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Nanomaterials, Volume 10, Issue 1 (January 2020) – 181 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): A new class of nanozymes, based on citrate-capped palladium nanoparticles, has been discovered for the treatment of oxidative stress. Precise size tuning, low polydispersity, and biocompatibility of the nanoparticles were achieved by an innovative protocol employing only biocompatible reagents and aqueous solution. Moreover, a recently developed approach, i.e. Sputtering-Enabled Intracellular X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, was exploited to characterize the nanoparticles in terms of intracellular stability. The Pd nanozymes showed higher antioxidant performances compared to natural enzymes in vitro. Moreover, their ability to restore physiological ROS homeostasis in redox-compromised cells, ensured by their stability in cellular environment, paves the way to potential clinical applications. View this paper.
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16 pages, 2869 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Well-Defined Pinholes in TiO2 Electron Selective Layers Used in Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells
by Muhammad Talha Masood, Syeda Qudsia, Mahboubeh Hadadian, Christian Weinberger, Mathias Nyman, Christian Ahläng, Staffan Dahlström, Maning Liu, Paola Vivo, Ronald Österbacka and Jan-Henrik Smått
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010181 - 20 Jan 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5226
Abstract
The recently introduced perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology is a promising candidate for providing low-cost energy for future demands. However, one major concern with the technology can be traced back to morphological defects in the electron selective layer (ESL), which deteriorates the solar [...] Read more.
The recently introduced perovskite solar cell (PSC) technology is a promising candidate for providing low-cost energy for future demands. However, one major concern with the technology can be traced back to morphological defects in the electron selective layer (ESL), which deteriorates the solar cell performance. Pinholes in the ESL may lead to an increased surface recombination rate for holes, if the perovskite absorber layer is in contact with the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate via the pinholes. In this work, we used sol-gel-derived mesoporous TiO2 thin films prepared by block co-polymer templating in combination with dip coating as a model system for investigating the effect of ESL pinholes on the photovoltaic performance of planar heterojunction PSCs. We studied TiO2 films with different porosities and film thicknesses, and observed that the induced pinholes only had a minor impact on the device performance. This suggests that having narrow pinholes with a diameter of about 10 nm in the ESL is in fact not detrimental for the device performance and can even, to some extent improve their performance. A probable reason for this is that the narrow pores in the ordered structure do not allow the perovskite crystals to form interconnected pathways to the underlying FTO substrate. However, for ultrathin (~20 nm) porous layers, an incomplete ESL surface coverage of the FTO layer will further deteriorate the device performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanoporous Materials)
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11 pages, 3258 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in Toilet Wastewater by Photo-Fenton Reactive Membrane Filtration
by Shaobin Sun, Hong Yao, Xinyang Li, Shihai Deng, Shenlong Zhao and Wen Zhang
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010180 - 20 Jan 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4285
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residuals are increasingly detected in natural waters, which made great threat to the health of the public. This study evaluated the utility of the photo-Fenton ceramic membrane filtration toward the removal and degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as a model recalcitrant micropollutant. The [...] Read more.
Pharmaceutical residuals are increasingly detected in natural waters, which made great threat to the health of the public. This study evaluated the utility of the photo-Fenton ceramic membrane filtration toward the removal and degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as a model recalcitrant micropollutant. The photo-Fenton catalyst Goethite (α-FeOOH) was coated on planar ceramic membranes as we reported previously. The removal of SMX in both simulated and real toilet wastewater were assessed by filtering the feed solutions with/without H2O2 and UV irradiation. The SMX degradation rate reached 87% and 92% respectively in the presence of UV/H2O2 for the original toilet wastewater (0.8 ± 0.05 ppb) and toilet wastewater with a spiked SMX concentration of 100 ppb. The mineralization and degradation by-products were both assessed under different degradation conditions to achieve deeper insight into the degradation mechanisms during this photo-Fenton reactive membrane filtration. Results showed that a negligible removal rate (e.g., 3%) of SMX was obtained when only filtering the feed solution through uncoated or catalyst-coated membranes. However, the removal rates of SMX were significantly increased to 67% (no H2O2) and 90% (with H2O2) under UV irradiation, respectively, confirming that photo-Fenton reactions played the key role in the degradation/mineralization process. The highest apparent quantum yield (AQY) reached up to approximately 27% when the H2O2 was 10 mmol·L−1 and UV254 intensity was 100 μW·cm−2. This study lays the groundwork for reactive membrane filtration to tackle the issues from micropollution. Full article
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10 pages, 2202 KiB  
Article
Plasticised Regenerated Silk/Gold Nanorods Hybrids as Sealant and Bio-Piezoelectric Materials
by Silvia Bittolo Bon, Michele Rapi, Riccardo Coletta, Antonino Morabito and Luca Valentini
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010179 - 20 Jan 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3506
Abstract
Manual and mechanical suturing are currently the gold standard for bowel anastomosis. If tissue approximation fails, anastomotic leaks occur. Anastomotic leaks may have catastrophic consequences. The development of a fully absorbable, biocompatible sealant material based on a bio-ink silk fibroin can reduce the [...] Read more.
Manual and mechanical suturing are currently the gold standard for bowel anastomosis. If tissue approximation fails, anastomotic leaks occur. Anastomotic leaks may have catastrophic consequences. The development of a fully absorbable, biocompatible sealant material based on a bio-ink silk fibroin can reduce the chance of anastomotic leaks. We have produced a Ca-modified plasticised regenerated silk (RS) with gold nanorods sealant. This sealant was applied to anastomosed porcine intestine. Water absorption from wet tissue substrate applied compressive strains on hybrid RS films. This compression results in a sealant effect on anastomosis. The increased toughness of the hybrid plasticised RS resulted in the designing of a bio-film with superior elongation at break (i.e., ≈200%) and bursting pressure. We have also reported structure-dependent piezoelectricity of the RS film that shows a piezoelectric effect out of the plane. We hope that in the future, bowel anastomosis can be simplified by providing a multifunctional bio-film that makes feasible the mechanical tissue joint without the need for specific tools and could be used in piezoelectric sealant heads. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protein Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications)
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19 pages, 7667 KiB  
Article
In Situ Construction of CNT/CuS Hybrids and Their Application in Photodegradation for Removing Organic Dyes
by Yanping Wang, Fuchuan Jiang, Jiafu Chen, Xiaofeng Sun, Tao Xian and Hua Yang
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010178 - 20 Jan 2020
Cited by 93 | Viewed by 6533
Abstract
Herein, a coprecipitation method used to synthesize CuS nanostructures is reported. By varying the reaction time and temperature, the evolution of the CuS morphology between nanoparticles and nanoflakes was investigated. It was found that CuS easily crystallizes into sphere-/ellipsoid-like nanoparticles within a short [...] Read more.
Herein, a coprecipitation method used to synthesize CuS nanostructures is reported. By varying the reaction time and temperature, the evolution of the CuS morphology between nanoparticles and nanoflakes was investigated. It was found that CuS easily crystallizes into sphere-/ellipsoid-like nanoparticles within a short reaction time (0.5 h) or at a high reaction temperature (120 °C), whereas CuS nanoflakes are readily formed at a low reaction temperature (20 °C) for a long time (12 h). Photodegradation experiments demonstrate that CuS nanoflakes exhibit a higher photodegradation performance than CuS nanoparticles for removing rhodamine B (RhB) from aqueous solution under simulated sunlight irradiation. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were further used to modify the photodegradation performance of a CuS photocatalyst. To achieve this aim, CNTs and CuS were integrated to form CNT/CuS hybrid composites via an in situ coprecipitation method. In the in situ constructed CNT/CuS composites, CuS is preferably formed as nanoparticles, but cannot be crystallized into nanoflakes. Compared to bare CuS, the CNT/CuS composites manifest an obviously enhanced photodegradation of RhB; notably, the 3% CNT/CuS composite with CNT content of 3% showed the highest photodegradation performance (η = 89.4% for 120 min reaction, kapp = 0.01782 min−1). To make a comparison, CuS nanoflakes and CNTs were mechanically mixed in absolute alcohol and then dried to obtain the 3% CNT/CuS-MD composite. It was observed that the 3% CNT/CuS-MD composite exhibited a slightly higher photodegradation performance (η = 92.4%, kapp = 0.0208 min−1) than the 3% CNT/CuS composite, which may be attributed to the fact that CuS maintains the morphology of nanoflakes in the 3% CNT/CuS-MD composite. The underlying enhanced photocatalytic mechanism of the CNT/CuS composites was systematically investigated and discussed. Full article
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12 pages, 11353 KiB  
Article
The Application of Indium Oxide@CPM-5-C-600 Composite Material Derived from MOF in Cathode Material of Lithium Sulfur Batteries
by Guodong Han, Xin Wang, Jia Yao, Mi Zhang and Juan Wang
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010177 - 20 Jan 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4504
Abstract
Due to the “shuttle effect”, the cycle performance of lithium sulfur (Li-S) battery is poor and the capacity decays rapidly. Replacing lithium-ion battery is the maximum problem to be overcome. In order to solve this problem, we use a cage like microporous MOF(CPM-5) [...] Read more.
Due to the “shuttle effect”, the cycle performance of lithium sulfur (Li-S) battery is poor and the capacity decays rapidly. Replacing lithium-ion battery is the maximum problem to be overcome. In order to solve this problem, we use a cage like microporous MOF(CPM-5) as a carbon source, which is carbonized at high temperature to get a micro-mesoporous carbon composite material. In addition, indium oxide particles formed during carbonization are deposited on CPM-5 structure, forming a simple core-shell structure CPM-5-C-600. When it is used as the cathode of Li-S battery, the small molecule sulfide can be confined in the micropores, while the existence of large pore size mesopores can provide a channel for the transmission of lithium ions, so as to improve the conductivity of the material and the rate performance of the battery. After 100 cycles, the specific capacity of the battery can be still maintained at 650 mA h·g−1 and the Coulombic efficiency is close to 100%. When the rate goes up to 2 C, the first discharge capacity not only can reach 1400 mA h·g−1, but also still provides 500 mA h·g−1 after 200 cycles, showing excellent rate performance. Full article
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23 pages, 3441 KiB  
Article
Carbon Nanoparticles Functionalized with Carboxylic Acid Improved the Germination and Seedling Vigor in Upland Boreal Forest Species
by Md. Hossen Ali, Jean-Marie Sobze, Thu Huong Pham, Muhammad Nadeem, Chen Liu, Lakshman Galagedara, Mumtaz Cheema and Raymond Thomas
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010176 - 20 Jan 2020
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5283
Abstract
Nanopriming has been shown to significantly improve seed germination and seedling vigor in several agricultural crops. However, this approach has not been applied to native upland boreal forest species with complex seed dormancy to improve propagation. Herein, we demonstrate the effectiveness of carbon [...] Read more.
Nanopriming has been shown to significantly improve seed germination and seedling vigor in several agricultural crops. However, this approach has not been applied to native upland boreal forest species with complex seed dormancy to improve propagation. Herein, we demonstrate the effectiveness of carbon nanoparticles functionalized with carboxylic acids in resolving seed dormancy and improved the propagation of two native upland boreal forest species. Seed priming with carbon nanoparticles functionalized with carboxylic acids followed by stratification were observed to be the most effective in improving germination to 90% in green alder (Alnus viridis L.) compared to 60% in the control. Conversely, a combination of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), especially multiwall carbon nanoparticles functionalized with carboxylic acid (MWCNT–COOH), cold stratification, mechanical scarification and hormonal priming (gibberellic acid) was effective for buffaloberry seeds (Shepherdia canadensis L.). Both concentrations (20 µg and 40 µg) of MWCNT–COOH had a higher percent germination (90%) compared to all other treatments. Furthermore, we observed the improvement in germination, seedling vigor and resolution of both embryo and seed coat dormancy in upland boreal forest species appears to be associated with the remodeling of C18:3 enriched fatty acids in the following seed membrane lipid molecular species: PC18:1/18:3, PG16:1/18:3, PE18:3/18:2, and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG18:3/18:3). These findings suggest that nanopriming may be a useful approach to resolve seed dormancy issues and improve the seed germination in non-resource upland boreal forest species ideally suited for forest reclamation following resource mining. Full article
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25 pages, 302 KiB  
Review
Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers with Antioxidant Properties: A Review
by Ariel Vilchez, Francisca Acevedo, Mara Cea, Michael Seeger and Rodrigo Navia
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010175 - 20 Jan 2020
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 7192
Abstract
Antioxidants can be encapsulated to enhance their solubility or bioavailability or to protect them from external factors. Electrospinning has proven to be an excellent option for applications in nanotechnology, as electrospun nanofibers can provide the necessary environment for antioxidant encapsulation. Forty-nine papers related [...] Read more.
Antioxidants can be encapsulated to enhance their solubility or bioavailability or to protect them from external factors. Electrospinning has proven to be an excellent option for applications in nanotechnology, as electrospun nanofibers can provide the necessary environment for antioxidant encapsulation. Forty-nine papers related to antioxidants loaded onto electrospun nanofibers were categorized and reviewed to identify applications and new trends. Medical and food fields were commonly proposed for the newly obtained composites. Among the polymers used as a matrix for the electrospinning process, synthetic poly (lactic acid) and polycaprolactone were the most widely used. In addition, natural compounds and extracts were identified as antioxidants that help to inhibit free radical and oxidative damage in tissues and foods. The most recurrent active compounds used were tannic acid (polyphenol), quercetin (flavonoid), curcumin (polyphenol), and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). The incorporation of active compounds in nanofibers often improves their bioavailability, giving them increased stability, changing the mechanical properties of polymers, enhancing nanofiber biocompatibility, and offering novel properties for the required field. Although most of the polymers used were synthetic, natural polymers such as silk fibroin, chitosan, cellulose, pullulan, polyhydroxybutyrate, and zein have proven to be proper matrices for this purpose. Full article
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17 pages, 3488 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Biomass Glucose-Derived Porous Carbon Spheres with High Nitrogen Doping: As a Promising Adsorbent for CO2/CH4/N2 Adsorptive Separation
by Yao Li, Shiying Wang, Binbin Wang, Yan Wang and Jianping Wei
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010174 - 19 Jan 2020
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4174
Abstract
Separation of CO2/CH4/N2 is significantly important from the view of environmental protection and energy utilization. In this work, we reported nitrogen (N)-doped porous carbon spheres prepared from sustainable biomass glucose via hydrothermal carbonization, CO2 activation, and urea [...] Read more.
Separation of CO2/CH4/N2 is significantly important from the view of environmental protection and energy utilization. In this work, we reported nitrogen (N)-doped porous carbon spheres prepared from sustainable biomass glucose via hydrothermal carbonization, CO2 activation, and urea treatment. The optimal carbon sample exhibited a high CO2 and CH4 capacity, as well as a low N2 uptake, under ambient conditions. The excellent selectivities toward CO2/N2, CO2/CH4, and CH4/N2 binary mixtures were predicted by ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) via correlating pure component adsorption isotherms with the Langmuir−Freundlich model. At 25 °C and 1 bar, the adsorption capacities for CO2 and CH4 were 3.03 and 1.3 mmol g−1, respectively, and the IAST predicated selectivities for CO2/N2 (15/85), CO2/CH4 (10/90), and CH4/N2 (30/70) reached 16.48, 7.49, and 3.76, respectively. These results should be attributed to the synergistic effect between suitable microporous structure and desirable N content. This report introduces a simple pathway to obtain N-doped porous carbon spheres to meet the flue gas and energy gas adsorptive separation requirements. Full article
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20 pages, 5522 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Behaviour of Ti/Al2O3/Ni Nanocomposite Material in Artificial Physiological Solution: Prospects for Biomedical Application
by Alla Vorobjova, Daria Tishkevich, Dmitriy Shimanovich, Maxim Zdorovets, Artem Kozlovskiy, Tatiana Zubar, Denis Vinnik, Mengge Dong, Sergey Trukhanov, Alex Trukhanov and Valery Fedosyuk
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010173 - 19 Jan 2020
Cited by 64 | Viewed by 3737
Abstract
Inorganic-based nanoelements such as nanoparticles (nanodots), nanopillars and nanowires, which have at least one dimension of 100 nm or less, have been extensively developed for biomedical applications. Furthermore, their properties can be varied by controlling such parameters as element shape, size, surface functionalization, [...] Read more.
Inorganic-based nanoelements such as nanoparticles (nanodots), nanopillars and nanowires, which have at least one dimension of 100 nm or less, have been extensively developed for biomedical applications. Furthermore, their properties can be varied by controlling such parameters as element shape, size, surface functionalization, and mutual interactions. In this study, Ni-alumina nanocomposite material was synthesized by the dc-Ni electrodeposition into a porous anodic alumina template (PAAT). The structural, morphological, and corrosion properties were studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electrochemical techniques (linear sweep voltammetry). Template technology was used to obtain Ni nanopillars (NiNPs) in the PAAT nanocomposite. Low corrosion current densities (order of 0.5 µA/cm2) were indicators of this nanocomposite adequate corrosion resistance in artificial physiological solution (0.9% NaCl). A porous anodic alumina template is barely exposed to corrosion and performs protective functions in the composite. The results may be useful for the development of new nanocomposite materials technologies for a variety of biomedical applications including catalysis and nanoelectrodes for sensing and fuel cells. They are also applicable for various therapeutic purposes including targeting, diagnosis, magnetic hyperthermia, and drug delivery. Therefore, it is an ambitious task to research the corrosion resistance of these magnetic nanostructures in simulated body fluid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomagnetics and Magneto-Optical Nanomaterials)
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23 pages, 2430 KiB  
Review
PbE (E = S, Se) Colloidal Quantum Dot-Layered 2D Material Hybrid Photodetectors
by Tom Nakotte, Hongmei Luo and Jeff Pietryga
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010172 - 19 Jan 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8289
Abstract
Hybrid lead chalcogenide (PbE) (E = S, Se) quantum dot (QD)-layered 2D systems are an emerging class of photodetectors with unique potential to expand the range of current technologies and easily integrate into current complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible architectures. Herein, we review recent advancements [...] Read more.
Hybrid lead chalcogenide (PbE) (E = S, Se) quantum dot (QD)-layered 2D systems are an emerging class of photodetectors with unique potential to expand the range of current technologies and easily integrate into current complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible architectures. Herein, we review recent advancements in hybrid PbE QD-layered 2D photodetectors and place them in the context of key findings from studies of charge transport in layered 2D materials and QD films that provide lessons to be applied to the hybrid system. Photodetectors utilizing a range of layered 2D materials including graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides sensitized with PbE QDs in various device architectures are presented. Figures of merit such as responsivity (R) and detectivity (D*) are reviewed for a multitude of devices in order to compare detector performance. Finally, a look to the future considers possible avenues for future device development, including potential new materials and device treatment/fabrication options. Full article
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48 pages, 390 KiB  
Editorial
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Nanomaterials in 2019
by Nanomaterials Editorial Office
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010171 - 19 Jan 2020
Viewed by 5152
Abstract
The editorial team greatly appreciates the reviewers who have dedicated their considerable time and expertise to the journal’s rigorous editorial process over the past 12 months, regardless of whether the papers are finally published or not [...] Full article
20 pages, 4842 KiB  
Article
Cellulose Nanofibril/Carbon Nanomaterial Hybrid Aerogels for Adsorption Removal of Cationic and Anionic Organic Dyes
by Zhencheng Yu, Chuanshuang Hu, Anthony B. Dichiara, Weihui Jiang and Jin Gu
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010169 - 19 Jan 2020
Cited by 95 | Viewed by 6166
Abstract
Advances in nanoscale science and engineering are providing new opportunities to develop promising adsorbents for environmental remediation. Here, hybrid aerogels are assembled from cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and carbon nanomaterials to remove cationic dye methylene blue (MB) and anionic dye Congo red (CR) in [...] Read more.
Advances in nanoscale science and engineering are providing new opportunities to develop promising adsorbents for environmental remediation. Here, hybrid aerogels are assembled from cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and carbon nanomaterials to remove cationic dye methylene blue (MB) and anionic dye Congo red (CR) in single and binary systems. Two classes of carbon nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplates (GnPs), are incorporated into CNFs with various amounts, respectively. The adsorption, mechanics and structure properties of the hybrid aerogels are investigated and compared among different combinations. The results demonstrate CNF–GnP 3:1 hybrid exhibits the best performance among all composites. Regarding a single dye system, both dye adsorptions follow a pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic and monolayer Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The maximal adsorption capacities of CNF–GnP aerogels for MB and CR are 1178.5 mg g−1 and 585.3 mg g−1, respectively. CNF–GnP hybrid show a superior binary dye adsorption capacity than pristine CNF or GnP. Furthermore, nearly 80% of MB or CR can be desorbed from CNF–GNP using ethanol as the desorption agent, indicating the reusability of this hybrid material. Hence, the CNF–GnP aerogels show great promise as adsorption materials for wastewater treatment. Full article
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20 pages, 5975 KiB  
Article
Cationic Dye Removal Using Novel Magnetic/Activated Charcoal/β-Cyclodextrin/Alginate Polymer Nanocomposite
by Sushma Yadav, Anupama Asthana, Rupa Chakraborty, Bhawana Jain, Ajaya Kumar Singh, Sónia A. C. Carabineiro and Md. Abu Bin Hasan Susan
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010170 - 18 Jan 2020
Cited by 135 | Viewed by 6083
Abstract
New magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4)/activated charcoal (AC)/β-cyclodextrin (CD)/sodium alginate (Alg) polymer nanocomposite materials were prepared by direct mixing of the polymer matrix with the nanofillers. The obtained materials were utilized as nano-adsorbents for the elimination of methylene blue (MB), [...] Read more.
New magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4)/activated charcoal (AC)/β-cyclodextrin (CD)/sodium alginate (Alg) polymer nanocomposite materials were prepared by direct mixing of the polymer matrix with the nanofillers. The obtained materials were utilized as nano-adsorbents for the elimination of methylene blue (MB), a hazardous water-soluble cationic dye, from aqueous solutions, and showed excellent regeneration capacity. The formation of the nanocomposites was followed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and adsorption of N2 at −196 °C. The rate of adsorption was investigated varying several factors, namely contact time, pH, amount of adsorbent and MB concentration on the adsorption process. Studies dealing with equilibrium and kinetics were carried out in batch conditions. The obtained results indicated that the removal rate of MB was 99.53% in 90 min. Langmuir’s isotherm fitted better to the equilibrium data of MB. Fe3O4/AC/CD/Alg polymer beads shows amazing adsorption capacities in the elimination of cationic dyes (2.079 mg/g for polymer gel beads and 10.63 mg g−1 for dry powder beads), in comparison to other adsorbent materials. The obtained adsorbent is spherical with hydrophobic cross-linked surface properties that enable an easy recovery without any significant weight loss of in the adsorbent used. Full article
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15 pages, 2281 KiB  
Article
Magnetic Graphene Oxide Composite for the Microextraction and Determination of Benzophenones in Water Samples
by Alejandro Medina, Francisco Antonio Casado-Carmona, Ángela I. López-Lorente and Soledad Cárdenas
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010168 - 18 Jan 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4204
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) functionalized with graphene oxide (GO) have been synthesized through a silanization process of the magnetic nanoparticles with tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and further coupling of GO. The synthesized nanomaterials have been characterized by several techniques, such [...] Read more.
Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) functionalized with graphene oxide (GO) have been synthesized through a silanization process of the magnetic nanoparticles with tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and further coupling of GO. The synthesized nanomaterials have been characterized by several techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and infrared and Raman spectroscopy, which enabled the evaluation of the different steps of the functionalization process. The hybrid nanomaterial has been employed for the extraction of five benzophenones (benzophenone-1, benzophenone-3, 4-hydroxybenzophenone, benzophenone-6 and benzophenone-8) in aqueous samples by dispersive micro-solid phase extraction, combining the magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles with the excellent sorption capacity of graphene oxide via hydrophobic interactions with the analytes. The subsequent separation and quantification of the analytes was performed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection, achieving limits of detection (LODs) in the range 2.5 to 8.2 μg·L−1, with relative standard deviations ranging from 1.3–9.8% and relative recovering in the range 86 to 105%. Positive swimming pool water samples analysed following the developed method revealed the presence of benzophenones in from 14.3 to 39 μg·L−1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Nanomaterials for Applications in Trace Analysis)
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13 pages, 2332 KiB  
Article
Electrochemically Deposited NiO Films as a Blocking Layer in p-Type Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with an Impressive 45% Fill Factor
by Matteo Bonomo, Diego Di Girolamo, Marco Piccinni, Denis P. Dowling and Danilo Dini
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010167 - 17 Jan 2020
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3778
Abstract
The enhancement of photoelectrochemical conversion efficiency of p-type dye-sensitized solar cells (p-DSSCs) is necessary to build up effective tandem devices in which both anode and cathode are photoactive. The efficiency of a p-type device (2.5%) is roughly one order [...] Read more.
The enhancement of photoelectrochemical conversion efficiency of p-type dye-sensitized solar cells (p-DSSCs) is necessary to build up effective tandem devices in which both anode and cathode are photoactive. The efficiency of a p-type device (2.5%) is roughly one order of magnitude lower than the n-type counterparts (13.1%), thus limiting the overall efficiency of the tandem cell, especially in terms of powered current density. This is mainly due to the recombination reaction that occurs especially at the photocathode (or Indium-doped Tin Oxide (ITO))/electrolyte interface. To minimize this phenomenon, a widely employed strategy is to deposit a compact film of NiO (acting as a blocking electrode) beneath the porous electrode. Here, we propose electrodeposition as a cheap, easy scalable and environmental-friendly approach to deposit nanometric films directly on ITO glass. The results are compared to a blocking layer made by means of sol-gel technique. Cells embodying a blocking layer substantially outperformed the reference device. Among them, BL_1.10V shows the best photoconversion efficiency (0.166%) and one of the highest values of fill factor (approaching 46%) ever reported. This is mainly due to an optimized surface roughness of the blocking layer assuring a good deposition of the porous layer. The effectiveness of the implementation of the blocking layer is further proved by means of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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15 pages, 6400 KiB  
Article
Polypyrrole Chains Decorated on CoS Spheres: A Core-Shell Like Heterostructure for High-Performance Microwave Absorption
by Hui Liu, Guangzhen Cui, Ling Li, Zhi Zhang, Xuliang Lv and Xinxin Wang
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010166 - 17 Jan 2020
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3428
Abstract
Cobalt sulfide composites have exhibited great potential in terms of microwave absorption, owing to their low price, relatively high capacitance, and excellent electrocatalytic activity. Thus, a novel core-shell like structure comprising cobalt sulfide@polypyrrole (CoS@PPy) composite was synthesized by a facile solvothermal synthesis method [...] Read more.
Cobalt sulfide composites have exhibited great potential in terms of microwave absorption, owing to their low price, relatively high capacitance, and excellent electrocatalytic activity. Thus, a novel core-shell like structure comprising cobalt sulfide@polypyrrole (CoS@PPy) composite was synthesized by a facile solvothermal synthesis method and in situ polymerization. When coated by the heterostructure polypyrrole aerogel, CoS@PPy composite exhibited excellent microwave absorption properties with an optimal reflection loss (RL) of −41.8 dB at 6.96 GHz. Furthermore, the absorption bandwidth (RL < −10 dB) of 5.4 GHz could be reached at a coating thickness of 2.05 mm, probably attributing to the synergistic effect of good impedance matching, interfacial polarization, dipole polarization, and conductivity loss. Moreover, this work proposed a loss mechanism mode which probably occurred in the CoS@PPy composites. It was demonstrated that the CoS@PPy composite is a promising material in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption. Full article
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16 pages, 3628 KiB  
Article
Metal–Organic Framework-Based Sustainable Nanocatalysts for CO Oxidation
by Luis A. Lozano, Betina M. C. Faroldi, María A. Ulla and Juan M. Zamaro
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010165 - 17 Jan 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3939
Abstract
The development of new catalytic nanomaterials following sustainability criteria both in their composition and in their synthesis process is a topic of great current interest. The purpose of this work was to investigate the preparation of nanocatalysts derived from the zirconium metal–organic framework [...] Read more.
The development of new catalytic nanomaterials following sustainability criteria both in their composition and in their synthesis process is a topic of great current interest. The purpose of this work was to investigate the preparation of nanocatalysts derived from the zirconium metal–organic framework UiO-66 obtained under friendly conditions and supporting dispersed species of non-noble transition elements such as Cu, Co, and Fe, incorporated through a simple incipient wetness impregnation technique. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized solids were studied through several characterization techniques and then they were investigated in reactions of relevance for environmental pollution control, such as the oxidation of carbon monoxide in air and in hydrogen-rich streams (COProx). By controlling the atmospheres and pretreatment temperatures, it was possible to obtain active catalysts for the reactions under study, consisting of Cu-based UiO-66-, bimetallic CuCo–UiO-66-, and CuFe–UiO-6-derived materials. These solids represent new alternatives of nanostructured catalysts based on highly dispersed non-noble active metals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of New Nanoparticle Structures as Catalysts)
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12 pages, 3511 KiB  
Article
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy on Hybrid Graphene/Gold Substrates near the Percolation Threshold
by Dmitry E. Tatarkin, Dmitry I. Yakubovsky, Georgy A. Ermolaev, Yury V. Stebunov, Artem A. Voronov, Aleksey V. Arsenin, Valentyn S. Volkov and Sergey M. Novikov
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010164 - 17 Jan 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4971
Abstract
Graphene is a promising platform for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-active substrates, primarily due to the possibility of quenching photoluminescence and fluorescence. Here we study ultrathin gold films near the percolation threshold fabricated by electron-beam deposition on monolayer CVD graphene. The advantages of such [...] Read more.
Graphene is a promising platform for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-active substrates, primarily due to the possibility of quenching photoluminescence and fluorescence. Here we study ultrathin gold films near the percolation threshold fabricated by electron-beam deposition on monolayer CVD graphene. The advantages of such hybrid graphene/gold substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy are discussed in comparison with conventional substrates without the graphene layer. The percolation threshold is determined by independent measurements of the sheet resistance and effective dielectric constant by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The surface morphology of the ultrathin gold films is analyzed by the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the thicknesses of the films in addition to the quartz-crystal mass-thickness sensor are also measured by AFM. We experimentally demonstrate that the maximum SERS signal is observed near and slightly below the percolation threshold. In this case, the region of maximum enhancement of the SERS signal can be determined using the figure of merit (FOM), which is the ratio of the real and imaginary parts of the effective dielectric permittivity of the films. SERS measurements on hybrid graphene/gold substrates with the dye Crystal Violet show an enhancement factor of ~105 and also demonstrate the ability of graphene to quench photoluminescence by an average of ~60%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for (Bio)Sensors Development)
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15 pages, 3026 KiB  
Article
Structural, Thermal, and Release Properties of Hybrid Materials Based on Layered Zinc Hydroxide and Caffeic Acid
by Christhy V. Ruiz, María E. Becerra and Oscar Giraldo
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010163 - 17 Jan 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3162
Abstract
Caffeic acid (CA) molecules were immobilized in a layered inorganic host matrix based on zinc hydroxide structures with different starting interlayer anions, nitrate, and acetate. The chemical composition, structure, thermal stability, morphology, and surface of the host matrices and hybrid compounds were analyzed [...] Read more.
Caffeic acid (CA) molecules were immobilized in a layered inorganic host matrix based on zinc hydroxide structures with different starting interlayer anions, nitrate, and acetate. The chemical composition, structure, thermal stability, morphology, and surface of the host matrices and hybrid compounds were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), themogravimetric/differencial thermal analysis (TG/DTA), Fourier transform infrarred spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Additionally, the surface charge of the materials was investigated using zeta potential at pH ~7. The results show an influence of the surface charge on the chemical, interaction, and structure of the resulting hybrid materials as a function of the starting layered structures. An expansion of the basal spacing to 10.20 Å for zinc hydroxide nitrate (ZHN), and a shrinkage to 10.37 Å for zinc hydroxide acetate (ZHA). These results suggest that the CA lies with a tilt angle in the interlayer region of the inorganic host matrix. The immobilization of CA is favored in ZHN, with respect to ZHA, because a single-layered phase was identified. A higher thermal stability at 65 °C was observed for ZHN-CA than for ZHA-CA. The evaluation of the release behavior showed a higher percentage of CA released from ZHN than ZHA, and the release mechanism was described by the Elovich model. The hybrid materials show potential characteristics for use as bioactive delivery systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials and Natural Extract)
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11 pages, 4056 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of Epoxy Resin Filled with Ti3C2Tx MXene Nanosheets with Excellent Electric Conductivity
by Ailing Feng, Tianqi Hou, Zirui Jia, Yi Zhang, Fan Zhang and Guanglei Wu
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010162 - 17 Jan 2020
Cited by 103 | Viewed by 7218
Abstract
MXene represents new kinds of two-dimensional material transition metal carbides and/or carbonitrides, which have attracted much attention in various applications including electrochemical storage devices, catalysts, and polymer composite. Here, we report a facile method to synthesize Ti3C2Tx MXene [...] Read more.
MXene represents new kinds of two-dimensional material transition metal carbides and/or carbonitrides, which have attracted much attention in various applications including electrochemical storage devices, catalysts, and polymer composite. Here, we report a facile method to synthesize Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets and prepare a novel electrically conductive adhesive based on epoxy resin filled with Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets by solution blending. The structure, morphology, and performance of Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets and epoxy/Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets composite were investigated. The results show that Ti3C2Tx MXene possesses nanosheet structure. Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets were homogeneously dispersed in epoxy resin. Electrical conductivity and mechanical properties measurements reveal that the epoxy/Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheet composite exhibited both good electrical conductivity (4.52 × 10−4 S/m) and favorable mechanical properties (tensile strength of 66.2 MPa and impact strength of 24.2 kJ/m2) when the content of Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets is 1.2 wt %. Thus, Ti3C2Tx MXene is a promising filler for electrically conductive adhesive with high electric conductivity and high mechanical performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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20 pages, 3354 KiB  
Article
Indocyanine Green-Nexturastat A-PLGA Nanoparticles Combine Photothermal and Epigenetic Therapy for Melanoma
by Debbie K. Ledezma, Preethi B. Balakrishnan, Juliana Cano-Mejia, Elizabeth E. Sweeney, Melissa Hadley, Catherine M. Bollard, Alejandro Villagra and Rohan Fernandes
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010161 - 17 Jan 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5474
Abstract
In this study, we describe poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-based nanoparticles that combine photothermal therapy (PTT) with epigenetic therapy for melanoma. Specifically, we co-encapsulated indocyanine green (ICG), a PTT agent, and Nexturastat A (NextA), an epigenetic drug within PLGA nanoparticles (ICG-NextA-PLGA; INAPs). [...] Read more.
In this study, we describe poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-based nanoparticles that combine photothermal therapy (PTT) with epigenetic therapy for melanoma. Specifically, we co-encapsulated indocyanine green (ICG), a PTT agent, and Nexturastat A (NextA), an epigenetic drug within PLGA nanoparticles (ICG-NextA-PLGA; INAPs). We hypothesized that combining PTT with epigenetic therapy elicits favorable cytotoxic and immunomodulatory responses that result in improved survival in melanoma-bearing mice. We utilized a nanoemulsion synthesis scheme to co-encapsulate ICG and NextA within stable and monodispersed INAPs. The INAPs exhibited concentration-dependent and near-infrared (NIR) laser power-dependent photothermal heating characteristics, and functioned as effective single-use agents for PTT of melanoma cells in vitro. The INAPs functioned as effective epigenetic therapy agents by inhibiting the expression of pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) and HDAC6-specific activity in melanoma cells in vitro. When used for both PTT and epigenetic therapy in vitro, the INAPs increased the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I in melanoma cells relative to controls. These advantages persisted in vivo in a syngeneic murine model of melanoma, where the combination therapy slowed tumor progression and improved median survival. These findings demonstrate the potential of INAPs as agents of PTT and epigenetic therapy for melanoma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications)
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16 pages, 4140 KiB  
Article
Surfactant-Free Synthesis of Nb2O5 Nanoparticles Anchored Graphene Nanocomposites with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance for Supercapacitor Electrodes
by P. Nagaraju, R. Vasudevan, A. Alsalme, A. Alghamdi, M. Arivanandhan and R. Jayavel
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010160 - 17 Jan 2020
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4759
Abstract
Nb2O5/graphene nanocomposites without any surfactant are synthesized by an in situ microwave irradiation technique. Structural and morphological studies revealed that the prepared composites were composed of Nb2O5 nanoparticles intercalated into the graphene sheet. The thermal stability [...] Read more.
Nb2O5/graphene nanocomposites without any surfactant are synthesized by an in situ microwave irradiation technique. Structural and morphological studies revealed that the prepared composites were composed of Nb2O5 nanoparticles intercalated into the graphene sheet. The thermal stability of graphene oxide, Nb2O5, and Nb2O5/graphene nanocomposite was studied by the TGA. The electrochemical properties are assessed by cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses. The specific capacitance of Nb2O5/graphene nanocomposites is greater (633 Fg−1) than pure Nb2O5 nanoparticles (221 Fg−1) and graphene (290 Fg−1) at a current density of 1 Ag−1. The long-term cyclic measurement confirms higher cyclic stability of the nanocomposite with capacitance retention of 99.3% after 5000 cycles without performance degradation. The composites exhibit higher electrochemical conductivity and allow effective ions and charge transport over the entire electrode surface with aqueous electrolyte. The electrochemical study suggests that Nb2O5/graphene nanocomposites have the potential to be an effective electrode for superior performance supercapacitor applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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10 pages, 5159 KiB  
Article
Substrate-Controlled Magnetism: Fe Nanowires on Vicinal Cu Surfaces
by D. Hashemi, M. J. Waters, W. Hergert, J. Kieffer and V. S. Stepanyuk
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010159 - 16 Jan 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3244
Abstract
Here we present a novel approach to controlling magnetic interactions between atomic-scale nanowires. Our ab initio calculations demonstrate the possibility to tune magnetic properties of Fe nanowires formed on vicinal Cu surfaces. Both intrawire and interwire magnetic exchange parameters are extracted from density [...] Read more.
Here we present a novel approach to controlling magnetic interactions between atomic-scale nanowires. Our ab initio calculations demonstrate the possibility to tune magnetic properties of Fe nanowires formed on vicinal Cu surfaces. Both intrawire and interwire magnetic exchange parameters are extracted from density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This study suggests that the effective interwire magnetic exchange parameters exhibit Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida-like (RKKY) oscillations as a function of Fe interwire separation. The choice of the vicinal Cu surface offers possibilities for controlling the magnetic coupling. Furthermore, an anisotropic Heisenberg model was used in Monte Carlo simulations to examine the stability of these magnetic configurations at finite temperatures. The predicted critical temperatures of the Fe nanowires on Cu(422) and Cu(533) surfaces are well above room temperature. Full article
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20 pages, 6752 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Radiosensitization by Gold Nanoparticles and the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor SAHA in 2D and 3D Cancer Cell Cultures
by Nóra Igaz, Krisztina Szőke, Dávid Kovács, Andrea Buhala, Zoltán Varga, Péter Bélteky, Zsolt Rázga, László Tiszlavicz, Csaba Vizler, Katalin Hideghéty, Zoltán Kónya and Mónika Kiricsi
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010158 - 16 Jan 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4091
Abstract
Radiosensitizing agents are capable of augmenting the damage of ionizing radiation preferentially on cancer cells, thereby increasing the potency and the specificity of radiotherapy. Metal-based nanoparticles have recently gathered ground in radio-enhancement applications, owing to their exceptional competence in amplifying the cell-killing effects [...] Read more.
Radiosensitizing agents are capable of augmenting the damage of ionizing radiation preferentially on cancer cells, thereby increasing the potency and the specificity of radiotherapy. Metal-based nanoparticles have recently gathered ground in radio-enhancement applications, owing to their exceptional competence in amplifying the cell-killing effects of irradiation. Our aim was to examine the radiosensitizing performance of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and the chromatin-modifying histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) alone and in combination. We observed that the colony-forming capability of cancer cells decreased significantly and the DNA damage, detected by γH2AX immunostaining, was substantially greater after combinational treatments than upon individual drug exposures followed by irradiation. Synergistic radiosensitizing effects of AuNPs and SAHA were proven on various cell lines, including radioresistant A549 and DU-145 cancer cells. 3D cultures often manifest radio- and drug-resistance, nevertheless, AuNPs in combination with SAHA could effectively enhance the potency of irradiation as the number of viable cells decreased significantly when spheroids received AuNP + SAHA prior to radiotherapy. Our results imply that a relaxed chromatin structure induced by SAHA renders the DNA of cancerous cells more susceptible to the damaging effects of irradiation-triggered, AuNP-released reactive electrons. This feature of AuNPs should be exploited in multimodal treatment approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanoscale Materials for Cancer Diagnostic and Therapy)
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12 pages, 3301 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte via In Situ Synthesis of SiO2 Nanoparticles in PEO
by Xinjie Tan, Yongmin Wu, Weiping Tang, Shufeng Song, Jianyao Yao, Zhaoyin Wen, Li Lu, Serguei V. Savilov, Ning Hu and Janina Molenda
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010157 - 16 Jan 2020
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 5879
Abstract
Composite polymer electrolytes provide an emerging solution for new battery development by replacing liquid electrolytes, which are commonly complexes of polyethylene oxide (PEO) with ceramic fillers. However, the agglomeration of fillers and weak interaction restrict their conductivities. By contrast with the prevailing methods [...] Read more.
Composite polymer electrolytes provide an emerging solution for new battery development by replacing liquid electrolytes, which are commonly complexes of polyethylene oxide (PEO) with ceramic fillers. However, the agglomeration of fillers and weak interaction restrict their conductivities. By contrast with the prevailing methods of blending preformed ceramic fillers within the polymer matrix, here we proposed an in situ synthesis method of SiO2 nanoparticles in the PEO matrix. In this case, robust chemical interactions between SiO2 nanoparticles, lithium salt and PEO chains were induced by the in situ non-hydrolytic sol gel process. The in situ synthesized nanocomposite polymer electrolyte delivered an impressive ionic conductivity of ~1.1 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C, which is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the preformed synthesized composite polymer electrolyte. In addition, an extended electrochemical window of up to 5 V vs. Li/Li+ was achieved. The Li/nanocomposite polymer electrolyte/Li symmetric cell demonstrated a stable long-term cycling performance of over 700 h at 0.01–0.1 mA cm−2 without short circuiting. The all-solid-state battery consisting of the nanocomposite polymer electrolyte, Li metal and LiFePO4 provides a discharge capacity of 123.5 mAh g−1, a Coulombic efficiency above 99% and a good capacity retention of 70% after 100 cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Energy Storage)
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15 pages, 2766 KiB  
Article
Two-Dimensional Clusters of Colloidal Particles Induced by Emulsion Droplet Evaporation
by Hai Pham-Van, Linh Tran-Phan-Thuy, Cuong Tran-Manh, Bich Do-Danh and Hoang Luc-Huy
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010156 - 16 Jan 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3160
Abstract
The minimization principle of the second moment of the mass distribution ( M 2 ) is responsible for the unique structure of three-dimensional clusters by using emulsion droplet evaporation. Herein we study the structure of two-dimensional clusters of colloidal particles bound at the [...] Read more.
The minimization principle of the second moment of the mass distribution ( M 2 ) is responsible for the unique structure of three-dimensional clusters by using emulsion droplet evaporation. Herein we study the structure of two-dimensional clusters of colloidal particles bound at the interface of liquid droplets in the plane. We found that, differently from the three-dimensional system, the two-dimensional clusters have multiple degenerate configurations (isomers). An interesting feature of such two-dimensional clusters is that they have the same packings as those belonging to a class of geometric figures known as polyiamonds. In particular, except for the six-particle cluster, many higher order clusters of polyiamond have not been reported previously. Using a simple geometrical approach, based on the number of ways to generate a packing, we calculated the occupation probabilities of distinct isomeric clusters. The level of agreement with the results of metropolis Monte Carlo simulations was good for clusters containing up to nine particles, suggesting that our two-dimensional cluster structures are not a result of the minimization of the second moment. In addition, the structure of these clusters is somewhat insensitive to the range and depth of the interparticle potential, in good agreement with the results in the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nano Emulsions: Smart Colloids for Multiple Applications)
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8 pages, 2369 KiB  
Article
Charge Carrier Transport Behavior and Dielectric Properties of BaF2:Tb3+ Nanocrystals
by Xiaoyan Cui, Tingjing Hu, Huangyu Wu, Junkai Zhang, Lihua Yang, Xin Zhong, Xiaoxin Wu, Jingshu Wang, Xuefei Li, Jinghai Yang and Chunxiao Gao
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010155 - 16 Jan 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2133
Abstract
The charge carrier behavior and dielectric properties of BaF2:Tb3+ nanocrystals have been studied by alternating current (AC) impedance spectroscopy. The electron and ion coexist in the transport process. The F ion’s contribution to the total conduction increases with the [...] Read more.
The charge carrier behavior and dielectric properties of BaF2:Tb3+ nanocrystals have been studied by alternating current (AC) impedance spectroscopy. The electron and ion coexist in the transport process. The F ion’s contribution to the total conduction increases with the doping concentration up to 4% and then decreases. Tb doping leads to the increase of defect quantities and a variation of charge carrier transport paths, which causes the increase of the ion diffusion coefficient and the decreases of bulk and grain boundary resistance. When the Tb-doped concentration is higher than 4%, the effect of deformation potential scattering variation on the transport property is dominant, which results in the decrease of the ion diffusion coefficient and increases of bulk and grain boundary resistance. The conduction properties of our BaF2:Tb3+ nanocrystals are compared with previous results that were found for the single crystals of rare earth-doped BaF2. Tb doping causes increases of both the quantity and the probability of carrier hopping, and it finally leads to increases of BaF2 nanocrystals’ permittivity in the low frequency region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)
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20 pages, 9987 KiB  
Article
Tuning the Mechanical and Adhesion Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Using Aligned Cellulose Wrap (Cellulose Nanotube): A Molecular Dynamics Study
by Mehdi Shishehbor and M. Reza Pouranian
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010154 - 16 Jan 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4650
Abstract
Improving the adhesion properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at the molecular scale can significantly enhance dispersion of CNT fibers in polymer matrix and unleash the dormant extraordinary mechanical properties of CNTs in CNT-polymer nanocomposites. Inspired by the outstanding adhesion, dispersion, mechanical, and surface [...] Read more.
Improving the adhesion properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at the molecular scale can significantly enhance dispersion of CNT fibers in polymer matrix and unleash the dormant extraordinary mechanical properties of CNTs in CNT-polymer nanocomposites. Inspired by the outstanding adhesion, dispersion, mechanical, and surface functionalization properties of crystalline nanocellulose (CNC), this paper studies the mechanical and adhesion properties of CNT wrapped by aligned cellulose chains around CNT using molecular dynamic simulations. The strength, elastic modulus, and toughness of CNT-cellulose fiber for different cellulose contents are obtained from tensile and compression tests. Additionally, the effect of adding cellulose on the surface energy, interfacial shear modulus, and strength is evaluated. The result shows that even adding a single layer cellulose wrap (≈55% content) significantly decreases the mechanical properties, however, it also dramatically enhances the adhesion energy, interfacial shear strength, and modulus. Adding more cellulose layers, subsequently, deceases and increases mechanical properties and adhesion properties, respectively. In addition, analysis of nanopapers of pristine CNT, pristine CNC, and CNT-wrapped cellulose reveals that CNT-wrapped cellulose nanopapers are strong, stiff, and tough, while for CNT and CNC either strength or toughness is compromised. This research shows that cellulose wraps provide CNT fibers with tunable mechanical properties and adhesion energy that could yield strong and tough materials due to the excellent mechanical properties of CNT and active surface and hydrogen bonding of cellulose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)
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18 pages, 20831 KiB  
Article
Towards Multi-Functional SiO2@YAG:Ce Core–Shell Optical Nanoparticles for Solid State Lighting Applications
by Mahdi Kiani Khouzani, Abbas Bahrami, Maryam Yazdan Mehr, Willem Dirk van Driel and Guoqi Zhang
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010153 - 16 Jan 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4366
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the synthesis, structure, and optical properties of SiO2@YAG:Ce core–shell optical nanoparticles for solid state lighting applications. YAG:Ce phosphor is a key part in white light emitting diodes (LEDs), with its main functionality being the generation of [...] Read more.
This paper aims to investigate the synthesis, structure, and optical properties of SiO2@YAG:Ce core–shell optical nanoparticles for solid state lighting applications. YAG:Ce phosphor is a key part in white light emitting diodes (LEDs), with its main functionality being the generation of yellow light. Generated yellow light from phosphor will be combined with blue light, emitted from chip, resulting in the generation of white light. Generated light in LEDs will often be scattered by SiO2 nanoparticles. SiO2 nanoparticles are often distributed within the optical window, aiming for a more homogeneous light output. The main idea in this research is to combine these functionalities in one core–shell particle, with its core being SiO2 and its shell being phosphor. In this study core–shell nanoparticles with different Ce3+ concentrations were synthesized by a sol–gel method. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis, high resolution transmission electron macroscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Luminescence characteristics of SiO2@YAG:Ce core–shell particles were compared with that of SiO2/YAG:Ce mixture composite, which is now used in commercial LEDs. Obtained results showed that core–shell nanoparticles have comparatively much better optical properties, compared to SiO2/YAG:Ce mixture composite and can therefore be potentially used in LEDs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Luminescent Nanomaterials)
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17 pages, 1061 KiB  
Article
Continuum Modelling for Interacting Coronene Molecules with a Carbon Nanotube
by Kyle Stevens, Thien Tran-Duc, Ngamta Thamwattana and James M. Hill
Nanomaterials 2020, 10(1), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010152 - 15 Jan 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2503
Abstract
The production of single dimensional carbon structures has recently been made easier using carbon nanotubes. We consider here encapsulated coronene molecules, which are flat and circular-shaped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, inside carbon nanotubes. Depending on the radius of the nanotube, certain specific configurations of [...] Read more.
The production of single dimensional carbon structures has recently been made easier using carbon nanotubes. We consider here encapsulated coronene molecules, which are flat and circular-shaped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, inside carbon nanotubes. Depending on the radius of the nanotube, certain specific configurations of the coronene molecules can be achieved that give rise to the formation of stacked columns or aid in forming nanoribbons. Due to their symmetrical structure, a coronene molecule may be modelled by three inner circular rings of carbon atoms and one outer circular ring of hydrogen atoms, while the carbon nanotube is modelled as a circular tube. Using the continuous model and the Lennard-Jones potential, we are able to analytically formulate an expression for the potential energy for a coronene dimer and coronene inside a carbon nanotube. Subsequently, stacking of coronene molecules inside a nanotube is investigated. We find that the minimum energy tilt angle of coronenes in a stack differs from that of a single coronene within the same nanotube. More specifically, for both (18, 0) and (19, 0) zigzag carbon nanotube, we find that the minimum energy tilt angles of the single coronene case (≈42 ° and ≈20 ° respectively) do not occur in the stack model. Full article
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