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Applied Sciences, Volume 15, Issue 23

December-1 2025 - 505 articles

Cover Story: Continuous use of clear aligners modifies the oral environment and may favor bacterial colonization. Integration of topical fluoride-based agents could strengthen enamel and reduce biofilm formation. This study evaluated the effects of a galenic fluoride-mint spray (225–250 ppm fluoride and 1–2% peppermint essential oil) on salivary fluoride concentration and bacterial biofilm during orthodontic treatment. Ten patients using 3D-printed nighttime aligners were enrolled. Saliva samples were analyzed with an ion-selective electrode (ISE) at baseline, immediately after inserting the sprayed aligners and after 15, 30, 45 min post application. Biofilm morphology was qualitatively assessed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) in three aligners: unused, worn 14 nights without spray, worn 14 nights with spray. View this paper
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Articles (505)

  • Article
  • Open Access
529 Views
45 Pages

4 December 2025

In Korea, agricultural policy increasingly promotes high-efficiency digital agriculture; however, insufficient sensor reliability and data accuracy continue to limit the practical adoption of smart farm technologies. To address these limitations, thi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
386 Views
20 Pages

4 December 2025

Uphill wheelchair propulsion requires considerable upper-limb effort and often leads to rapid fatigue, limiting user mobility and independence. Therefore, mechanical solutions that enhance propulsion safety and efficiency are essential. This study ai...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1,122 Views
60 Pages

4 December 2025

Ceramic materials have gained outstanding popularity in restorative and prosthetic dentistry due to their combination of high biocompatibility, mechanical durability, and natural esthetics. Among the most important developments in this field are the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
873 Views
33 Pages

4 December 2025

This paper proposes an innovative framework for analyzing execution times in distributed systems. This evaluation framework is designed to support both software development and production monitoring by providing valuable insights into how the applica...

  • Article
  • Open Access
516 Views
25 Pages

4 December 2025

The increasing adoption of Digital Construction Management (DCM) has introduced new ergonomic risks for construction professionals who now spend extended hours on computers in dynamic and often suboptimal work environments. While existing ergonomic r...

  • Article
  • Open Access
431 Views
21 Pages

4 December 2025

We discuss an intermodal routing problem that aims to achieve comprehensive improvement in the economics, environmental sustainability, and timeliness of transportation. We formulate the consignee’s uncertain demand for goods to improve the rel...

  • Article
  • Open Access
400 Views
14 Pages

4 December 2025

Background: The visual attention tracking task plays a pivotal role in studying posture control and gait regulation. This study aims to explore the effects of visual attention tracking tasks on gait performance in young adults, providing a theoretica...

  • Article
  • Open Access
388 Views
21 Pages

4 December 2025

The increasing demand for reliable DC fast-charging stations in electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure necessitates efficient fault detection mechanisms to ensure operational stability and user safety. This paper will present the development of a diagn...

  • Article
  • Open Access
404 Views
10 Pages

Cytokine Signatures Induced by Epstein-Barr Virus Antigens in Multiple Sclerosis: Elucidating the Role of B-Cell and T-Cell Hyperactivation in Disease Relapse

  • Alessandro Perrella,
  • Pasquale Bellopede,
  • Anna D’Antonio,
  • Antimo Di Spirito,
  • Costanza Sbreglia,
  • Pietro Biagio Carrieri and
  • Oreste Perrella

4 December 2025

Objectives: To investigate the profile of Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in response to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) antigens and to correlate this immune signature with clinical relapses in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Specifically, we aimed to evaluate...

  • Article
  • Open Access
266 Views
20 Pages

4 December 2025

In data mining and exploration, outliers are specific and infrequent data that require special attention, as they may reveal potentially hazardous information. Detecting outliers can support, e.g., identification fraudulent credit card usage or unaut...

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Appl. Sci. - ISSN 2076-3417