasting emergency material demand during the initial stages of disaster response is challenging due to communication disruptions and data scarcity. This study proposes a hybrid model integrating regression analysis and intelligent analysis to estimate casualties and predict emergency supply needs indirectly. A case study of five earthquake-affected villages validates the model, using building collapse rates and population data to calculate casualties and determine the demand for essential supplies, including food, water, medicine, and tents. The findings demonstrate that the proposed approach effectively addresses the “black box” condition by utilizing correction factors for population density, disaster preparedness, and emergency response capacity, providing a structured framework for rapid and accurate demand forecasting in disaster scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Thinking Perspective to Enhance Situational Awareness in Response to Crisis Situations)

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38 pages, 10425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ontology-Based Integration of Enterprise Architecture and Project Management: A Systems Thinking Approach for Project-Based Organizations in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction Sector

by Edison Atencio, Mauro Mancini and Guillermo Bustos

Systems 2025, 13(6), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060477 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 356

Abstract

Construction projects are becoming increasingly complex due to their dynamic nature, the integration of multiple disciplines, and the need for strategic alignment between organizational processes and project management. However, traditional project management approaches often fail to address this complexity effectively. This study presents [...] Read more.

Construction projects are becoming increasingly complex due to their dynamic nature, the integration of multiple disciplines, and the need for strategic alignment between organizational processes and project management. However, traditional project management approaches often fail to address this complexity effectively. This study presents the application of IModel, a web-based semantic model grounded in systems thinking, designed to integrate enterprise architecture and project management. Through a case study conducted in a multinational AEC company, IModel was evaluated for its ability to enhance system interoperability, optimize processes, and support strategic decision-making. The methodology combined web semantic modeling with expert interviews and organizational data analysis. Findings indicate that IModel provides a comprehensive framework for knowledge management, reduces uncertainty, and improves decision-making in dynamic project environments. However, challenges related to model adoption, including the need for training in systems thinking and ontological modeling, were identified. This study contributes to the literature on innovation in construction project management, highlighting the potential of systems thinking and semantic tools to address complex problems in dynamic and evolving environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complex Construction Project Management with Systems Thinking)

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24 pages, 2542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

APM and AIP Integration for Joint Optimization of Productivity and Reliability Using Simulation Experiments

by Jorge Pinilla, Orlando Durán and Christian Salas

Systems 2025, 13(6), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060476 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 337

Abstract

This study presents a methodology for integrating Asset Performance Management (APM) and Asset Investment Planning (AIP) platforms for joint optimization of productivity and reliability using simulation experiments. This research combines data from an APM, which provides information on equipment reliability, and a simulation [...] Read more.

This study presents a methodology for integrating Asset Performance Management (APM) and Asset Investment Planning (AIP) platforms for joint optimization of productivity and reliability using simulation experiments. This research combines data from an APM, which provides information on equipment reliability, and a simulation module of AIP software that offers detailed technical data of a set of alternative equipment in a sort of catalog. Criteria such as availability, reliability, criticality, and utilization levels, based on historic stored data, are used to evaluate different equipment configurations. Such data are provided by the APM platform, while the productivity and efficiency of existing and candidate equipment are captured from the configuration module on the AIP platform. Key aspects of this work point to the possibility of applying it in two main stages of a system’s life cycle: the design stage, where the project is in its conceptual design phase, and the operation or exploitation stage, where newer configurations are considered to prioritize operational adjustments and optimizations due to the inherent constraints of reliability and maintainability aspects. Through the development of a specifically developed model, which is applied to ensure optimal selection of equipment and configurations, it is possible to obtain new equipment configurations that ensure operational continuity and efficient production performance without exceeding budgetary restrictions and energy consumption limits or compromising productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)

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20 pages, 425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corporate Social Responsibility as a Driver of Business Innovation: The Mediating Role of Corporate Reputation on Employee Performance in the Hospitality Sector

by Ibrahim Yikilmaz, Lutfi Surucu, Ahmet Maslakci and Bulent Cetinkaya

Systems 2025, 13(6), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060475 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 403

Abstract

In response to escalating societal and environmental expectations, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has evolved into a strategic imperative rather than a voluntary or peripheral activity. This study investigates the effect of employees’ CSR perceptions on job performance, with corporate reputation (CR) examined as [...] Read more.

In response to escalating societal and environmental expectations, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has evolved into a strategic imperative rather than a voluntary or peripheral activity. This study investigates the effect of employees’ CSR perceptions on job performance, with corporate reputation (CR) examined as a mediating variable. Drawing on Social Identity and Social Exchange Theories, the research explores how CSR, as an element of business innovation and sustainable organizational practices, fosters internal stakeholder engagement and performance enhancement. Data were collected from five-star hotel employees in İstanbul/Türkiye, a service sector context where customer satisfaction is highly dependent on frontline employee behavior. Using PROCESS Macro for SPSS 27, the findings reveal that CSR perceptions significantly and positively influence employee performance both directly and indirectly through the enhancement of CR. This mediating effect underscores the role of CSR not only as an ethical framework but also as an internal mechanism that strengthens employee commitment and output. The study contributes to CSR and the organizational behavior literature by empirically validating that internal CSR perceptions shape strategic outcomes such as employee performance, especially within high-contact service environments. Theoretical implications emphasize CSR’s integrative function in reputation-building and performance systems, while practical insights recommend embedding socially responsible practices into HR and internal communication strategies to achieve sustainable outcomes and societal well-being. These findings offer meaningful contributions to the scope of business innovation by linking CSR with strategic performance indicators in labor-intensive industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Business Innovation: From Management Systems to Corporate Social Responsibility)

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24 pages, 664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal Fusion Transformer-Based Trading Strategy for Multi-Crypto Assets Using On-Chain and Technical Indicators

by Ming Che Lee

Systems 2025, 13(6), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060474 - 16 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1188

Abstract

Cryptocurrency markets are characterized by high volatility, nonlinear dependencies, and limited transparency, making short-term forecasting particularly challenging for both researchers and practitioners. To address these complexities, this study introduces a Temporal Fusion Transformer (TFT)-based forecasting framework that integrates on-chain and technical indicators to [...] Read more.

Cryptocurrency markets are characterized by high volatility, nonlinear dependencies, and limited transparency, making short-term forecasting particularly challenging for both researchers and practitioners. To address these complexities, this study introduces a Temporal Fusion Transformer (TFT)-based forecasting framework that integrates on-chain and technical indicators to improve predictive performance and inform tactical trading decisions. By combining multi-source features—such as Spent Output Profit Ratio (SOPR), Total Value Locked (TVL), active addresses (AA), exchange net flow (ENF), Realized Cap HODL Waves, and the Crypto Fear and Greed Index—with classical signals like Relative Strength Index (RSI) and moving average convergence divergence (MACD), the model captures behavioral patterns, investor sentiment, and price dynamics in a unified structure. Five major cryptocurrencies—BTC, ETH, USDT, XRP, and BNB—serve as the empirical basis for evaluation. The proposed TFT model is benchmarked against LSTM, GRU, SVR, and XGBoost using standard regression metrics to assess forecasting accuracy. Beyond prediction, a signal-based trading strategy is developed by translating model outputs into daily buy, hold, or sell signals, with performance assessed through a comprehensive set of financial metrics. The results suggest that integrating attention-based deep learning with domain-informed indicators provides an effective and interpretable approach for multi-asset cryptocurrency forecasting and real-time portfolio strategy optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data-Driven Modeling and Predictive Analysis for Business, Social, Economic, and Engineering Applications)

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30 pages, 9579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Evolution of and Regional Differences in Consumer Disputes in the Tourism System: Empirical Evidence from the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China

by Ning Wang and Gangmin Weng

Systems 2025, 13(6), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060473 - 15 Jun 2025

Viewed by 394

Abstract

The global tourism industry is currently experiencing a significant boom, leading to increasing prosperity in the tourism economy. However, litigation disputes and conflicts between tourism consumers and operators have become more frequent, severely disrupting the smooth functioning of tourism markets. Therefore, clarifying the [...] Read more.

The global tourism industry is currently experiencing a significant boom, leading to increasing prosperity in the tourism economy. However, litigation disputes and conflicts between tourism consumers and operators have become more frequent, severely disrupting the smooth functioning of tourism markets. Therefore, clarifying the spatiotemporal attributes and distributional characteristics of tourism disputes in destinations holds substantial significance for destination market governance and the sustainable development of tourism systems. Taking China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt as a case study, this research employs the geographic concentration index, the gravity center model, and the Dagum Gini coefficient to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of different types of tourism disputes and their watershed-specific variations from 2013 to 2024. The results demonstrated that tourism disputes exhibited an increase–decrease–increase inter-annual trend. The downstream basin had the most disputes, followed by the upstream and midstream ones. Areas with a high and low incidence of disputes were interspersed, with low spatial agglomeration. The gravity center was in Hubei Province. Basin differences changed in a fluctuating manner. Basin differences were large at the beginning of the study period, and thereafter the basin differences decreased in a fluctuating manner. The inter-basin differences were more significant for travel agency disputes and catering disputes. Overall, this study effectively presented the temporal distribution characteristics, spatial evolution characteristics, and basin differences in tourism disputes using mathematical statistics, geospatial analysis, and other methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)

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26 pages, 814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Pricing Strategies for Trade-In Programs: A Comparative Theoretical Analysis of No-Price-Commitment and Price-Commitment Models for Remanufacturing

by Shuting Xu, Juanling Lin, Yu Wang and Jing Peng

Systems 2025, 13(6), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060472 - 15 Jun 2025

Viewed by 370

Abstract

In the context of increasing environmental awareness and resource scarcity, trade-in and remanufacturing have emerged as important strategies for sustainable product management. This study constructs decision-making models for a monopolistic manufacturer operating in a two-period market. The manufacturer produces new products in Period [...] Read more.

In the context of increasing environmental awareness and resource scarcity, trade-in and remanufacturing have emerged as important strategies for sustainable product management. This study constructs decision-making models for a monopolistic manufacturer operating in a two-period market. The manufacturer produces new products in Period 1, recycles used products via trade-in for remanufacturing, and sells both new and remanufactured products in Period 2. Depending on whether the remanufactured product price is pre-committed, two models (no price commitment and price commitment) are established. The model optimization reveals that, regardless of the price commitment, four recycling and remanufacturing strategies emerge when the manufacturer engages in remanufacturing. The choice of strategy is jointly influenced by the unit residual value of the used product (

s

) and the unit cost of the remanufactured one (

c_{r}

). The theoretical findings for a special case (

c_{r} = s = 0

) demonstrate that pre-committing the price of remanufactured products compels the manufacturer to simultaneously lower the price of new products and reduce trade-in subsidy while elevating the remanufactured product price. This pricing realignment reduces combined sales volumes across both periods, ultimately diminishing the total profit over two periods. Moreover, price commitment does not boost the remanufacturing rate. This study provides theoretical guidance and managerial insights for manufacturers in terms of pricing strategies and the reuse of used products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supply Chain Management towards Circular Economy)

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24 pages, 3008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Evaluation of Value for Money in Sponge City Construction Public–Private Partnership Projects Through a System Dynamics Model

by Heng Zhang, Jiang Chang and Tianci Lin

Systems 2025, 13(6), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060471 - 14 Jun 2025

Viewed by 334

Abstract

The public–private partnerships (PPP) mode is very popular in public infrastructure projects. The PPP model for sponge city construction (SCC) provides an effective way to curb and manage the increasingly serious ecological water problems in China. The quantitative evaluation of value for money [...] Read more.

The public–private partnerships (PPP) mode is very popular in public infrastructure projects. The PPP model for sponge city construction (SCC) provides an effective way to curb and manage the increasingly serious ecological water problems in China. The quantitative evaluation of value for money (VFM) is an evaluation method that obtains quantitative values through a certain calculation process. However, the current studies lack a dynamic quantitative evaluation of VFM for the entire life cycle of SCC PPP projects, and cannot observe the impact of key factors on the VFM value. By constructing a system dynamics (SD) model for the VFM quantitative evaluation of SCC PPP projects from the perspective of the whole life cycle, this study can intuitively and transparently observe the impact of key factors (such as discount rate and profit margin) on the evaluation results and feasibility of adopting a PPP model in the project, offering policymakers a tool to mitigate the risks of “Pseudo-PPP” projects. After collecting cases in Anhui province from the China PPP Center, this study constructed a life cycle VFM quantitative evaluation system dynamics model suitable for SCC PPP projects that consist of the public sector comparison (PSC) value and PPP value. The results indicate that the system dynamics model can be effectively applied to the dynamic quantitative evaluation of SCC PPP projects and clarify the influence degree on and sensitivity of various factors to the VFM value. Specifically, when the discount rate increases, the decrease in the PPP value is greater than that in the PSC value, leading to an increase in the VFM value. Moreover, a reasonable profit margin is more sensitive to the VFM value and decreases as the reasonable profit margin increases. In addition, choosing different availability service fee calculation methods will result in varying the adjustment range to a reasonable profit margin that drives the adoption of VFM quantitative evaluation. These research findings have provided a viable dynamic research methodology for the quantitative VFM evaluation of SCC PPP projects. This methodology enables the dynamic visualization and easy determination of the acceptable ranges for relevant factors, offers rational policy recommendations for the quantitative evaluation of key factor values, and thereby effectively prevents PPP project violations, promoting fair and reasonable cooperation between governments and private enterprises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Engineering)

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27 pages, 2123 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Sustainable Design Education in Taiwan and the Curricular Gap in Policy, Practice, and Pedagogy: A Scoping Review

by Jui-Che Tu and Kharisma Creativani

Systems 2025, 13(6), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060470 - 14 Jun 2025

Viewed by 555

Abstract

This scoping review explores the integration of sustainability into design education within Taiwanese higher education institutions. Taiwan has implemented education reforms and national sustainability policies, yet their integration into creative disciplines like design remains limited. Guided by the PRISMA-ScR framework, this study systematically [...] Read more.

This scoping review explores the integration of sustainability into design education within Taiwanese higher education institutions. Taiwan has implemented education reforms and national sustainability policies, yet their integration into creative disciplines like design remains limited. Guided by the PRISMA-ScR framework, this study systematically identified and analyzed sixteen peer-reviewed articles published over the past decade. Thematic analysis and co-occurrence keyword mapping using VOSviewer were used to examine how sustainability is reflected in design curricula. The findings reveal that, while sustainability is frequently addressed in project-based learning and material experimentation, its incorporation remains inconsistent and largely peripheral. Cluster analysis of the literature indicates that national sustainability policies and education initiatives are primarily concentrated in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields and general education, with minimal connection to design departments. Design pedagogy in Taiwan emphasizes creativity, iteration, and localized engagement, yet these practices are rarely aligned with policy frameworks or systemic curricular strategies. Barriers include fragmented frameworks and the absence of interdisciplinary collaboration. Despite these limitations, the review identifies promising entry points—mainly through pedagogical innovation and community-based initiatives. This study concludes by calling for policy-aligned, curriculum-integrated approaches to strengthen the role of design in advancing Taiwan’s sustainable education agenda. Full article

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31 pages, 1066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Informational Approaches in Modelling Social and Economic Relations: Study on Migration and Access to Services in the European Union

by Florentina-Loredana Dragomir-Constantin, Camelia Madalina Beldiman and Monica Laura Zlati

Systems 2025, 13(6), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060469 - 14 Jun 2025

Viewed by 358

Abstract

The study analyses at the information level the impact of the main economic indicators on migration and access to services in the European Union, using methods specific to intelligent information systems. The research is based on the correlations between gross value added (GVA), [...] Read more.

The study analyses at the information level the impact of the main economic indicators on migration and access to services in the European Union, using methods specific to intelligent information systems. The research is based on the correlations between gross value added (GVA), gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), health expenditure (SHA11), and migration rates (MIGR). The applied methodology includes attribute distribution analysis, identification of hidden patterns through clustering algorithms (K-Means and Expectation-Maximisation) and training of classifiers using regression decision trees with linear leaf models (M5P) corresponding to interdependent data processing and integration modules, exploratory analysis module, machine learning and decision-making modules, oriented to support public policies through explainable scenarios and predictive-evaluative structures. The results highlight the superiority of the EM model in detecting relevant clusters and the usefulness of M5P trees in highlighting complex economic influences on population mobility. The study proposes the integration of these methods into an intelligent analysis framework aimed at reducing disparities and optimising socio-economic sustainability. The EM model demonstrated a superior ability to detect subgroups within the dataset, revealing four distinct clusters with specific characteristics. Furthermore, the M5P tree analysis allowed the extraction of significant non-linear relationships between economic variables and the migration phenomenon. The study emphasises the importance of public policies aimed at reducing regional economic disparities and increasing social and economic sustainability. By integrating these results into a well-structured information system, it provides a robust analytical framework that supports policy makers and researchers in designing effective public policies on population mobility and its related economic impact in the EU Member States. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)

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25 pages, 1379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digitalization of Air Cargo Supply Chains: A Case Study of Latvia

by Ingūna Jurgelāne-Kaldava, Willie Vincent Effenberger, Agnese Batenko and Kristina Čižiūnienė

Systems 2025, 13(6), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060468 - 13 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1355

Abstract

Air cargo logistics plays a crucial role in transforming supply chains and increasing speed, reliability, and global connectivity. However, fragmented data integration and limited digitalization are key challenges in air cargo supply. Global challenges, such as COVID-19, showed the significance of the air [...] Read more.

Air cargo logistics plays a crucial role in transforming supply chains and increasing speed, reliability, and global connectivity. However, fragmented data integration and limited digitalization are key challenges in air cargo supply. Global challenges, such as COVID-19, showed the significance of the air cargo supply chain in ensuring that global trade continues without significant disruptions. This study focuses on digitalization strategy for the Latvian air cargo supply chain, addressing the issues related to operational efficiency and enhancing competitiveness. With the utilization of technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), the proposed strategy emphasizes data-sharing challenges using IATA ONE Record as a foundation. Quantitative and qualitative methods, including PESTEL analysis, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and expert interviews, were used to evaluate and prioritize digital solutions. The results highlight the potential for software integration with the aim of real-time monitoring and tracking of air cargo, facilitating the exchange of data across stakeholders. The studies conducted demonstrate the benefits and opportunities of software integration, significantly reducing production time and operating expenses. The findings show that IATA ONE Record integration transform Latvian air cargo industry, facilitating the development of regional supply chains. Therefore, it can be argued that in the context of increased uncertainty and growing consumer demands, the digitalization of this sector, as illustrated by the case of air cargo in Latvia, is of particular importance from both a practical and scientific point of view. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems Approaches in Sustainable Logistics and Supply Chain Management)

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19 pages, 2521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leveraging a Systems Approach for Immigrant Integration: Fostering Agile, Resilient, and Sustainable Organizational Governance

by Pablo Farías

Systems 2025, 13(6), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060467 - 13 Jun 2025

Viewed by 997

Abstract

Effectively managing immigrant workforces presents a significant contemporary challenge for organizations operating in a globalized world. Current management practices often fall short, failing to adequately address the complex interplay of social issues, cultural and linguistic distances, and the valuable human capital immigrants possess. [...] Read more.

Effectively managing immigrant workforces presents a significant contemporary challenge for organizations operating in a globalized world. Current management practices often fall short, failing to adequately address the complex interplay of social issues, cultural and linguistic distances, and the valuable human capital immigrants possess. This paper proposes a theoretically developed conceptual model for immigrant management, synthesized from a comprehensive review of systems theory, migration studies, and organizational governance literature. The model advances systems theory by operationalizing its core tenets—interdependence, feedback loops, and holistic perspective—into a practical governance framework for the specific domain of immigrant workforce integration, demonstrating the theory’s applicability to complex socio-organizational challenges. It outlines six interdependent subsystems—from needs assessment to end-of-work transitions. While conceptual, this paper lays a robust foundation for future empirical research by providing testable propositions regarding the efficacy of its subsystems and their impact on integration outcomes. It calls for empirical validation of the proposed relationships and the model’s overall effectiveness in diverse organizational contexts. By adopting this structured yet adaptable framework, organizations can move towards more agile governance practices in human resource management, allowing for iterative adjustments and fostering more resilient and sustainable immigrant integration. This approach directly contributes to addressing immigrant integration issues by offering a holistic, actionable framework that moves beyond piecemeal solutions, thereby enhancing organizational capability and promoting positive societal impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agile Approaches to Organizational Governance: Towards a Resilient and Sustainable System)

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28 pages, 2970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sowing Uncertainty: Assessing the Impact of Economic Policy Uncertainty on Agricultural Land Conversion in China

by Kerun He, Zhixiong Tan and Zhaobo Tang

Systems 2025, 13(6), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060466 - 13 Jun 2025

Viewed by 975

Abstract

This study examines the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on agricultural land conversion. Using a newspaper-based index of EPU and a comprehensive panel dataset covering 270 prefecture-level cities in China, we estimate a city fixed effects model to explore this relationship. Our [...] Read more.

This study examines the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on agricultural land conversion. Using a newspaper-based index of EPU and a comprehensive panel dataset covering 270 prefecture-level cities in China, we estimate a city fixed effects model to explore this relationship. Our results indicate that a one-standard-deviation increase in EPU leads to a 22.2% increase in the conversion of agricultural land to urban residential, commercial, and industrial uses. This finding suggests that the surge in EPU triggered by the global financial crisis accounts for approximately 45% of the increase in agricultural land conversion. The adverse effect on agricultural land preservation mainly stems from intensified fiscal pressures and heightened demands on local governments to meet economic growth targets. To address potential endogeneity concerns, we employ the one-period lagged U.S. EPU index and its temporal variations as an instrument for China’s EPU, leveraging cross-country spillover effects. Our instrumental variable estimates confirm the validity of the land conversion effect and its underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we find that the effects of EPU are particularly pronounced in cities located in non-eastern China and those that depend heavily on fixed asset investment for local economic development. Finally, our analysis of potential policy interventions to mitigate EPU-induced agricultural land loss suggests that strengthening market-oriented reforms and reducing province-level quotas on agricultural land conversion can effectively offset the impact of rising EPU. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems Practice in Social Science)

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25 pages, 2010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

When ESG Meets Uncertainty: Financing Cost Effects Under Regulatory Fragmentation and Rating Divergence

by Donghui Zhao, Sue Lin Ngan and Ainul Huda Jamil

Systems 2025, 13(6), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060465 - 13 Jun 2025

Viewed by 1240

Abstract

As ESG practices become increasingly embedded in global capital markets, their impact on firm financing costs remains an open question in emerging economies, where regulatory divergence and rating inconsistency complicate investor perceptions, particularly in China’s rapidly evolving financial environment. This study examines the [...] Read more.

As ESG practices become increasingly embedded in global capital markets, their impact on firm financing costs remains an open question in emerging economies, where regulatory divergence and rating inconsistency complicate investor perceptions, particularly in China’s rapidly evolving financial environment. This study examines the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance on financing costs among Chinese non-financial listed firms, with a focus on the moderating roles of financial regulation and ESG rating divergence. Using a panel dataset of 4493 firms across 33,773 firm–year observations from 2011 to 2022, we employ a two-way fixed effects model, along with Propensity Score Matching and Difference-in-Differences (PSM-DID) techniques, to address endogeneity concerns and enhance causal inference. The findings reveal that improvements in ESG performance significantly reduce financing costs, substantially affecting debt relative to equity. Moreover, the cost-saving benefits of ESG are amplified in industries with stronger regulatory oversight, while high ESG rating divergence undermines these benefits by increasing uncertainty. These results highlight the importance of standardizing ESG rating systems and enhancing regulatory consistency. Such efforts can lower capital costs and improve financial access for firms, particularly in capital-intensive and environmentally sensitive sectors, offering actionable guidance for policymakers shaping disclosure frameworks and corporate managers optimizing ESG investment strategies. Full article

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