Nanomaterials

16 pages, 12962 KB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Modeling and Characterization of Nanoporous Films Assembled by Deposition of Au Nanoparticles

by Giacomo Becatti and Francesca Baletto

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110702 - 5 Jun 2026

Viewed by 501

Nanoporous films assembled by low-kinetic-energy deposition of individual nanoparticles are complex nanomaterials for a variety of applications, from gas sensing to neuromorphic computing. We develop a numerical strategy for assembling metallic nanoparticles into 25–40 nm thick films from an arbitrary distribution of Au [...] Read more.

Nanoporous films assembled by low-kinetic-energy deposition of individual nanoparticles are complex nanomaterials for a variety of applications, from gas sensing to neuromorphic computing. We develop a numerical strategy for assembling metallic nanoparticles into 25–40 nm thick films from an arbitrary distribution of Au nanoparticles in terms of their initial size and shape. We characterize the structural properties of the assembled films as a function of the initial nanoparticle distribution. The morphology of the deposited nanoparticles affects nanofilm thickness, porosity, and its internal structure, including the length, type, and density of dislocations. Film porosity and the average dislocation length mainly correlate with the size of deposited nanoparticles. At the same time, thickness and dislocation density can also be affected by the shape of the larger nanoparticles deposited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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14 pages, 648 KB

Open AccessArticle

Donor Intra-Center Absorption to Resonant States in Quantum Wells: Analysis of Peak Shapes

by Volodymyr Akimov, Viktor Tulupenko, Roman Demediuk, Anton Tiutiunnyk, Carlos A. Duque, Alvaro L. Morales, David Laroze, Miguel Eduardo Mora-Ramos, Igor Fodchuk and Tamara González-Vega

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110701 - 5 Jun 2026

Viewed by 571

Abstract

The oscillator strengths of absorptive transitions from the ground to the resonant excited impurity states for the impurity positioned in and near the GaAs/AlGaAs rectangular quantum well are studied. Due to the resonant nature of the final states, the absorption peaks are broadened. [...] Read more.

The oscillator strengths of absorptive transitions from the ground to the resonant excited impurity states for the impurity positioned in and near the GaAs/AlGaAs rectangular quantum well are studied. Due to the resonant nature of the final states, the absorption peaks are broadened. The shape of the peaks is reproduced numerically as a function of impurity position with respect to the well and the well width. Peak parameters, such as maximum, broadening, and integral absorption, are analyzed numerically; the Fano parameter is considered qualitatively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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12 pages, 1664 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Fe-CNFs and Mechanistic Insights into Carbon-Water Reaction

by Wenqi Gao, Yuan Meng, Xinran Zhang, Liqiang Liu, Yunjie Zhang, Jin Zhou and Zifei Sun

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110700 - 5 Jun 2026

Viewed by 568

Abstract

Iron-based carbon nanofibers (Fe-CNFs) have garnered significant attention due to their promising applications as functional materials or precursors in the field of catalysis, energy storage, and electromagnetic interference shielding. In this work, electrospun Fe₃O₄-CNFs were reduced under a H [...] Read more.

Iron-based carbon nanofibers (Fe-CNFs) have garnered significant attention due to their promising applications as functional materials or precursors in the field of catalysis, energy storage, and electromagnetic interference shielding. In this work, electrospun Fe₃O₄-CNFs were reduced under a H₂/Ar atmosphere to obtain Fe-CNFs, and the reduction temperature and holding time were systematically optimized. Notably, a pronounced carbon gasification phenomenon was observed at elevated temperatures (>550 °C), leading to a complete consumption of the carbon matrix. The underlying mechanism was explored using temperature-programmed reduction with mass spectrometry (TPR-MS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results suggest that the carbon gasification during the H₂ reduction process is primarily driven by the carbon-water reaction, which can be catalyzed by the in situ-formed Fe nanoparticles. As the temperature increases, various reactions—including hydrogen dissociation, H₂ spillover, carbon-water reaction, and Boudouard reaction—may progressively consume the carbon framework, ultimately leading to structural collapse and complete material loss. This study elucidates the underlying mechanism of carbon-water reaction and provides practical guidance for the optimization of synthesis parameters, thereby enhancing the yield and structural integrity of free-standing Fe-CNFs for their application in catalysis and energy storage-related fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

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25 pages, 2860 KB

Open AccessReview

Nanodefect-Mediated Strengthening and Deformation Mechanisms in Magnesium Alloys: A Critical Review

by Nürettin Akçakale, Muhammad Ishtiaq, Temel Varol and Mohsen Saboktakin Rizi

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110699 - 5 Jun 2026

Viewed by 767

Abstract

Nanodefect engineering has emerged as an effective strategy to address the inherent strength–ductility trade-off and limited damage tolerance of wrought and cast magnesium alloys through controlled manipulation of their defect structures. Recent advances demonstrate that introducing and tailoring nanoscale defects can significantly enhance [...] Read more.

Nanodefect engineering has emerged as an effective strategy to address the inherent strength–ductility trade-off and limited damage tolerance of wrought and cast magnesium alloys through controlled manipulation of their defect structures. Recent advances demonstrate that introducing and tailoring nanoscale defects can significantly enhance mechanical performance and, under appropriate defect architectures and processing conditions, may enable improved strength–ductility balance. This review provides a concise, mechanism-oriented overview of nanodefect-mediated strengthening in Mg alloys, focusing on the roles of nanograins, nanoprecipitates, nanotwins, and nano-stacking faults. Grain refinement via severe plastic deformation and other processing routes enhances strength through Hall–Petch effects while modifying texture and activating non-basal slip. Concurrently, nanoscale precipitates contribute through dislocation shearing and Orowan bypassing, whereas planar defects such as nanotwins and stacking faults introduce high-density interfaces that both impede dislocation motion and facilitate plastic accommodation. Emphasis is placed on the synergistic interactions among these defect populations, which govern strain hardening, deformation stability, and the overall strength–ductility balance. The review underscores that tailored defect architectures, achieved through integrated processing and alloy design, provide a viable pathway for developing next-generation Mg alloys with improved and tunable mechanical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology and Alloys: Microstructure Evolution and Properties Enhancement)

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20 pages, 8416 KB

Open AccessArticle

Engineered Tan-CDs@AS-IV Nanosystem Orchestrates Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Intercellular Transfer to Restore Endothelial Function via PGC-1α and Cx43 Signaling Pathways

by Haoran Wang, Xiaoyu Wang, Shuo Liu and Chunzhao Liu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110698 - 4 Jun 2026

Viewed by 543

Abstract

Ischemic diseases are characterized by the functional collapse of endothelial cells (ECs) triggered by insufficient tissue perfusion. Given that mitochondria serve as the metabolic hub of ECs, their homeostatic imbalance, which is manifested by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts, [...] Read more.

Ischemic diseases are characterized by the functional collapse of endothelial cells (ECs) triggered by insufficient tissue perfusion. Given that mitochondria serve as the metabolic hub of ECs, their homeostatic imbalance, which is manifested by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, serves as the initiating factor driving impaired angiogenesis and tissue necrosis. In this study, we engineered an integrated nanosystem (Tan-CDs@AS-IV) by transforming Tanshinone into antioxidant carbon dots to encapsulate Astragaloside IV, achieving multi-level synergistic regulation of mitochondrial function. Our results demonstrate that Tan-CDs@AS-IV possesses superior structural stability and cellular internalization capabilities, significantly enhancing the migration and tubulogenesis of ECs under ischemic stress. Mechanistically, Tan-CDs@AS-IV effectively scavenges mitochondrial ROS and restores membrane potential and ATP production. Crucially, the nanosystem orchestrates mitochondrial biogenesis via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) upregulation while simultaneously facilitating intercellular mitochondrial transfer through Connexin 43 (Cx43)-mediated gap junctions. This synergistic “endogenous amplification and intercellular replenishment” model establishes a robust mitochondrial quality control relay. By reconstructing cellular energy homeostasis, this study provides a novel nanoengineering strategy for the targeted therapy of ischemic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Progress in Targeted Delivery of Nanocarriers)

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12 pages, 9497 KB

Open AccessArticle

Upcycling Municipal Solid Incineration Fly Ash into Layered Double Hydroxide Nanomaterials: Heavy Metal Immobilization and Environmental Risk Assessment

by Yue Zhao, Xiaona Wang, Ze Zhang and Menglan Xu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110697 - 3 Jun 2026

Viewed by 580

Abstract

Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) represents a significant environmental challenge due to its high content of toxic heavy metal (HM) and large-scale generation. This study demonstrates the feasibility pathway for converting hazardous MSWI FA into well-crystallized layered double hydroxide nanosheets [...] Read more.

Municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) represents a significant environmental challenge due to its high content of toxic heavy metal (HM) and large-scale generation. This study demonstrates the feasibility pathway for converting hazardous MSWI FA into well-crystallized layered double hydroxide nanosheets (LDH-FA). Sodium dimethyl dithiocarbamate (SDD) was incorporated as a chelating stabilizer to enable synergistic HM immobilization during acid leaching and crystallization. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) confirmed the characteristic two-dimensional nanosheet morphology with interlayer spacings consistent with LDH structures, while elemental mapping revealed homogeneous distribution of Pb and Zn within the nanosheet matrix. SDD dosages higher than 1.0 wt% effectively suppressed HM leaching, and Pb concentrations were controlled below 0.1 mg/L and Zn maintained at minimal levels. BCR sequential extraction analysis further demonstrated that SDD treatment effectively transformed HMs from bioavailable acid-soluble fractions to stable forms. This investigation establishes an innovative approach to MSWI FA resource utilization and provides mechanistic insights into HM stabilization within LDH nanostructures, offering a scientific basis for safer applications of waste-derived nanomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Nanomaterials: Innovations in Sustainable Applications)

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22 pages, 4356 KB

Open AccessReview

Ion Migration in Two-Dimensional Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Heterostructures: Interface Evolution, Migration Mechanisms and Device Implications

by Zhendong Weng, Junxiong Liu, Kexin Liu, Yingjie Zhou, Yaqi Zhang, Muzi Yang, Jian Chen and Weiguang Xie

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110696 - 3 Jun 2026

Viewed by 802

Abstract

Two-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite (2D-OIHP) heterostructures provide a versatile platform for crystal engineering because their composition, dimensionality, excitonic structure and interfacial energy alignment can be tuned at the molecular level. However, the same ionic softness that enables facile chemical transformation also leads to [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite (2D-OIHP) heterostructures provide a versatile platform for crystal engineering because their composition, dimensionality, excitonic structure and interfacial energy alignment can be tuned at the molecular level. However, the same ionic softness that enables facile chemical transformation also leads to ion migration under thermal, electrical and optical stimuli. In 2D-OIHP heterostructures, ion migration is not only a degradation pathway; it determines whether a heterointerface remains sharp, becomes compositionally graded, evolves into a mixed-halide alloy, or forms a bias-programmed functional junction. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding ion migration in 2D-OIHP-based heterostructures, with emphasis on migration species, driving forces, pathways and interface evolution. We first classify representative fabrication strategies according to the initial interface profiles they generate. We then discuss thermally driven in-plane and out-of-plane halide migration, spacer-cation engineering for suppressing interdiffusion, and electric-field-induced directional migration in functional devices. Finally, we extract design rules and unresolved challenges for achieving stable, sharp or dynamically programmable perovskite heterostructures. The aim is to provide a mechanistic framework for using ion migration as both a stability criterion and a crystal-engineering tool in layered hybrid perovskites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications (3rd Edition))

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45 pages, 15204 KB

Open AccessReview

Biological Responses to Combined Nanoparticles: Uptake, Distribution and Toxicity

by Lu-Lu Chen, Jun-Hao Guo, Yuan-Yuan Liu and Haifang Wang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110695 - 2 Jun 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 696

Abstract

The biological effects of nanoparticles (NPs) form the basis of their safety assessments and biomedical applications. However, most related studies have focused on exposing biological systems such as cells and animals to individual NPs. This is far removed from real-world environmental exposure and [...] Read more.

The biological effects of nanoparticles (NPs) form the basis of their safety assessments and biomedical applications. However, most related studies have focused on exposing biological systems such as cells and animals to individual NPs. This is far removed from real-world environmental exposure and biomedical application scenarios involving NPs. In practice, NPs often coexist with other types of NPs or the same type of NPs of different sizes. Interactions between mixed NPs can alter their dispersion states and biological behaviors, thereby influencing their cellular internalization, distribution, and ultimately determining their toxicity outcomes. In this review, we summarize the research progress and current understanding of the biological effects of mixed NPs. We focus on how co-exposure influences the uptake/absorption, fate, and toxicity of NPs in cells and animals. Co-exposure results in an increased, decreased, or unaffected cellular uptake of NPs by altering their dispersion states and protein corona in biological media, and thus their uptake routes. Cytotoxicity of mixed NPs exhibits patterns of synergistic, antagonistic, or additive effects, and is not always positively correlated with the intracellular contents of the NPs, highlighting the complexity of the response of biological systems to NP co-exposure. In vivo evidence further indicates that co-exposure to NPs can result in alterations in the absorption efficiency, tissue distribution, and clearance of the NPs, and thus their overall toxicity. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the current research on the biological response to mixed NPs, and propose key challenges and future directions towards a more standardized, mechanism-based assessment of NP mixtures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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23 pages, 3661 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rice Husk-Derived MCM-41 for Efficient Hg(II) Removal: Performance, Mechanism, and Environmental Safety in Real Water Matrices

by Naren Bocanegra, Marcela Paredes-Laverde, Nancy Acelas, Ximena Carolina Pulido, Luis Rodríguez and César Jaramillo-Páez

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110694 - 1 Jun 2026

Viewed by 781

Abstract

Mercury contamination in water poses severe environmental and health risks, requiring efficient and sustainable removal strategies. In this study, rice husk (RH), rice husk-derived materials, including rice ash (RHA), and Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41 (MCM-41) were evaluated as adsorbents for Hg(II) [...] Read more.

Mercury contamination in water poses severe environmental and health risks, requiring efficient and sustainable removal strategies. In this study, rice husk (RH), rice husk-derived materials, including rice ash (RHA), and Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41 (MCM-41) were evaluated as adsorbents for Hg(II) removal in aqueous systems. Among the tested materials, MCM-41 exhibited superior adsorption performance, achieving up to 98% Hg(II) removal under optimal conditions (pH 6.8, 3 g L⁻¹ of adsorbent, and a pollutant concentration of 0.90 mg L⁻¹). Adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and was best described by the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 0.80 mg g⁻¹. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the process was spontaneous and exothermic, primarily governed by coordination interactions and hydrogen bonding with surface silanol groups. The adsorbent’s applicability was further assessed in distilled water, synthetic industrial wastewater, and river water. Although high removal efficiencies were maintained, a decrease was observed in complex matrices due to competition from coexisting ions. Reusability tests demonstrated that MCM-41 retained its performance over four adsorption cycles. Environmental safety was evaluated through ecotoxicological and microbiological assays. Daphnia magna exhibited high sensitivity to Hg(II) (EC₅₀ values of 0.0220 mg L⁻¹ at 24 h and 0.0158 mg L⁻¹ at 48 h), while treated samples showed improved germination indices of Lactuca sativa, particularly in distilled and river water. However, residual toxicity persisted in industrial wastewater matrices. Overall, rice husk-derived MCM-41 is a promising and sustainable adsorbent for Hg(II) removal, though further optimization is needed to mitigate residual toxicity in complex water matrices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for Water Remediation (3rd Edition))

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50 pages, 38213 KB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress and Prospects of Ultra-High-Temperature Ceramics: Experimentation, Multiscale Simulation and Data-Driven Design

by Nan Qu, Wentao Zhou, Wei Zhang, Yong Liu, Lu Zheng, Dingbo Cao, Mingyi Tan, Jingchuan Zhu and Xinghong Zhang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110693 - 1 Jun 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1481

Abstract

Ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs), including transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and diborides, have emerged as a class of promising structural materials for applications in extreme aerospace and energy environments. Their strong covalent–metallic bonding endows them with exceptionally high melting points, elastic moduli, and thermal stability. Nevertheless, [...] Read more.

Ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs), including transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and diborides, have emerged as a class of promising structural materials for applications in extreme aerospace and energy environments. Their strong covalent–metallic bonding endows them with exceptionally high melting points, elastic moduli, and thermal stability. Nevertheless, intrinsic brittleness, limited oxidation resistance, and poor sinterability remain key challenges for the engineering application of conventional UHTCs. Recently, novel material design strategies such as multiphase composites, microstructural engineering, and compositional complexity have emerged. Among these, high-entropy UHTCs (HE-UHTCs) have attracted significant attention due to their configurational entropy, lattice distortion, and sluggish diffusion effects, which collectively enhance oxidation resistance, thermal stability, sinterability, and mechanical performance. This review summarizes the crystal chemistry, mechanical behavior, oxidation, and ablation properties of conventional UHTCs and HE-UHTCs. The four core effects of HE-UHTCs—configurational entropy, lattice distortion, sluggish diffusion, and cocktail effects—are discussed in relation to their mechanical properties and oxidation resistance. The roles of computational materials science, including density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics (MD), and machine learning, in composition screening and property prediction are critically reviewed. Finally, key challenges and future directions for the rational design and engineering application of UHTCs are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Carbon/Ceramic Nanocomposites: Microstructure and Properties)

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18 pages, 1571 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stitch-Less Lithography Empowered by Multi-Dimensional Holography

by Hsin-Hui Huang, Haoran Mu, Eulalia Puig Vilardell, Vijayakumar Anand, Darius Gailevičius and Saulius Juodkazis

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110692 - 1 Jun 2026

Viewed by 877

Abstract

Trends in Micro- and Nano-Lithography required for future development of large area applications ranging from high-packing-density electronics to solar cells are surveyed and outlined. Strategies to use direct laser writing to define etch masks over large areas by: (i) fixed beam moving stage [...] Read more.

Trends in Micro- and Nano-Lithography required for future development of large area applications ranging from high-packing-density electronics to solar cells are surveyed and outlined. Strategies to use direct laser writing to define etch masks over large areas by: (i) fixed beam moving stage and (ii) moving beam moving stage approaches are presented. The extension of planar 2D and stacked 2D (or 2.5D) fabrication methods into 3D micro- and nano-fabrication is discussed. One of the essential future characteristics of 3D nanolithography is real-time feedback capability. This can be realised via inherent 3D-capable holography, which bridges lithographic exposure control, wavefront sensing, and adaptive feedback, providing a pathway to stitch-free, large-area 3D patterning. The future of micro-fabrication is expected to evolve via highly specialised 3D architecture design and reduction in post-processing steps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspective on Micro- and Nano-Lithography Technology)

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24 pages, 24944 KB

Open AccessReview

Mapping Therapeutic Regulatory T Cell Fate with MRI: Current Strategies and Translational Outlook

by Yu Ping, Lydia Chen, Jacob Joel Hoenig, Xiaohan Yang and Fanny Chapelin

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110691 - 1 Jun 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 839

Abstract

Adoptive cell therapies, and more specifically, regulatory T cell (Treg) therapies, have shown significant therapeutic promise across multiple immune-mediated diseases including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), solid organ transplant (SOT) rejection, and autoimmune diseases. One key challenge is the lack of insight into the biodistribution [...] Read more.

Adoptive cell therapies, and more specifically, regulatory T cell (Treg) therapies, have shown significant therapeutic promise across multiple immune-mediated diseases including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), solid organ transplant (SOT) rejection, and autoimmune diseases. One key challenge is the lack of insight into the biodistribution and fate of adoptively transferred T cells and Tregs in living organisms. These uncertainties delay progress on establishing optimal dosage(s), infusion timing and route, as well as investigations into off-target effects. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cell tracking is particularly beneficial in this setting because it enables real-time, deep-tissue coverage without ionizing radiation. In this review, we compare existing MRI T cell tracking strategies using iron oxide particles and fluorinated agents. We describe preclinical and clinical applications of MRI for cell therapy tracking and provide a perspective on the potential impact on the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanoscale Detection for Biomedical Imaging and Analysis)

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18 pages, 5133 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Photothermal-Assisted Solvent-Free Decontamination of a Nerve Agent Simulant Using UiO-66-NH₂@CNT Hybrids

by Haechan Cho, Jonghyeok Bang, Seungheon Oh, Jinyoung Chung, Ji Won Lim, Heesoo Jung and Youngho Jin

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110690 - 1 Jun 2026

Viewed by 668

Abstract

Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) pose severe threats to human health and the environment because of their extreme toxicity. Conventional liquid-phase decontamination processes can present limitations, including potential equipment corrosion, generation of secondary liquid waste, and increased operational complexity. To overcome these challenges, we [...] Read more.

Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) pose severe threats to human health and the environment because of their extreme toxicity. Conventional liquid-phase decontamination processes can present limitations, including potential equipment corrosion, generation of secondary liquid waste, and increased operational complexity. To overcome these challenges, we report a solar-assisted process intensification strategy for solvent-free decontamination of toxic organophosphorus compounds using UiO-66-NH₂@carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid platforms. Incorporation of CNTs (optimized at 5 wt%) enables efficient solar-to-thermal conversion, resulting in rapid photothermal self-heating to 85 °C under simulated solar irradiation (1000 W m⁻²). This localized thermal effect contributes to accelerated DMMP removal within the MOF-based hybrid structure, thereby partially alleviating the kinetic limitations typically associated with solvent-free reactions. Consequently, the optimized hybrid achieves 94% removal of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), a representative sarin simulant, within 10 min under humidity-conditioned, solvent-free conditions, representing a 27% improvement compared with pristine UiO-66-NH₂. This decontamination platform eliminates the need for chemical solvents and external energy input, thereby mitigating secondary contamination and reducing the environmental footprint. By integrating the catalytic framework of Zr-based MOFs with the photothermal capability of CNTs, this study presents a sustainable engineering strategy for advanced defense and environmental protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposites: From Synthesis to Applications)

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17 pages, 7373 KB

Open AccessArticle

Porous Fe₃O₄@BC Coupled with an Electric Field Facilitates Nitrogen Retention During Composting

by Meng Song, Keqing Li, Zhiqiang Yang and Siqi Zhang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110689 - 1 Jun 2026

Viewed by 597

Abstract

This study synthesized a novel Fe₃O₄/biochar composite (Fe₃O₄@BC) characterized by a porous structure and a high electron-donating capacity. The effect of Fe₃O₄@BC on ammonia emission and nitrogen loss during electric-field-assisted composting [...] Read more.

This study synthesized a novel Fe₃O₄/biochar composite (Fe₃O₄@BC) characterized by a porous structure and a high electron-donating capacity. The effect of Fe₃O₄@BC on ammonia emission and nitrogen loss during electric-field-assisted composting was investigated, and its underlying mechanism in nitrogen transformation was elucidated. Results demonstrated that the addition of an appropriate amount of Fe₃O₄@BC reduced cumulative NH₃ emission and total nitrogen loss by 30.00% and 4.03%, respectively. The favorable changes in gas emissions could be attributed to Fe₃O₄@BC-mediated modulation of key core microbial taxa. Under the electric-field-coupled condition, Fe₃O₄@BC addition significantly promoted the proliferation of Actinobacteria, such as Thermobifida and Corynebacterium, during the high-temperature phase, while concurrently suppressing the activity of Firmicutes. The shift in core microbial communities optimized key nitrogen transformation processes, including ammonification and nitrification, ultimately leading to reduced NH₃ emission. This study highlights the application potential of Fe₃O₄@BC in enhancing nitrogen retention and mitigating emissions during composting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Functional Materials: Cross-Scale Innovations from Molecular Design to Macroscopic Applications)

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22 pages, 16136 KB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Corrosion Properties of Tantalum-Based Composite Films Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition

by Ge Xu, Wei Yu, Minxuan Zhang, Fei Cai, Qiushun Zou, Jianheng Li, Jing Hu, Zhixin Wan and Shihong Zhang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110688 - 1 Jun 2026

Viewed by 671

Abstract

Reported herein is tantalum (Ta)-based film, including TaN, TaO_x, composite TaO_xN_γ, multilayered TaN/TaO_x-(5:5) and TaN/TaO_x-(10:10), prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology via adjusting the sub-cycle of TaN and TaO_x films. The [...] Read more.

Reported herein is tantalum (Ta)-based film, including TaN, TaO_x, composite TaO_xN_γ, multilayered TaN/TaO_x-(5:5) and TaN/TaO_x-(10:10), prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology via adjusting the sub-cycle of TaN and TaO_x films. The influence of different growth parameters on microstructure, crystal form, chemical bonding state and corrosion resistance of Ta-based films was systematically investigated. Representative results include the following: (1) The surface of the Ta-based films prepared by ALD is continuous, dense and smooth, and the root mean square roughness (Rq) of those are TaN: 0.74 nm, TaO_x: 0.69 nm, TaO_xN_γ: 0.55 nm, TaN/TaO_x-5:5: 0.56 nm and TaN/TaO_x-10:10: 0.77 nm. (2) The TaN film presents a polycrystalline structure with good crystallinity, while the incorporation of oxygen significantly inhibits the crystallinity of the film. (3) Electrochemical tests in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution and neutral salt spray experiments show that ALD deposition of Ta-based films can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of carbon steel substrates. The order of corrosion resistance of different films is TaO_xN_γ film > TaN/TaO_x multilayer film > TaN film. Among them, the TaO_xN_γ film exhibited the most excellent corrosion resistance, with a charge transfer resistance (R_ct) as high as 24.75 Ω·cm² and a corrosion current density (I_corr) as low as 1.20 × 10⁻⁶ A/cm², and no obvious rusting phenomenon was observed on the surface of that film after the 2 h neutral salt spray test. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Protective Coatings and Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials)

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23 pages, 5586 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exposure, Cytotoxicity and Cellular Uptake of Silver (Ag) and Gold (Au) Nanoparticles in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells During Nanoparticle Synthesis

by Mosima Letsoalo, Charlene Andraos, Masilu Masekameni and Mary Gulumian

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110687 - 1 Jun 2026

Viewed by 667

Abstract

Silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in biomedicine, electronics, and catalysis, but their potential toxicity raises occupational health concerns. This study assessed the cytotoxicity and cellular interactions of Ag and Au NPs in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) using [...] Read more.

Silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in biomedicine, electronics, and catalysis, but their potential toxicity raises occupational health concerns. This study assessed the cytotoxicity and cellular interactions of Ag and Au NPs in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) using a standardized OECD three-tiered approach, alongside characterization of lung-deposited surface area (LDSA) concentrations during NP synthesis, which remained within ranges typically reported in occupational environments. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that AgNPs formed irregular clusters (~8.7 nm primary size, >30 nm aggregates), whereas AuNPs remained spherical (~13.4 nm). Real-time cytotoxicity analysis (xCELLigence) showed acute toxicity of AgNPs at 5 μg/cm², while AuNPs exhibited no cytotoxic effects. Dark-field and 3D hyperspectral imaging demonstrated that some AgNPs were internalized by BEAS-2B cells, whereas AuNPs remained mostly on the cell surface, indicating that uptake alone does not determine cytotoxicity. The greater dissolution potential of AgNPs and possible release of Ag⁺ ions may contribute to the enhanced cytotoxic effects observed in comparison to AuNPs, as suggested in previous studies. Although oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and related cellular mechanisms were not directly assessed in the present study, the findings demonstrate differential cellular responses following nanoparticle exposure under realistic occupational exposure conditions. These results contribute to understanding nanoparticle–cell interactions and support the need for further mechanistic investigations to inform safer nanomaterial use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicology of Nanoparticles)

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23 pages, 56779 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Photoluminescence and Quenching Mechanism of Carbon Dots

by Qingyun Xiong, Hafiz M. Ahsen Ilyas, Weiyu Cao and Jinping Xiong

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110686 - 1 Jun 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1096

Abstract

Carbon dots (CDs) are zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials with sizes below 10 nm, with high fluorescence quantum yields, variable emission colours, and excellent photostability. Due to their different structural origins and complex surface chemicals, CDs display complex photoluminescence behaviors (PL) and different fluorescence suppression [...] Read more.

Carbon dots (CDs) are zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials with sizes below 10 nm, with high fluorescence quantum yields, variable emission colours, and excellent photostability. Due to their different structural origins and complex surface chemicals, CDs display complex photoluminescence behaviors (PL) and different fluorescence suppression responses. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in understanding the PL mechanisms of CDs, including carbon-core emission, surface emission, molecular emission and crosslink emission. In addition, fluorescence quenching processes triggered by various analytical techniques are discussed, including dynamic quenching, static quenching, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), photoinduced electron transfer (PET), and the inner filter effect (IFE). Emphasis is placed on mechanistic understanding and experimental differentiation strategies. A clear understanding of these fundamental mechanisms is essential for optimizing the fluorescence properties of CDs and the design of highly sensitive and selective fluorescence sensors. Finally, potential research directions and applications of CDs based on these mechanical insights are also highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials and Heterostructures: Synthesis, Processing, and Device Applications)

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18 pages, 2099 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cryogenic Electron Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles from Temozolomide-Treated Glioblastoma Cells Reveals Great Morphological Heterogeneity

by Mariana Karimova, Giordana Ponziani, Diana Vardanyan, Andrea Alfieri, Maurizio Zuccotti, Stefano Tacconi and Luciana Dini

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110685 - 1 Jun 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1193

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attracting considerable interest due to their important role in cell signaling. However, their nanosized scale, complexity, and heterogeneity make even morphological characterization challenging. Only with the recent advances in cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), together with the increasing availability of [...] Read more.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attracting considerable interest due to their important role in cell signaling. However, their nanosized scale, complexity, and heterogeneity make even morphological characterization challenging. Only with the recent advances in cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), together with the increasing availability of cryo-electron microscopes, has it become possible to visualize the native structure of EVs. In this study we performed an in-depth cryo-EM analysis of EVs derived from four glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines (U87MG, U373MG, U251MG, and T98G), highlighting the morphological changes induced by temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapeutic treatment. Size, shape, circularity, concentricity, membrane thickness, and electron density of EVs were analyzed. The key characteristic revealed by cryo-EM was that EVs can be enclosed not only by one membrane bilayer, but also by two or more bilayers (double-layered vesicles, DVs; and multilayered vesicles, MVs). Overall, TMZ treatment substantially modified both the morphology and production of EVs, decreasing the percentage of single-layered vesicles (SVs) while increasing that of DVs and MVs, as well as reducing the electron density of the EV cargo. Morphometric and morphological information can shed light on the contribution of EVs to tumor progression, metabolism, drug resistance, and immune evasion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthetic, Natural and Hybrid Nanovesicles: Advancing Drug Delivery from Design to Future Directions)

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22 pages, 9480 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advancements in Metal-Free Carbon-Based Catalysts: A Challenge in Sustainable Fine Chemical Synthesis

by Elena Pérez-Mayoral, Mounia Al Bahri and Ines Matos

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110684 - 1 Jun 2026

Viewed by 628

Abstract

The use of metal-free porous carbon catalysts can be considered one of the best alternatives for implementing a more sustainable fine chemical synthesis, as a challenge necessary to protect both our planet and society. It is recognized that the selection of the appropriate [...] Read more.

The use of metal-free porous carbon catalysts can be considered one of the best alternatives for implementing a more sustainable fine chemical synthesis, as a challenge necessary to protect both our planet and society. It is recognized that the selection of the appropriate functional carbon catalyst, operating under the optimal reaction conditions, undoubtedly improves both the conversion and selectivity of a great variety of distinctive organic transformations, often through cascade reactions or even multicomponent synthesis. Increasing our knowledge of synthetic methodologies for metal-free carbon-based materials (including many of them on a large scale or even at an industrial scale), available characterization techniques, and computational methods represents an excellent opportunity to make these types of materials promising catalysts for a more sustainable future. In this context, this review is addressed to revisit the benefits and limitations of using each type of metal-free porous carbon catalyst in fine chemical synthesis, particularly in multi-bond forming processes for the synthesis of relevant heterocyclic systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Synthesis and Application of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials)

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24 pages, 1249 KB

Open AccessArticle

Elucidating the Influence of Serum Concentration, Sex, and Particle Size on Iron Oxide Nanoparticle–Lipid Biocorona Formation

by Jenna N. Swihart, Christina R. Ferreira, Akshada Shinde and Jonathan H. Shannahan

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110683 - 1 Jun 2026

Viewed by 627

Abstract

Biocorona (BC) formation is a critical determinant of nanoparticle (NP) biological identity and downstream interactions, yet lipid association within BCs remains comparatively understudied relative to proteins, despite its potential relevance to NP stability, biodistribution, cellular interactions, and clearance. A more complete understanding of [...] Read more.

Biocorona (BC) formation is a critical determinant of nanoparticle (NP) biological identity and downstream interactions, yet lipid association within BCs remains comparatively understudied relative to proteins, despite its potential relevance to NP stability, biodistribution, cellular interactions, and clearance. A more complete understanding of NP–lipid interactions is essential for optimizing NP-based therapies and supporting their safe clinical translation. In this study, we evaluated how serum concentration, biological sex, and NP size influence lipid association with iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) NP BCs. Lipids associated with 50 or 100 nm Fe₃O₄ NPs were characterized following incubation in male or female human serum across increasing serum concentrations of 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, or 75% (v/v). Increasing serum concentration promoted greater lipid association and increased BC complexity, with higher serum conditions yielding more compositionally diverse lipid coronas. BCs formed on 50 nm Fe₃O₄ NPs consistently contained more lipid species than those formed on 100 nm Fe₃O₄ NPs, indicating pronounced size-dependent differences in lipid recruitment. BCs formed in male serum also contained more lipid species and a greater number of unique lipids than corresponding female BCs, demonstrating that biological sex significantly influenced both lipid composition and abundance within the BC. Rank-based comparisons further indicated that lipid association was governed not only by serum abundance but also by selective binding behaviors. Together, these findings demonstrate that lipid corona formation is strongly shaped by both the biofluid environment and NP design variables, emphasizing the importance of considering lipid coronas in NP design and evaluation, particularly for applications in drug delivery, nanomedicine, and precision diagnostics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Functional Nanomaterials in Biomedical Science (2nd Edition))

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22 pages, 10591 KB

Open AccessArticle

Configuration-Selective Photocurrent Enhancement Induced by Static Domain Walls in Two-Dimensional Ferroelectric In₂Se₃

by Ning Xu and Yuehua Xu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110682 - 1 Jun 2026

Viewed by 511

Abstract

Domain walls (DWs) are ubiquitous topological defects in two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials, yet their static role in optoelectronic transport remains unclear. Here, we address this issue using first-principles quantum-transport calculations on monolayer ferroelectric In₂Se₃ p–i–n junctions. Contrary to the conventional [...] Read more.

Domain walls (DWs) are ubiquitous topological defects in two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials, yet their static role in optoelectronic transport remains unclear. Here, we address this issue using first-principles quantum-transport calculations on monolayer ferroelectric In₂Se₃ p–i–n junctions. Contrary to the conventional view that defects degrade device performance, only specific static DW configurations—not all—can significantly enhance photocurrent. We examine two thermodynamically stable configurations (the Initial and Final states) and one saddle-point configuration (the Transition state) along the polarization-switching pathway. The Initial state yields a photocurrent density of 10.91 μA·mm⁻², about 1.80 times that of the single-domain device, while the Final state reaches 8.39 μA·mm⁻², corresponding to an increase of ~37%. By comparison, the thermodynamically unstable Transition state gives a lower value of 5.92 μA·mm⁻², indicating strong configuration selectivity. Analysis shows that the observed behavior can be qualitatively rationalized by the combined effects of optical absorption, carrier separation induced by DW-driven electrostatic-potential redistribution, and preserved conduction-channel continuity for carrier extraction. These findings provide a microscopic basis for understanding configuration-selective photocurrent enhancement by static domain walls in short-channel 2D ferroelectric devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Structured Materials: Synthesis, Properties and Applications (3rd Edition))

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13 pages, 4155 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Polyimide/Aluminum Nitride Composites and Wafer Channel Filling via Direct Ink Writing

by Junjie Xiao, Qingjie Shan, Zhoulong Xu, Zhouping Yin, Bin Xie and Hao Wu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110681 - 31 May 2026

Viewed by 677

Abstract

The emergence of three-dimensional heterogeneous integration (3D HI) has pushed forward the development of chip-to-wafer (C2W) hybrid bonding technology. To mitigate stress concentration during thermal annealing and wafer thinning processes of C2W bonding, a direct ink writing (DIW)-based 3D printing approach was proposed [...] Read more.

The emergence of three-dimensional heterogeneous integration (3D HI) has pushed forward the development of chip-to-wafer (C2W) hybrid bonding technology. To mitigate stress concentration during thermal annealing and wafer thinning processes of C2W bonding, a direct ink writing (DIW)-based 3D printing approach was proposed to fill the channel between two adjacent chips on the bonded wafer (i.e., wafer channels). A composite slurry consisting of polyimide (PI) as base material and aluminum nitride (AlN) nanoparticles as fillers was prepared. Through surface chemical modification and ultrasonic treatment, the slurry featured uniform filler dispersion (with particle size less than 1 μm) and adequate viscosity (3327 mPa·s), which fits the 3D printing process. The cured film demonstrated superior thermal stability and mechanical properties compared with pure PI, with a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 4.97 ppm/K, which matched that of silicon-based materials and exhibited excellent bonding. This approach provides a cost-effective and efficient alternative to chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques for filling wafer channels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Research of Semiconductor Micro-Nano Structure Optoelectronic Devices)

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28 pages, 7374 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Prediction-Optimization Machine Learning Framework for Nanofluid-Based Photovoltaic/Thermal Systems

by Chengyuan Li, Yankai Huang, Zheng Zhang, Yan Zhou, Ruipeng Geng, Chengchao Wang and Lanxin Ma

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110680 - 30 May 2026

Viewed by 603

Abstract

Nanofluid-based spectral filtering offers a promising approach to enhance photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system performance by utilizing the full solar spectrum. However, system optimization remains challenging due to complex nonlinear relationships between nanofluid parameters and overall performance. This study develops a prediction-optimization framework integrating deep [...] Read more.

Nanofluid-based spectral filtering offers a promising approach to enhance photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system performance by utilizing the full solar spectrum. However, system optimization remains challenging due to complex nonlinear relationships between nanofluid parameters and overall performance. This study develops a prediction-optimization framework integrating deep neural networks (DNN) with genetic algorithms (GA) to accurately analyze multi-parameter interactions and achieve globally optimal designs for nanofluid-based PV/T systems. High-throughput datasets for three nanofluids (Ag, Au, Al) were constructed using theoretical calculations that combined Lorentz–Mie theory, Monte Carlo simulations, and a coupled opto-electro-thermal model. Three machine learning models—DNN, random forest (RF), and decision tree (DT)—were employed to predict key PV/T performance parameters. By synergizing machine learning with GA, a closed-loop prediction-optimization process was established to efficiently identify optimal design parameters. Among the models evaluated, the DNN demonstrated superior performance, achieving prediction accuracies above 99.48% for all three key performance indicators (η_pv, η_th, and MF), significantly outperforming the RF and DT models. Furthermore, SHAP analysis was conducted to quantify the contribution of each input feature and enhance model interpretability. Coupled with the GA, the DNN-GA framework successfully identified globally optimal design parameters for each nanofluid. For instance, for Ag nanofluid, the optimal combination (r = 4.02 nm, h = 9.91 mm, f_v = 9.45 × 10⁻⁵) yielded a maximum MF value of 1.3603. This work presents an innovative machine learning framework for designing nanofluid filters in PV/T systems, which reduces reliance on iterative experimentation and accelerates the development of high-performance solar energy systems, demonstrating practical value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Solar Energy and Solar Cells)

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23 pages, 7017 KB

Open AccessArticle

Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Salvia tomentosa: Characterization and Evaluation of Their Multifunctional Biological Activities, Including DNA Binding

by Havva Karahan, Ufuk Yildiz, Zeynep Şahintaş and Hatice Çölgeçen

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110679 - 29 May 2026

Viewed by 627

Abstract

This study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Salvia tomentosa L. leaf extract, and evaluates their physicochemical characteristics and biointerfacial performance, including DNA interaction, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant capacity. AgNP formation was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy through a surface plasmon [...] Read more.

This study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Salvia tomentosa L. leaf extract, and evaluates their physicochemical characteristics and biointerfacial performance, including DNA interaction, antibacterial activity, and antioxidant capacity. AgNP formation was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy through a surface plasmon resonance band at 472 nm. SEM imaging showed predominantly spherical particles with sizes of 30–80 nm and a zeta potential of −17.3 mV, and EDX verified the elemental presence of silver. FTIR spectra indicated that plant-derived biomolecules, particularly phenolics, contributed to the reduction and capping/stabilization of AgNPs. XRD analysis confirmed a crystalline face-centered cubic structure. The AgNPs exhibited moderate, spontaneous binding to DNA (Kb ≈ 1.07 × 10⁴ M⁻¹), characterized by pronounced hyperchromism without evidence of intercalation. Competitive fluorescence assays supported a predominantly non-intercalative, surface-associated interaction with minor groove perturbation, while agarose gel electrophoresis indicated preserved plasmid integrity and no extensive strand cleavage. Collectively, these results suggest reversible and structurally non-destructive AgNP–DNA complexation, indicating their potential for nucleic acid-related nano-biointerface studies, while further investigations are required to evaluate their suitability for biomedical applications. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed enhanced antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative (Pantoea agglomerans) bacteria compared with the leaf extract, whereas AgNO₃ produced the strongest immediate effect, consistent with rapid Ag⁺ release. Antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH and ABTS assays showed strong radical-scavenging activity for the extract, in line with its high total phenolic content (206.2 mg GAE/g). Although AgNPs displayed lower phenolic content (164.2 mg GAE/g) and reduced antioxidant activity than the extract, they retained moderate scavenging capacity, indicating effective surface functionalization by phytochemicals. Overall, S. tomentosa leaf extract-capped AgNPs combine defined physicochemical features with non-destructive DNA association and antibacterial efficacy, underscoring their promise as phytochemical-functionalized nano-biointerfaces for antimicrobial and related biointerface applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Metal/Metal-Oxide Nanomaterials)

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11 pages, 13996 KB

Open AccessArticle

Controllable Preparation of Large-Area Ordered MoS₂ Nanotube Arrays with Enhanced Optoelectronic Detection Performance

by Haowei Lin, Mingxuan Li, Wenbo Chen, Jing Chen, Hao Cai, Li Li, Mengdan Li and Yuhang Pan

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110678 - 29 May 2026

Viewed by 651

Abstract

Large-area MoS₂ nanotube arrays were successfully prepared using a combination of simple and reliable electrochemical deposition and chemical etching techniques, with highly ordered ZnO nanorod arrays used as the template. The thickness of MoS₂ nanotube walls can be effectively controlled by [...] Read more.

Large-area MoS₂ nanotube arrays were successfully prepared using a combination of simple and reliable electrochemical deposition and chemical etching techniques, with highly ordered ZnO nanorod arrays used as the template. The thickness of MoS₂ nanotube walls can be effectively controlled by adjusting the deposition time. The characterization results of SEM and TEM showed the successful preparation of MoS₂ nanotube arrays with different wall thicknesses. The composition of the obtained nanotube arrays was verified to be MoS₂ by EDS, XRD, and XPS characterizations. It is worth noting that compared to MoS₂ nanofilms, the as-prepared MoS₂ nanotube arrays exhibit stronger photoelectric response properties; the on/off ratio and photoresponsivity increased by 2.8 times and 3.8 times, respectively, mainly attributed to its significantly increased specific surface area. These research results provide new ideas for the large-area controllable preparation of MoS₂ low-dimensional nanostructures, as well as new material candidates for the development of low-cost and high-performance photodetectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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36 pages, 2442 KB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation of Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticle Transport in a Diseased Curved Artery Under Thermal Influence: Implications for Targeted Drug Delivery

by Poonam, Bhupendra K. Sharma, Rishu Gandhi and David Laroze

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110677 - 28 May 2026

Viewed by 886

Abstract

This study examines non-Newtonian electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) blood flow via a diseased curved artery with minor stenosis and an aneurysm, adding a no-slip boundary condition, using targeted medication delivery of nanoparticles. The non-Newtonian behavior of blood flow is accounted for by the Casson fluid [...] Read more.

This study examines non-Newtonian electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) blood flow via a diseased curved artery with minor stenosis and an aneurysm, adding a no-slip boundary condition, using targeted medication delivery of nanoparticles. The non-Newtonian behavior of blood flow is accounted for by the Casson fluid model. Using Corcione’s model, we have calculated the effective viscosity and thermal conductivity of nanofluids. The interaction of the nanofluid with physical phenomena such as viscous dissipation, electro-osmosis, radially applied uniform magnetic field and Joule heating can change the hemodynamic parameters of the fluid. The Crank–Nicolson approach has been used to calculate the velocity, temperature, and concentration patterns within the Debye–Huckel linearization approximation. Streamlines are delineated to analyze flow patterns across distinct physical factors. This study supports the design of magnetically guided

F e_{3} O_{4}

nanoparticle–based targeted drug delivery systems for treating vascular diseases such as stenosis and aneurysm, improving site-specific therapeutic efficiency. The numerical insights into thermal effects and arterial geometry help to optimize nanoparticle transport, enhancing treatment precision while minimizing systemic side effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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34 pages, 7872 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rheology of Cellulose Nanocrystal and Fumed Silica Suspensions: Influence of Ionic Surfactants

by Rajinder Pal, Joshua Richards and Anuva Pal

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110676 - 28 May 2026

Viewed by 1101

Abstract

Nanomaterials such as cellulose nanocrystals and fumed silica are emerging as excellent thickeners for liquids in a variety of practical applications. Surfactants are often incorporated into the thickening fluids to provide stabilizing components and to control the surface activity of fluids. To develop [...] Read more.

Nanomaterials such as cellulose nanocrystals and fumed silica are emerging as excellent thickeners for liquids in a variety of practical applications. Surfactants are often incorporated into the thickening fluids to provide stabilizing components and to control the surface activity of fluids. To develop new thickening materials with desired surface-active properties, it is important to understand the interactions between surfactants and nanoparticles in suspensions. In this work, the interactions between surfactants and nanocrystals/nanoparticles were investigated. Two surfactants, anionic sodium lauryl sulfate-based surfactant (referred to as Stepanol) and cationic hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (referred to as HTAB), were studied. Cellulose nanocrystals (referred to as NCC) and fumed-silica nanoparticles (referred to as N20) were used as nanomaterials. The unique feature of this study is that it simultaneously measures rheology, surface activity, and electrical conductivity to determine the influence of ionic surfactants on the behavior and properties of cellulose nanocrystal and fumed silica nanoparticle suspensions. Furthermore, the interactions are observed in the low surfactant concentration range of 0 to 500 ppm. The NCC concentration of NCC–surfactant mixtures was fixed at 1 wt%. Two concentrations of N20 (2 and 5 wt%) were used for N20–surfactant mixtures. The influence of Stepanol was found to be weak whereas HTAB had a strong influence on the rheology of NCC and N20 suspensions. The NCC suspension and surfactant–NCC suspensions were highly non-Newtonian shear-thinning. The N20 suspensions and N20-Stepanol mixtures were nearly Newtonian. The N20-HTAB mixtures were shear-thinning at high HTAB concentrations. The power law model described the rheological behavior of non-Newtonian systems adequately. The consistency and flow behavior indices varied only marginally with the addition of the anionic surfactant Stepanol to NCC and N20 suspensions. With the addition of cationic surfactant HTAB to NCC and N20 suspensions, however, a large increase (20- to 70-fold) in consistency index was observed at high surfactant concentrations. The critical surfactant concentrations where sharp transitions in the rheological properties took place were identified using break points in surface tension and electrical conductivity plots. This study offers valuable insights into tailoring surfactant–nanoparticle systems for practical applications, where precise control of rheological and interfacial properties may be required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)

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31 pages, 92351 KB

Open AccessArticle

Atomic-Scale Mechanisms of Nanoscale Material Removal in FeCrNiCoCu High-Entropy Alloys: Coupled Effects of Crystallography, Grain Size, and Composition

by Xu Ling, Peng Fu, Yan Li, Zhiqiang Zhou and Zhuo Li

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110675 - 28 May 2026

Viewed by 503

Abstract

High-entropy alloys, due to their excellent mechanical properties and service stability, hold broad application prospects under extreme working conditions. However, their high strength and complex multi-component characteristics also pose significant processing challenges. This study investigates the nanoscale material removal mechanisms of single-crystal and [...] Read more.

High-entropy alloys, due to their excellent mechanical properties and service stability, hold broad application prospects under extreme working conditions. However, their high strength and complex multi-component characteristics also pose significant processing challenges. This study investigates the nanoscale material removal mechanisms of single-crystal and polycrystalline FeCrNiCoCu high-entropy alloys (HEAs) under abrasive scratching using molecular dynamics simulations. In single-crystal HEAs, dislocations preferentially nucleate along <110> directions, with significant lattice self-healing and elastic recovery. Crystallographic orientation strongly affects dislocation density, phase transformation, and residual plastic deformation, with the (100) plane exhibiting the most favorable machining performance. For polycrystalline HEAs, subsurface deformation is dominated by dislocation migration, grain boundary rupture, and dislocation entanglement, leading to higher dislocation density, larger residual plastic deformation, and increased phase transformation compared with single crystals. Elemental composition significantly modulates these behaviors: higher Cu and Cr contents suppress dislocation motion and reduce subsurface defects, improving surface quality, whereas higher Fe content slightly increases plastic deformation but mitigates phase transformation and amorphization. Grain size effects are also pronounced, with smaller grains showing higher dislocation density and residual deformation. These findings provide atomic-scale insights into the combined effects of crystallography, grain size, and elemental composition on the machining response of FeCrNiCoCu HEAs, offering guidance for precision machining and alloy design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)

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18 pages, 2671 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multiple Twin Boundaries in Co-Free Li-Rich Mn-Based Cathodes Constructed by Na-Assisted Sol–Gel Synthesis for Enhanced Electrochemical Performance

by Zhihao Jin, Guohua Li, Jiantao Wang and Zhuo Huang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110674 - 27 May 2026

Viewed by 828

Abstract

Cobalt-free Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides are promising cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries because of their high capacity and reduced reliance on cobalt resources. However, their practical application is still limited by low initial Coulombic efficiency, sluggish reaction kinetics, severe voltage decay, and [...] Read more.

Cobalt-free Li-rich Mn-based layered oxides are promising cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries because of their high capacity and reduced reliance on cobalt resources. However, their practical application is still limited by low initial Coulombic efficiency, sluggish reaction kinetics, severe voltage decay, and progressive structural degradation during cycling. In this work, a Na-assisted sol–gel strategy was developed to construct a cobalt-free Li-rich Mn-based cathode with multiple twin boundaries, and the optimized sample with the composition of Li_1.13Na_0.06Mn_0.594Ni_0.219O₂ was denoted as SG-TB. Unlike conventional surface coating or elemental doping, this strategy focuses on regulating the bulk crystal framework through crystallographic defect engineering. Structural characterizations indicate that SG-TB contains repeatedly distributed twin-boundary-related interfaces, supporting the presence of multiple twin boundaries within the layered cathode. Benefiting from this structural feature, SG-TB delivers an initial Coulombic efficiency of 96%, an initial discharge capacity of 256 mAh/g, a discharge capacity of 167 mAh/g at 5 C, and a capacity retention of 77% after 200 cycles at 1 C. Further analyses suggest that the multiple twin boundaries help reduce electrochemical polarization, enhance Li⁺ diffusion kinetics, and improve structural retention during cycling. This work demonstrates that Na-assisted multiple twin-boundary engineering is an effective strategy for improving the reaction reversibility and structural stability of cobalt-free Li-rich Mn-based cathodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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30 pages, 2233 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physics-Constrained Neural ODEs for MXene Bandgap Prediction with Conformal Uncertainty

by Nida Kati and Ferhat Ucar

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(11), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16110673 - 27 May 2026

Viewed by 677

Abstract

Two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, known collectively as MXenes, are attractive photocatalyst candidates because their surface chemistry and atomic composition can be tuned over a wide compositional window. A crucial design quantity is the electronic bandgap, which selects whether a given MXene [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, known collectively as MXenes, are attractive photocatalyst candidates because their surface chemistry and atomic composition can be tuned over a wide compositional window. A crucial design quantity is the electronic bandgap, which selects whether a given MXene couples with solar radiation and aligns with the redox levels of water splitting. High-fidelity bandgap calculations using the PBE0 hybrid functional are computationally expensive, which has motivated several machine learning surrogates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to integrate a continuous-depth Neural Ordinary Differential Equation backbone with multi-fidelity

Δ

learning, distribution-free split-conformal calibration, and uncertainty-aware Pareto screening into a single mathematically grounded pipeline for MXene bandgap prediction. In this work, we develop a physics-constrained neural ordinary differential equation (PC-NODE) that predicts MXene bandgaps from a compact 34-dimensional descriptor set, without relying on the density of states. The model couples a classifier head for the metal/semiconductor decision with a regression head for the gap magnitude, and enforces three physically motivated properties: non-negativity of the predicted gap and monotonicity between the low-fidelity Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) and the high-fidelity PBE0 estimates are obtained exactly through a softplus-parameterised

Δ

learning construction, while a hurdle coupling that drives metal predictions towards zero is enforced via a quadratic penalty and verified empirically. In short, two of the three physical constraints are guaranteed by construction, and the third is approximately enforced and verified empirically; the same distinction is maintained consistently in the methodology, the constraint audit and the conclusion. Trained on the 4356-structure MXgap database, a ten-seed ensemble reaches a mean absolute error of

0.186

eV (per-seed

0.206 \pm 0.006

eV) and a coefficient of determination

R^{2} = 0.880

on the semiconductor test subset, with a classifier accuracy of

0.856

and a Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve (ROC-AUC) of

0.925

. A split-conformal calibration step then delivers prediction intervals whose empirical coverage matches the 90% target within 0.5 percentage points. Finally, an uncertainty-aware Pareto screening step applies the trained surrogate to a held-out subset of 396 lanthanum-based MXenes and identifies 74 candidates inside the photocatalytic water splitting window [1.23, 3.10] eV. The framework offers a mathematically grounded, data-efficient alternative to feature-heavy pipelines and is reproducible from the open MXgap resource. Full article

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Nanomaterials, Volume 16, Issue 11 (June-1 2026) – 62 articles

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