Nanomaterials

14 pages, 4807 KB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into Growing Silica Around Monocrystalline Magnetite Nanorods Leading to Colloids with Improved Magnetic Properties—Obstacles and Solutions

by Nele Johanna Künnecke, Irene Morales, Madeleine Alexandra Schaefer and Sebastian Polarz

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030219 - 6 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Nanoparticles of ferrimagnetic magnetite (Fe₃O₄) are cornerstones of modern nanoscience and technology, primarily due to their superparamagnetic behavior. Beyond traditional applications in magnetorheology and magnetic hyperthermia, these materials are increasingly vital in fields like active matter, where precise surface [...] Read more.

Nanoparticles of ferrimagnetic magnetite (Fe₃O₄) are cornerstones of modern nanoscience and technology, primarily due to their superparamagnetic behavior. Beyond traditional applications in magnetorheology and magnetic hyperthermia, these materials are increasingly vital in fields like active matter, where precise surface fine-tuning is crucial. While coating isotropic, quasi-spherical magnetite nanoparticles with silica is a well-established and versatile route towards functionalization, transferring this achievement to nanorod systems remains a significant challenge. Successful coating of these high-aspect-ratio geometries would allow to exploit the direction-dependent properties and increased magnetic anisotropies. However, current literature largely focuses on polycrystalline rods composed of small, clustered subunits, which limits their magnetic potential. This work describes a breakthrough in the homogeneous silica coating and stabilization of monocrystalline magnetite nanorods. We demonstrate that the superior magnetic properties of these “naked” monocrystalline rods induce strong dipole-dipole interactions, which trigger aggregation and typically prevent the isolation of individual and homogeneously coated core-shell nanoparticles. By investigating the specific mechanisms of this aggregation, we established a robust coating procedure that yields the desired isolated particles. Critically, we show that the magnetite nanorods retain their monocrystalline integrity within the silica shell, thereby preserving the enhanced magnetic properties of the original nanocrystals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Magnetic Nanoparticles: From Synthesis to Applications)

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12 pages, 2796 KB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Efficient Conductivity Modulation via Stacked Multi-Gate Graphene Ambipolar Transistors

by Changbin Nie, Hongchen Zhang, Xianning Zhang, Feiying Sun, Jun Liu and Xingzhan Wei

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030218 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 548

Abstract

The exceptional adjustability and ambipolar behavior of graphene offer significant potential for next-generation optoelectronics, where the conductivity of graphene is primarily modulated by the interface field of heterojunction. However, interface defects, which are inevitably introduced during fabrication, severely limit the effectiveness of gate [...] Read more.

The exceptional adjustability and ambipolar behavior of graphene offer significant potential for next-generation optoelectronics, where the conductivity of graphene is primarily modulated by the interface field of heterojunction. However, interface defects, which are inevitably introduced during fabrication, severely limit the effectiveness of gate voltage modulation. Although the layer-by-layer transfer method can effectively enhance conductivity, it also raises the carrier concentration and impairs the symmetry of ambipolar characteristics. This work presents a stacked multi-gate graphene transistor in which synergistic modulation enables efficient regulation of channel conductivity while maintaining low carrier concentration. Simulations are carried out to analyze how mobility, doping concentration, and the number of stacking layers influence the modulation of conductivity. Experimentally, a three-layer stacked graphene structure with distributed source and drain electrodes is fabricated. The device exhibits pronounced ambipolar transfer characteristics and demonstrates a clear improvement in transconductance compared to its conventional one-layer graphene counterpart. This research offers a feasible design strategy for high-performance, vertically integrated graphene-based electronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metamaterials and Metasurfaces for Advanced Electromagnetic Wave Manipulation and Applications)

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17 pages, 3417 KB

Open AccessArticle

Conjugation of Functionalized Gold Nanorods and Copper (I)-Based Drug: An Anisotropic Nano Drug Delivery System

by Elena Olivieri, Simone Amatori, Chiara Battocchio, Giovanna Iucci, Martina Marsotto, Diego Lipani, Annarica Calcabrini, Marisa Colone, Annarita Stringaro, Maria Luisa Dupuis, Giuseppe Ammirati, Alessandra Paladini, Francesco Toschi, Maura Pellei, Carlo Santini, Miriam Caviglia, Jo’ Del Gobbo, Luca Tortora, Eleonora Marconi, Valentin-Adrian Maraloiu and Iole Venditti Show full author list Hide full author list

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030217 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 722

Abstract

Gold nanorods (AuNRs) were synthesized and optimized with the aim of obtaining strongly hydrophilic nanomaterials, suitable as a drug delivery system (DDS) for copper-based drugs. After careful purification, AuNRs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared spectroscopy (UV–Vis–NIR), showing two typical localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) [...] Read more.

Gold nanorods (AuNRs) were synthesized and optimized with the aim of obtaining strongly hydrophilic nanomaterials, suitable as a drug delivery system (DDS) for copper-based drugs. After careful purification, AuNRs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared spectroscopy (UV–Vis–NIR), showing two typical localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) bands in the range 550–750 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and high-resolution X-ray photoelectron (HR-XPS) spectroscopies verified the surface functionalization. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed AuNRs with regular shape and size, with an aspect ratio (AR) of 2.6. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements confirmed the size and the stability in water for up to 3 months. The AuNRs were conjugated with copper(I) drugs, i.e., [Cu(PTA)₄]BF₄ (PTA = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphadamantane). The drug loading procedures and efficiency were optimized, and the best loading was η (%) = 50 ± 7%. The non-covalent interactions of the Cu(I) complex with the AuNRs were studied by means of UV–Vis–NIR, ζ-potential, HR-TEM, FT-IR, synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray photoelectron (SR-XPS), and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy measurements. The MTT assay performed on Vero E6 cells showed that AuNRs and AuNR-Cu(I) conjugates had no significant effect on cell viability, being biocompatible, causing a reduction in cell viability only after prolonged exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Nanostructures in Biological Applications)

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12 pages, 2884 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aluminum-Induced Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering in Ti-Al-Ti Sandwich Multilayer Thin Films

by Luping Wu, Tingzhen Yan, Ruijin Hong, Chunxian Tao, Qi Wang, Hui Lin and Zhaoxia Han

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030216 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 598

Abstract

A series of Ti-Al-Ti sandwich thin films with different Al layer thicknesses was prepared via magnetron sputtering. The Al layer facilitated Ti-Al metal coupling within the films, which significantly strengthened the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and obtained more “hot-spots”, ultimately leading to [...] Read more.

A series of Ti-Al-Ti sandwich thin films with different Al layer thicknesses was prepared via magnetron sputtering. The Al layer facilitated Ti-Al metal coupling within the films, which significantly strengthened the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and obtained more “hot-spots”, ultimately leading to a remarkable enhancement of the localized electric field. The LSPR effectively promoted charge transfer between probe molecules and the Ti-Al-Ti sandwich thin film. Raman scattering intensity was jointly governed by chemical and electromagnetic enhancement mechanisms. When used as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate for methylene blue (MB) detection, the sandwich-structured films achieved a Raman enhancement factor of 3.27 × 10⁶, approximately twice that of single-layer silver thin films. The substrate exhibited a low MB detection limit for MB of 10⁻⁸ M and excellent stability. Additionally, the relative standard deviation of main characteristic peak intensities across different positions is consistently below 6%, indicating superior uniformity and reproducibility. Experimental results are in good agreement with FDTD simulation outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)

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16 pages, 4095 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nanostructure and Corrosion Resistance of Plasma-Based Low-Energy Nitrogen Ion Implanted 17-4PH Martensitic Stainless Steel

by Xu Yang, Honglong Che, Shuyuan Li and Mingkai Lei

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030215 - 6 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 491

Abstract

This study aims to enhance the corrosion property of 17-4PH martensitic stainless steel, a material commonly used in industrial applications including nuclear power components, to enhance its performance in borate buffer solutions. The study employed plasma-based low-energy nitrogen ion implantation at temperatures ranging [...] Read more.

This study aims to enhance the corrosion property of 17-4PH martensitic stainless steel, a material commonly used in industrial applications including nuclear power components, to enhance its performance in borate buffer solutions. The study employed plasma-based low-energy nitrogen ion implantation at temperatures ranging from 350 °C to 550 °C for 4 h to modify the steel surface. Microstructural characterization via XRD and TEM revealed the formation of a nanocrystalline nitrided layer, with thickness increasing from 11 to 27 μm and surface nitrogen concentration rising from 29.7 to 33.1% as temperature increased. Correspondingly, the nanocrystalline grains coarsened from an average size of 2 nm to 15 nm. The main findings showed that all nitrided layers significantly improved general corrosion resistance in pH 8.4 borate solution compared to the unmodified steel. An optimal performance with a corrosion potential of −169.4 mV(SCE) and a passive current density of 0.5 μA/cm² was achieved at 450 °C, accompanying the development of a denser passive film with high polarization resistance and lower defect density. It is concluded that the high interstitial nitrogen concentration within the nanocrystalline γ′_N accelerates passivation kinetics and enhances corrosion resistance, with the applied point defect model clarifying the underlying improvement mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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25 pages, 8688 KB

Open AccessArticle

MgO-Loaded Magnetic Crab Shell-Derived Biochar for Efficient Synergistic Adsorption of Heavy Metals and Dye: Characterization, Adsorption Performance and Mechanistic Study

by Yangyi Du, Si Wu, Tao Feng and Wenxue Jiang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030214 - 6 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 754

Abstract

The preparation of highly efficient adsorbents capable of simultaneously removing dyes and heavy metals is of great importance. Crab shell-derived biochar (BC) was successfully modified with magnesium and iron oxides (magnetic MgO@BC) via a simple impregnation–carbonization method. A series of characterizations revealed that [...] Read more.

The preparation of highly efficient adsorbents capable of simultaneously removing dyes and heavy metals is of great importance. Crab shell-derived biochar (BC) was successfully modified with magnesium and iron oxides (magnetic MgO@BC) via a simple impregnation–carbonization method. A series of characterizations revealed that magnetic MgO@BC possessed hierarchical porous structure with abundant oxygenated functional groups and good magnetic separability. The results of batch adsorption experiments showed that the actual maximum adsorption capacities of magnetic MgO@BC were 301.06, 1344.11 and 3232.10 mg/g for Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺ and CR, respectively. In addition, the adsorption of Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, and CR exhibited minimal influence from pH and coexisting ions, except for Cd²⁺ adsorption, which was significantly affected by divalent cations. For Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ adsorption, the Langmuir model provided good fits for the adsorption isotherms, whereas CR adsorption was more suitable for the Freundlich model. The adsorption kinetic fitting results indicate that Cd²⁺ adsorption aligned well with the pseudo-first-order model, while Pb²⁺ and CR fitted better with the pseudo-second-order model. Regeneration tests revealed that after four cycles, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺ and CR still maintained 85.87%, 52.43%, and 96.09% removal efficiencies, respectively. SEM, FTIR, XRD, and XPS results demonstrated that the mechanism for CR adsorption involved π-π interactions, electrostatic attraction, and hydrogen bonding. The adsorption mechanism of heavy metals was primarily governed by ion exchange, cation-π interactions, surface coordination, and coprecipitation mechanisms, where Pb²⁺ exhibited stronger and more preferential adsorption behavior. Binary adsorption experiments confirmed competitive and synergistic effects depending on pollutant pairs. This study offers a novel perspective on the preparation and mechanism of biochar materials for the efficient and synergistic removal of dyes and heavy metals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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16 pages, 2249 KB

Open AccessArticle

Alcohol Sensing Behavior and Impedance Spectroscopy Characterization of g-C₃N₄ Nanosheets

by Cong Doan Bui, Svetlana Nalimova, Valery Kondratev, Zamir Shomakhov, Svetlana Kirillova, Alexander Maximov and Vyacheslav Moshnikov

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030213 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 672

Abstract

Two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride 2D g-C₃N₄ has the potential for gas sensing as a metal-free semiconductor with a layered structure, high surface area, and tunability of electronic properties. In this context, 2D g-C₃N₄ nanosheets were prepared by [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride 2D g-C₃N₄ has the potential for gas sensing as a metal-free semiconductor with a layered structure, high surface area, and tunability of electronic properties. In this context, 2D g-C₃N₄ nanosheets were prepared by the thermal polycondensation of urea followed by ultrasonic exfoliation. X-ray diffraction revealed diffraction peaks corresponding to the (110) and (002) crystallographic planes of g-C₃N₄. Scanning electron microscopy showed a nanosheet structure with a 10-nm crystallite size, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrated a uniform distribution of carbon and nitrogen. Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy revealed a band gap of 2.8 eV. Gas sensing measurements exhibited an increase in response to isopropanol and ethanol as the operating temperature and gas concentration increased. Impedance spectroscopy provided additional insight into the sensing mechanism. Observed depressed semicircles in Nyquist plots were fitted with a charge transfer resistance R_ct in parallel with a constant phase element model. The charge transfer resistance R_ct fell systematically with isopropanol exposure, confirming the crucial role of adsorption-induced electron transfer in the gas sensing response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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24 pages, 5375 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Optical, Structural and Electrophoretic Properties (Zeta Potential and Hydrodynamic Diameter) of SiO₂-Coated Ag Nanoparticles

by Víctor E. Gámez-Albo, Ana B. López-Oyama, Eugenio Rodríguez González, Jesús R. González-Castillo, Daniel Jímenez-Olarte, Deyanira Del Ángel-López, Elizabeth Reyna-Beltrán and Edgar G. Zamorano-Noriega

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030212 - 6 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 880

Abstract

Colloidal solutions containing silica-coated silver nanoparticles (Ag@SiO₂) were synthesized through a two-step process integrating physical and chemical mechanisms. In the first step, laser ablation of a silicon target submerged in deionized water generated an H₂O–SiO₂ colloid, termed the [...] Read more.

Colloidal solutions containing silica-coated silver nanoparticles (Ag@SiO₂) were synthesized through a two-step process integrating physical and chemical mechanisms. In the first step, laser ablation of a silicon target submerged in deionized water generated an H₂O–SiO₂ colloid, termed the as-cast colloid. This contained nanometric SiO₂ particles alongside micrometer-sized or larger silicon fragments produced by laser shockwave-induced target surface fragmentation. To refine particle size distribution and elevate nanometric SiO₂ concentration, the as-cast colloid underwent secondary laser irradiation, effectively fragmenting larger particles. The second step involved adding ionic silver to both as-cast and irradiated colloids, yielding Ag@SiO₂ nanoparticles. Structural properties were probed via XRD and TEM; optical characteristics via UV–Vis spectroscopy; and electrophoretic mobility via zeta potential measurements, both pre- and post-silver incorporation, to elucidate irradiation’s influence on synthesis. For controlled agglomeration, AlCl₃ was used to modify surface charge, neutralizing silanol groups on the silica shell and minimizing electrostatic repulsion through aluminum ion interactions. These findings demonstrate tunable Ag@SiO₂ colloids with precise surface properties for future development of advanced nanomaterials suitable for microbicidal applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)

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30 pages, 7530 KB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Material Paradigm: Strategic Optimization of Spinel Oxides as High-Performance Air Electrodes for Nanostructured Ceramic Fuel Cells

by Maoyi Hua and Lin Ge

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030211 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 805

Abstract

Hydrogen, renowned for its clean energy profile and high energy density, is a pivotal energy carrier for addressing global energy and environmental challenges. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and proton ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) have garnered significant interest due to their direct chemical-to-electrical-energy [...] Read more.

Hydrogen, renowned for its clean energy profile and high energy density, is a pivotal energy carrier for addressing global energy and environmental challenges. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and proton ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) have garnered significant interest due to their direct chemical-to-electrical-energy conversion, fuel flexibility, high efficiency, and environmental compatibility. However, conventional perovskite-based air electrodes suffer from sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics and insufficient structural stability at intermediate temperatures. Spinel oxides, distinguished by excellent chemical stability and thermal expansion compatibility, have emerged as promising alternatives; however, their broader application is constrained by their limited ionic conductivity and catalytic activity. This review systematically elucidates the crystal structure, intrinsic advantages, and advanced design strategies of spinel oxides. It particularly focuses on A- and B-site doping techniques for precise modulation of thermal expansion and enhancement of electrocatalytic performance, alongside high-entropy engineering approaches that bolster high-temperature stability. Finally, the review comprehensively discusses remaining challenges and future prospects for the implementation of spinel oxides in nanostructured ceramic fuel cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanotechnology in Fuel Cells)

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12 pages, 2931 KB

Open AccessArticle

Constructing Cu₃P Quantum Dots/Cu-Doped ZnIn₂S₄ p-n Heterojunctions for Efficient Methanol Oxidation Coupled with Synchronous Hydrogen Generation

by Maobin Xiao, Ke Wang, Jinghang Xu, Jie Hu, Weikang Wang, Lele Wang and Qinqin Liu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030210 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 577

Abstract

The solar-driven direct conversion of methanol to ethylene glycol, formaldehyde and simultaneous H₂ generation is an appealing strategy for converting sunlight to chemical energy. However, the low efficiency and stability of the photocatalyst remain critical bottlenecks hindering the practical implementation of this [...] Read more.

The solar-driven direct conversion of methanol to ethylene glycol, formaldehyde and simultaneous H₂ generation is an appealing strategy for converting sunlight to chemical energy. However, the low efficiency and stability of the photocatalyst remain critical bottlenecks hindering the practical implementation of this reaction. Herein, we synthesized the Cu₃P quantum dots/Cu-doped ZnIn₂S₄ p-n junction for efficient methanol oxidation and synchronous H₂ generation. The highly dispersed Cu₃P quantum dots promote electron–hole separation and furnish abundant catalytic sites. Moreover, the constructed p-n junction with a tight interface boosts the electron transfer, avoiding the serious photocorrosion of ZnIn₂S₄. Benefiting from these synergistic effects, the 2Cu₃P/Cu_0.5ZIS composite exhibits the highest photocatalytic conversion efficiency of methanol, yielding H₂, formaldehyde, and ethylene glycol with 10.34 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹, 10.35 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ and 8.84 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹ yields, which are 3.01, 3.05 and 3.10 times those of pure ZnIn₂S₄, respectively. A series of characterizations including X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy are employed to analyze the structure, composition, and photoelectrochemical properties of the materials. This work demonstrates a novel catalyst design paradigm for the high-efficiency solar light-driven photocatalytic activation of methanol enabling the co-production of value-added C1/C2 oxygenates and clean H₂ fuel simultaneously. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Catalysts for Solar Energy Conversion)

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17 pages, 2023 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Application of a 3D-Printed Microfluidic Sulfide-Selective Sensor for Online Monitoring of a Hydrogenotrophic Sulfidogenic Bioreactor

by David Cueto, Juan Antonio Baeza, David Gabriel and Mireia Baeza

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030209 - 6 Feb 2026

Viewed by 554

Abstract

A sulfide online-monitoring system (S-OMS) was developed using a 3D-printed microfluidic platform to monitor sulfide in bioreactors. The S-OMS consisted of an electrochemical cell in which a microdevice was 3D-printed with co-polyester filaments and used an internal silver/silver sulfide (Ag/Ag₂S) working [...] Read more.

A sulfide online-monitoring system (S-OMS) was developed using a 3D-printed microfluidic platform to monitor sulfide in bioreactors. The S-OMS consisted of an electrochemical cell in which a microdevice was 3D-printed with co-polyester filaments and used an internal silver/silver sulfide (Ag/Ag₂S) working electrode and a commercial, external silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode. The analytical evaluation showed a wide linear range (1.5–30,400 mg L⁻¹) with repeatability and reproducibility presenting relative standard deviations of less than 5%. The S-OMS remained stable during working periods ranging from 16 h to 8 days, depending on the operation mode. Real samples from a sulfate-reducing bioreactor were used to validate the S-OMS, and the results were compared with those of a commercial sulfide ion-selective electrode (S²⁻-ISE), yielding a good linear correlation (R² = 0.92). Moreover, a t-test revealed no significant statistical difference between the two analytical methods. The bioreactor operation resulted in a high sulfate reduction rate and in the accumulation of total sulfide, as measured with the S-OMS, in the bioreactor. However, the H₂S inhibition was offset by an increase in pH and volatile suspended solids (VSS) throughout the operation. Overall, the S-OMS demonstrated robust analytical performance and operational suitability for online monitoring of sulfide in sulfide-producing bioreactors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanomaterials and Printing Approaches for Electrochemical and Bioelectrochemical Systems)

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10 pages, 2537 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Uniformity Flat-Top Light Spot Based on a Dielectric Metasurface

by Xinxin Pu, Wenhao Guo, Jinyao Hou, Yechuan Zhu, Xueping Sun, Shun Zhou and Weiguo Liu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030208 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 582

Abstract

With the rapid development of laser processing and infrared imaging, the demand for flat-top beams with high uniformity has become increasingly urgent. Conventional beam-shaping techniques based on bonded aspheric lenses are inherently bulky and inflexible, which limits their compatibility with modern optical systems. [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of laser processing and infrared imaging, the demand for flat-top beams with high uniformity has become increasingly urgent. Conventional beam-shaping techniques based on bonded aspheric lenses are inherently bulky and inflexible, which limits their compatibility with modern optical systems. In this work, we propose a dielectric metasurface for laser beam shaping operating at 1064 nm, where the target phase distribution is derived by the given initial phase and is represented by a hyperbolic phase. An inverse optimization algorithm is proposed to optimize the unit cell consisting of silicon carbide (SiC) nanopillars and the silicon dioxide (SiO₂) substrate. Numerical results show that, after transmission through the designed metasurface, the beam forms a circular flat-top spot with a radius of 2 μm at the target plane, exhibiting an intensity uniformity of 0.1021 and an energy efficiency of 76.3%. This study offers a compact and highly efficient solution for the flat-top beam shaping, demonstrating significant potential for applications in precision-laser processing, optical trapping, and bioimaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)

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17 pages, 3078 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Dynamics Study on the Mechanical Properties of Bilayer Silicon Carbide

by Qing Peng, Anyi Huang, Lang Qin, Chaoxi Shu, Jiale Li, Hongyang Li, Lihang Zheng, Xintian Cai and Xiao-Jia Chen

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030207 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 691

Abstract

The advent of bilayer silicon carbide as a critical two-dimensional material has opened up a range of potential applications in various fields. The field of nanoelectronics and nanomechanical systems is distinguished by its exceptional mechanical robustness, yet the combined effects of environmental and [...] Read more.

The advent of bilayer silicon carbide as a critical two-dimensional material has opened up a range of potential applications in various fields. The field of nanoelectronics and nanomechanical systems is distinguished by its exceptional mechanical robustness, yet the combined effects of environmental and structural factors on its mechanical integrity remain poorly understood. Molecular dynamics simulations are used in this study to systematically examine the tensile response of bilayer SiC across a range of strain rates, temperatures, vacancy concentrations, and pre-existing crack lengths. Results indicate that mechanical properties converge at a system size of 18,144 atoms, ensuring computational efficiency. Increasing strain rate enhances strength and toughness by suppressing atomic relaxation, while elevated temperature induces thermal softening, reducing failure strain and strength by up to 50% at 900 K. Vacancy defects drastically degrade performance, with 3% concentration causing over 70% toughness loss, and crack propagation follows Griffith-type brittle fracture, where the zigzag direction exhibits superior resistance compared to the armchair orientation. These findings highlight the sensitivity of bilayer SiC to defects and environmental conditions, providing critical insights for designing reliable SiC-based nanodevices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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14 pages, 8114 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green Synthesis of ZnSe Nanoparticles via Laser Fragmentation: Effect of Laser Pulse Energy on Nanoparticle Size and Surface Phonon Modes

by Patricia Maldonado-Altamirano, Maria de los Angeles Hernandez-Perez, Luis Arturo Martínez-Ara, Jorge Sastré-Hernández and Jaime Santoyo-Salazar

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030206 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 573

Abstract

ZnSe nanoparticles were synthesized via the sustainable laser fragmentation in liquids (LFL) technique using a Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. The pulse energy was varied to study its effect on the particle size and vibrational properties. UV–Vis absorption spectra show a blue shift [...] Read more.

ZnSe nanoparticles were synthesized via the sustainable laser fragmentation in liquids (LFL) technique using a Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. The pulse energy was varied to study its effect on the particle size and vibrational properties. UV–Vis absorption spectra show a blue shift in the absorption edge with a decreasing pulse energy. The sample processed at the lowest pulse energy has the smallest nanoparticles (10.3 nm average), reaches an optical band gap of 2.83 eV, and exhibits a high-energy shoulder attributed to spin–orbit-related transitions. Raman spectra reveal a strong enhancement of the surface phonon mode (231–234 cm⁻¹), where its intensity surpasses that of the longitudinal optical mode, demonstrating the dominant role of surface atoms in the vibrational response. TEM confirms a wide size distribution, i.e., centered at 10.3 ± 6.4 nm, which can account for the simultaneous observation of bulk-like and quantum-confined optical and Raman features. These results show that the pulse energy effectively tunes the nanoparticle size and phonon behavior, positioning LFL as a clean and versatile method for producing ZnSe nanostructures with relevant properties for optoelectronic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)

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15 pages, 4564 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Evidence of a Dirac Gap Opening in Carbon-Doped Topological Insulator Bi₂Se₃

by Qiya Liu, Xinsheng Yang and Min Zhang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030205 - 5 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 647

Abstract

Magnetic topological insulators (TIs) are promising candidates for realizing the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) and advancing the development of next-generation low-energy transistors and electronic devices. Doping Bi₂Se₃ with nano-carbon can introduce magnetic order and open the Dirac gap without [...] Read more.

Magnetic topological insulators (TIs) are promising candidates for realizing the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) and advancing the development of next-generation low-energy transistors and electronic devices. Doping Bi₂Se₃ with nano-carbon can introduce magnetic order and open the Dirac gap without introducing extrinsic magnetic impurities. In this work, the C_0.06Bi₂Se₃ single crystal was prepared using the Bridgman method, and their electrical and magnetotransport properties were systematically investigated. Temperature-dependent resistivity and magnetoresistance measurements revealed a magnetic-field-induced metal–insulator-like transition near 152 K. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) detected an energy gap of about 43 meV at the Dirac point, confirming that carbon doping modulates the surface state and opens the gap. Pronounced Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations indicate high carrier mobility in C_0.06Bi₂Se₃. Furthermore, the temperature-dependent Kerr spectra shows that the spin relaxation behavior of C₀.₀₆Bi₂Se₃ differs significantly from that of pure Bi₂Se₃; the relaxation process of spin electrons from the surface state (τ_s) dominates the spin dynamics and exhibits distinct trends around 30 K and 150 K due to the interplay of the Dirac gap and impurity-induced states. These results demonstrate the potential of magnetic topological insulator C_0.06Bi₂Se₃ for novel electronic and spintronic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Two-Dimensional Ferromagnetic Materials for Spintronics: From Fundamental to Applications)

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10 pages, 1354 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nonequilibrium Photocarrier and Phonon Dynamics in Dirac Semimetal NiTe₂ Microcrystals Probed by Ultrafast Reflectivity Spectroscopy

by Shijie Ma, Kaiwen Sun, Peng Suo and Guohong Ma

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030204 - 5 Feb 2026

Viewed by 585

Abstract

Topological 3D Dirac semimetals are characterized by bulk Dirac cone band crossings and nontrivial topological surface states, giving rise to a wealth of exotic physical properties and attracting considerable attention in recent years. Understanding the nonequilibrium dynamics of Dirac semimetals in micro-size provides [...] Read more.

Topological 3D Dirac semimetals are characterized by bulk Dirac cone band crossings and nontrivial topological surface states, giving rise to a wealth of exotic physical properties and attracting considerable attention in recent years. Understanding the nonequilibrium dynamics of Dirac semimetals in micro-size provides critical guidance for the design of micro- and nanoscale optoelectronic and ultrafast photonic devices. In this work, we employ time-resolved microscopic transient spectroscopy to investigate the nonequilibrium photocarrier and lattice dynamics in microcrystalline Dirac semimetal NiTe₂, a prototypical 3D Dirac semimetal. Following photoexcitation at 390 nm, the transient reflectivity kinetics of NiTe₂ can be well described with a triple-exponential decay function. The fastest relaxation component occurs on a sub-picosecond timescale and increases with pump fluence, which originates from electron-optical phonon coupling. An intermediate relaxation process with a characteristic time of ~8 ps is attributed to electron–hole recombination, while a slower decay component on the order of ~20–30 ps can be assigned to the anharmonic decay of optical phonons into acoustic phonons. Polarization-resolved measurements reveal nearly in-plane isotropic transient responses, which are insensitive to the polarization of probe light. These findings contribute to the physical insights for the development of future photonics and optoelectronic devices based on topological Dirac semimetals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Nanoscale Electronic Sensors—Innovations and Applications)

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12 pages, 1474 KB

Open AccessArticle

Proton-Conducting Sulfonated Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica

by Tobias Wagner and Michael Tiemann

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030203 - 4 Feb 2026

Viewed by 830

Abstract

Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) are essential for fuel cells, yet conventional materials like Nafion suffer from humidity dependence and limited thermal stability. This study introduces sulfonated phenylene-bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) as promising inorganic–organic hybrid PEMs, synthesized via surfactant-templating with varying alkyl chain [...] Read more.

Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) are essential for fuel cells, yet conventional materials like Nafion suffer from humidity dependence and limited thermal stability. This study introduces sulfonated phenylene-bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) as promising inorganic–organic hybrid PEMs, synthesized via surfactant-templating with varying alkyl chain lengths for different mesopore sizes. Post-synthetic functionalization involves nitration of phenylene moieties, reduction to amines, and ring-opening of propane or butane sultones to graft sulfonic acid groups via flexible spacers, achieving homogeneous distribution along pore walls. Post-functionalization is confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), revealing preserved 2D hexagonal p6mm ordering and phenylene stacking. N₂ physisorption shows type IV isotherms with reduced pore volumes and pore sizes. ¹H NMR is used to quantify functionalization degrees. Impedance spectroscopy on pressed pellets demonstrates proton conductivities up to 2 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ at 30 °C and 90% RH, depending on the functionalization degree, confirming sulfonic acid-mediated conduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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41 pages, 2553 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Technologies for All-Optical Logic Gate Implementations: A Comprehensive Review

by Jiali Cui, Kyriakos E. Zoiros and Amer Kotb

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030202 - 4 Feb 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1162

Abstract

Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are central to the development of ultrafast, low-power all-optical signal processing systems. Their strong nonlinear response, compact size, and compatibility with photonic integration platforms make them key enablers for implementing all-optical logic functions beyond the limitations of electronic switching. [...] Read more.

Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are central to the development of ultrafast, low-power all-optical signal processing systems. Their strong nonlinear response, compact size, and compatibility with photonic integration platforms make them key enablers for implementing all-optical logic functions beyond the limitations of electronic switching. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the principal SOA technologies used in all-optical logic gate implementations, including conventional bulk and quantum well SOAs, quantum dot SOAs (QD-SOAs), photonic crystal SOAs (PhC-SOAs), reflective SOAs (RSOAs), and carrier reservoir SOAs (CR-SOAs). For each architecture, we examine the carrier dynamics, gain recovery mechanisms, saturation behavior, and fabrication considerations, together with their associated nonlinear effects such as cross-gain modulation, cross-phase modulation, and four-wave mixing. We further evaluate reported implementations of key logic operations—AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR, and XNOR—highlighting performance trade-offs in terms of speed, extinction ratio, operational power, integration complexity, and scalability. The review concludes with current challenges and emerging research directions aimed at realizing fully integrated, high-speed, and energy-efficient all-optical logic systems based on next-generation SOA technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Nano-Optics and Nano-Optoelectronics: Challenges and Future Trends)

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13 pages, 2217 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Presence of a Nano-Sized Filler in the Generation of Microplastics from Polypropylene Nanocomposites

by Marco Morreale, Erika Indovino, Luigi Botta and Francesco Paolo La Mantia

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030201 - 3 Feb 2026

Viewed by 510

Abstract

The widespread and exponentially increasing use of polymer-based commodities is, nowadays, a basically intrinsic element of contemporary life as well as a substantial environmental concern. Moreover, it has led to significant adverse consequences especially when recovery and recycling are unsatisfactory, conditions favoring the [...] Read more.

The widespread and exponentially increasing use of polymer-based commodities is, nowadays, a basically intrinsic element of contemporary life as well as a substantial environmental concern. Moreover, it has led to significant adverse consequences especially when recovery and recycling are unsatisfactory, conditions favoring the formation of microplastics and nanoplastics with significant consequences on aquatic systems, soil, atmosphere, as well as biota and human health. Although the topic is undergoing massive investigation and research, there is less data about the behavior of multiphase polymer systems, especially as far as nanocomposites are concerned. In this paper, we simulated the two main generation mechanisms of micro- and nanoplastics (photo-oxidation and mechanical fragmentation) of a polypropylene/clay nanocomposite and systematically characterized the amount and size distribution of the obtained microplastics. It was found that the presence of this nanoclay can lead to reduced microplastic generation, due to mitigation of the photo-oxidation processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Nanomaterials for Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Environmental Applications—New Trends, Benefits and Future Opportunities)

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22 pages, 2486 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Evaluation of the Effect of Size and PEGylation on Inhalable Liposomes for Pulmonary Drug Delivery

by Juliana Carrillo-Romero, Laura Fernández-Méndez, Endika de la Iglesia, Alberto Katsumiti, Lorena Germán, Desirè Di Silvio, Jesús Ruíz-Cabello, Susana Carregal-Romero and Felipe Goñi-de-Cerio

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030200 - 3 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1033

Abstract

The development of effective inhalable drugs remains a key challenge in the treatment of pulmonary diseases, due to the physiological barriers of the respiratory tract and the lack of predictive models that accurately reproduce the human lung environment. In this context, liposomes (LP) [...] Read more.

The development of effective inhalable drugs remains a key challenge in the treatment of pulmonary diseases, due to the physiological barriers of the respiratory tract and the lack of predictive models that accurately reproduce the human lung environment. In this context, liposomes (LP) have emerged as promising nanocarriers for pulmonary drug delivery due to their high biocompatibility, surfactant-like composition, capacity to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, and potential to provide sustained drug release while reducing systemic toxicity. This study evaluates the influence of size and PEGylation on their physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity, interaction with the pulmonary mucus, and cellular internalisation. LP of 100 nm (LP 100), 200 nm (LP 200), and 600 nm (LP 600) were characterised physiochemically and evaluated in pulmonary cell lines (A549 and Calu-3) exposed in liquid–liquid interface (LLI) and air–liquid interface (ALI) by nebulisation. In addition, artificial pulmonary mucus (APM) was employed to analyse LP penetration through the pulmonary mucus barrier. Results indicate that LP 100 exhibits greater colloidal stability, lower cytotoxicity, and sustained migration through the APM over time with respect to larger particles. PEGylation of LP 100 (LP-PEG) further increases their stability and ability to penetrate the APM, although cellular internalisation is reduced due to the steric effect of the PEG coating. These findings highlight the importance of adjusting the size and surface modifications of LPs according to the therapeutic target of the drug, optimising their persistence on the epithelial surface or their cellular uptake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials 2026: Innovations and Future Perspectives)

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17 pages, 2781 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Parameter Optimization of Deep Well Rapid Purification System Combining Nanobubble Water Spray and Water Bath/Wire Mesh Carbon

by Xin Zhang, Yixiao Xie, Yong Jin, Xingxin Nie, Zeyu Sun, Lihua Mi and Rui Tao

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030199 - 2 Feb 2026

Viewed by 649

Abstract

In order to create a safe and healthy working environment in mines, an issue that urgently needs to be addressed is the rapid discharge of high concentrations of toxic and harmful pollutants after blasting. This paper proposes a deep well rapid purification system [...] Read more.

In order to create a safe and healthy working environment in mines, an issue that urgently needs to be addressed is the rapid discharge of high concentrations of toxic and harmful pollutants after blasting. This paper proposes a deep well rapid purification system based on the combination of nanobubble water spray and water bath/wire mesh carbon, and conducts single-variable optimization tests on the parameters of micro-nano bubble water and the atomizing nozzle. The wet spray fiber grid and carbon adsorption network form in sequence and verify the purification experiment under the clear optimal parameters. The results show that the micro-nano bubble water is used as the spray medium, and a high-pressure nozzle with a diameter of 0.4 mm is also used. The water supply pressure of the nozzle is 3.0 MPa, the wet spray fiber grid uses a double-layer 10-mesh metal wire, and the carbon adsorption network uses 5 mm activated carbon fiber cotton as the optimal parameter for the deep well rapid purification system. Under these conditions, the efficiency of total dust and exhalation dust reduction is 72.90% and 79.17%, respectively, and the purification efficiency of CO, H₂S, and SO₂ reaches 84.39%, 78.75%, and 55.54%, respectively. This study provides reference data for efficient pollution reduction in mines and has high practical value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano- and Micro-Scale Innovative Materials and Development: Selected Papers from the 6th International Micro-Nanotechnology Innovation and Development Forum (6-IMNIDF))

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31 pages, 5087 KB

Open AccessReview

Gallium-Based Liquid Metals: From Fundamental Properties to State-of-the-Art Applications

by Min Zhang, Peiying Liao, Yuanming Cao, Tingting Sun and Xuanyong Liu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030198 - 2 Feb 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1366

Abstract

The rapid advancement of flexible and stretchable electronics has raised new demands for conductive materials with high conductivity and excellent mechanical properties. Compared to traditional conductive materials, gallium-based liquid metals exhibit a compelling set of attributes—including intrinsic deformability, high conductivity, good thermal conductivity, [...] Read more.

The rapid advancement of flexible and stretchable electronics has raised new demands for conductive materials with high conductivity and excellent mechanical properties. Compared to traditional conductive materials, gallium-based liquid metals exhibit a compelling set of attributes—including intrinsic deformability, high conductivity, good thermal conductivity, and a liquid state at or near room temperature—that address the critical requirements for conductors in flexible and stretchable electronics. However, the broader application of gallium-based liquid metals is limited by intrinsic challenges, such as oxidation tendency and high surface tension, while their multifunctional potential remains to be fully explored and developed. This paper provides a comprehensive review of gallium-based liquid metals, spanning from their fundamental concepts including intrinsic properties and processing characteristics (oxidative layer/droplet engineering) and functionalization techniques to their diverse applications in flexible electronics. It concisely summarizes key factors, existing issues, and challenges encountered during the design, research, and application of gallium-based liquid metals, aiming to provide guidance and assistance for subsequent research and applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Dimensional Materials: Thermal Characterization, Thermal Devices, and Thermal Management)

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13 pages, 1975 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metal–Organic Framework-Based Fluorinated Carbon for Li Primary Battery

by Hang Xu, Zhihao Gui, Runzhe Wang, Han Yu, Cong Peng, Yu Li and Wei Feng

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030197 - 2 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 647

Abstract

Li/fluorinated carbon (CF_x) batteries have attracted considerable attention in the field of energy storage owing to their excellent energy density and long storage life. However, the development of CF_x cathodes is restricted by their poor conductivity at high degrees of [...] Read more.

Li/fluorinated carbon (CF_x) batteries have attracted considerable attention in the field of energy storage owing to their excellent energy density and long storage life. However, the development of CF_x cathodes is restricted by their poor conductivity at high degrees of fluorination. Herein, ZIF-8-based fluorinated carbon with a well-developed network structure was fabricated via gas-phase fluorination and acid treatment. Moreover, treatment at a low fluorination temperature of 180 °C for 4 h and acid washing endowed the obtained fluorinated carbon (HFG@ZIF-8) with a high F/C (1.62), favorable specific surface area (207 m² g⁻¹), unique porous channels, and highly electrochemically active C–F bonds, resulting in a maximum specific capacity (1143.4 mAh g⁻¹) and energy density (2614.8 Wh kg⁻¹) at 0.02 C. The superior Li⁺ transport efficiency, with diffusion coefficients ranging from 1.47 × 10⁻¹¹ to 1.93 × 10⁻¹⁷ cm² s⁻¹, enables HFG@ZIF-8 to deliver 453.4 mAh g⁻¹ at 5 C with no voltage delay. Therefore, this work provides an innovative strategy for the preparation of high-performance CF_x cathodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanoarchitectures for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Battery Applications)

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11 pages, 629 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Polypropylene Microplastics and Copper Contamination on Rice Seedling Growth

by Ziwen Hao, Steven Xu, Siquan Huang and Lin Wang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030196 - 2 Feb 2026

Viewed by 584

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) and copper (Cu), applied individually and in combination, on the growth (root and shoot length, fresh and dry biomass), peroxidase (POD) activity, and Cu accumulation of rice seedlings. A hydroponic experiment was conducted with [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effects of polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) and copper (Cu), applied individually and in combination, on the growth (root and shoot length, fresh and dry biomass), peroxidase (POD) activity, and Cu accumulation of rice seedlings. A hydroponic experiment was conducted with four treatments: control (CK), PP, Cu, and PP+Cu. Exposure to PP-MPs slightly promoted seedling growth, whereas Cu markedly inhibited growth and induced chlorosis. Compared with Cu alone, co-exposure to PP-MPs and Cu (PP+Cu) partially improved shoot growth and alleviated Cu-induced suppression of shoot POD activity. In contrast, root POD activity showed the strongest reduction under PP+Cu (91.7% decrease), revealing a pronounced root–shoot divergence in antioxidant responses. Moreover, total Cu accumulation in seedlings increased by 12.3% in PP+Cu relative to Cu alone, implying that PP-MPs may influence Cu bioavailability and/or internal partitioning. However, Cu speciation and subcellular distribution were not quantified in this study and should be examined in future work. Overall, PP-MPs may simultaneously enhance Cu uptake while partially mitigating shoot-level toxicity, underscoring the complexity of microplastic–metal co-contamination in rice seedling systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanotechnology in Agriculture)

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77 pages, 10681 KB

Open AccessReview

Robust and Integrable Time-Varying Metamaterials: A Systematic Survey and Coherent Mapping

by Ioannis Koutzoglou, Stamatios Amanatiadis and Nikolaos V. Kantartzis

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030195 - 31 Jan 2026

Viewed by 916

Abstract

Time-varying or temporal metamaterials and metasurfaces, in which electromagnetic parameters are deliberately modulated in time, have emerged as a powerful route to engineer wave–matter interaction beyond what is possible in static media. By enabling the controlled exchange of energy and momentum with the [...] Read more.

Time-varying or temporal metamaterials and metasurfaces, in which electromagnetic parameters are deliberately modulated in time, have emerged as a powerful route to engineer wave–matter interaction beyond what is possible in static media. By enabling the controlled exchange of energy and momentum with the fields, they underpin magnet-free nonreciprocity, low-loss frequency conversion, temporal impedance matching beyond Bode-Fano limit, and unconventional parametric gain and noise control. This survey provides a coherent framework that unifies the main theoretical and experimental developments in the area, from early analyses of velocity-modulated dielectrics to recent demonstrations of temporal photonic crystals, non-Foster temporal boundaries, and spatiotemporally driven metasurfaces relevant to nanophotonic platforms. We systematically compare time-varying permittivity, joint

ε

-

μ

modulation, time-varying conductivity, plasmas, and circuit-equivalent implementations, including stochastic and rapidly sign-switching regimes, and relate them to acoustic and quantum analogs using common figures of merit, such as conversion efficiency, isolation versus insertion loss, modulation depth and speed, dynamic range, and stability. Our work concludes by outlining key challenges, loss and pump efficiency, high-speed modulation at the nanoscale, dispersion engineering for broadband operation, and fair benchmarking, which must be addressed for robust, integrable temporal metasurfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transformation Optics and Metamaterials)

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14 pages, 2618 KB

Open AccessArticle

Strong Tribocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants by Natural Shell Particles

by Yuqin Xie, Mingzhang Zhu, Zhenming Xu, Lina Bing, Wanping Chen and Zhenjiang Shen

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030194 - 30 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 691

Abstract

This study presents a waste-valorization strategy by developing calcined natural shell particles (CNSP) derived from waste oyster shells as an efficient tribocatalyst for degrading high-concentration organic pollutants, a challenge for which conventional photocatalytic approaches are hindered by light shielding. The CNSP catalyst, confirmed [...] Read more.

This study presents a waste-valorization strategy by developing calcined natural shell particles (CNSP) derived from waste oyster shells as an efficient tribocatalyst for degrading high-concentration organic pollutants, a challenge for which conventional photocatalytic approaches are hindered by light shielding. The CNSP catalyst, confirmed as calcite CaCO₃ with low surface area and stable crystalline structure, demonstrated exceptional efficacy in degrading Rhodamine B (RhB) solutions across a wide concentration range (50–300 mg/L) under mechanical friction, achieving 99% removal of 50 mg/L RhB in 1 h and 300 mg/L RhB in 18 h with a 0.5 g catalyst. This catalyst maintained a degradation efficiency of over 95% in a continuous six-cycle process. Mechanistic studies revealed that the tribocatalytic process generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily hydroxyl (

• O H

) and superoxide (

• {O_{2}}^{-}

) radicals, which drive the decomposition of dye molecules. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy directly confirmed the generation of these radicals. These findings establish CNSP as a promising, low-cost, and environmentally benign catalyst for wastewater treatment. This work not only provides a novel strategy for high-concentration dye removal but also reduces the environmental burden of aquaculture shell disposal. Further work is needed to evaluate its performance in real industrial effluents and with mixed pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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29 pages, 26101 KB

Open AccessArticle

Primary Radiation Damage in a Strain-Engineering-Based SiGe/Si Heterostructure: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation

by Tian Xing, Shuhuan Liu, Qian Wang, Chao Wang, Yuchen Wang, Mathew Adefusika Adekoya, Xuan Wang, Xinkun Li, Huawei Sheng, Luyang Cai, Jiatong Tan, Yalei Yi and Zhongliang Li

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030193 - 30 Jan 2026

Viewed by 764

Abstract

Space-borne SiGe-based electronics are confronted with high-energy particles and may suffer from displacement damage effects. Here, primary radiation damage of a strain-engineering-based SiGe/Si heterostructure was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations in two cases of independent and overlapping collision cascades. The results showed that [...] Read more.

Space-borne SiGe-based electronics are confronted with high-energy particles and may suffer from displacement damage effects. Here, primary radiation damage of a strain-engineering-based SiGe/Si heterostructure was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations in two cases of independent and overlapping collision cascades. The results showed that among 1 keV, 3 keV, and 5 keV primary knock-on atoms (PKAs) of Si and Ge, 3 keV Ge PKAs generated the most point defects at the heterointerface, which was associated with adequate PKA energy dissipated around the heterointerface. Meanwhile, the Frenkel pairs at the heterointerface continued increasing merely in the first three cascades and tended to annihilate subsequently, whereas the antisites both in the whole heterostructure and at the heterointerface accrued from the first to the fifth cascades. In addition, the spatial distribution of point defects surviving in each collision cascade was dominated by the melting region, and it could be superimposed on the subsequent ones during the overlapping cascades. Overall, this work explored the evolution of the defect and temperature as well as the overlapping effects during the collision cascades in a strain-engineering-based SiGe/Si heterostructure, which shall shed light on radiation effects of SiGe/Si heterostructures and pertinent radiation-hardening techniques of SiGe-based electronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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13 pages, 17182 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication Process and Light-Trapping Performance Study of Ultrathin Silicon-Based Solar Cells with Embedded ZnO/Au Heterojunction Nanostructures

by Le Cao, Jin Zhuo, Tangyou Sun, Pengyuan Wang and Qiaonian Xu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030192 - 30 Jan 2026

Viewed by 562

Abstract

Owing to the excellent performance of zinc oxide materials under ultraviolet light, this paper proposes a process for fabricating ZnO/Au heterojunction nanostructures on the surface of silicon-based solar cells using anodic aluminum oxide as the template, ultimately resulting in a novel silicon-based solar [...] Read more.

Owing to the excellent performance of zinc oxide materials under ultraviolet light, this paper proposes a process for fabricating ZnO/Au heterojunction nanostructures on the surface of silicon-based solar cells using anodic aluminum oxide as the template, ultimately resulting in a novel silicon-based solar cell with an embedded ZnO/Au nanostructure array. Through model optimization and analysis of the solar cells, it is found that compared with silicon-based solar cells with double grating nanostructures, silicon-based solar cells with surface silicon nanostructure arrays prepared by similar processes, and traditional planar silicon-based solar cells, the light absorption efficiency of the proposed solar cell structure is improved by 13.2%, 35.01%, and 63.78%, respectively; its short-circuit current density and power conversion efficiency reach 40 mA/cm² and 20.17%, respectively. Meanwhile, this paper conducts an in-depth study on the performance enhancement mechanism, providing new insights for the fabrication of ZnO/Au heterojunction nanostructures and their applications in the field of solar cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical Calculation Study of Nanomaterials: 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 2246 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Concentrated Colloidal Dispersion of Nickelladithiolene Coordination Nanosheet Realized by an Alkylated Modulator

by Naoya Fukui, Yu Endo, Miyu Ito, Kenji Takada, Hiroaki Maeda and Hiroshi Nishihara

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030191 - 30 Jan 2026

Viewed by 811

Abstract

Nickelladithiolene nanosheet, Ni₃BHT, is a two-dimensional material composed of nickel ions and benzenehexathiol (BHT). Ni₃BHT has attracted considerable attention owing to its electrical conductivity. Although conventional Ni₃BHT is obtained as a solid film or powder, recent studies [...] Read more.

Nickelladithiolene nanosheet, Ni₃BHT, is a two-dimensional material composed of nickel ions and benzenehexathiol (BHT). Ni₃BHT has attracted considerable attention owing to its electrical conductivity. Although conventional Ni₃BHT is obtained as a solid film or powder, recent studies have explored methods for handling Ni₃BHT as a liquid ink, which facilitates industrial applications. One such method involves adding a modulator ligand to control the morphology of Ni₃BHT. In this study, we developed a novel modulator ligand, 4,5-dihexylbenzene-1,2-dithiol (CL1), which afforded a more stable and concentrated Ni₃BHT dispersion than those previously reported. Further investigations suggest that CL1 is incorporated not only at the termini but also within the interior of the Ni₃BHT nanoflakes, based on the consistent interpretation of spectroscopic and morphological data, in the dispersion via the addition of an adequate amount of a modulator. The application of the Ni₃BHT dispersion as a conductive ink was demonstrated. The Ni₃BHT ink exhibited the highest electrical conductivity and colloidal stability at a CL1/BHT ratio of 0.3. These findings pave the way for potential applications of Ni₃BHT in various industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photo and Electro Functions and Applications of Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials)

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27 pages, 3607 KB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of Porous Radiative Cooling Films Based on Phase Separation Method

by Shicheng Lu, Youliang Cheng, Mengyao Li, Jing Chen, Changqing Fang, Xingbo Yao, Changxue Cao and Jiamin Fan

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030190 - 30 Jan 2026

Viewed by 822

Abstract

In recent years, against the backdrop of increasingly prominent global climate change and environmental issues, high-efficiency cooling technologies and energy-saving materials have become key research focuses. Radiative cooling, which reflects sunlight and emits thermal radiation into outer space, enables passive cooling without energy [...] Read more.

In recent years, against the backdrop of increasingly prominent global climate change and environmental issues, high-efficiency cooling technologies and energy-saving materials have become key research focuses. Radiative cooling, which reflects sunlight and emits thermal radiation into outer space, enables passive cooling without energy consumption. The phase separation method has emerged as a promising approach for fabricating porous daytime radiative cooling materials, attracting extensive research interest due to its favorable processability, excellent cooling performance, low cost, and scalability. Based on radiative cooling principles, this review summarizes the preparation methods, structural design, and application fields of porous radiative cooling films fabricated via the phase separation method. Furthermore, it is suggested that phase-separated porous radiative cooling films hold great potential in green buildings, personal thermal management, and food preservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Nanomaterials for Packaging Applications)

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