Applied Sciences

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Open AccessArticle

Validity Evaluation of Wind Turbine Monitoring Data by Correlative Coupling Relationship

by Guanwu Chen, Naichao Chen, Xuan Niu and Danmei Hu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10320; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910320 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2025

In addressing the potential anomalies in wind turbine monitoring data, it is essential to note that a single data source cannot independently ascertain the validity of data. This paper proposes a correlation coupling judgment algorithm designed to evaluate the validity of wind turbine [...] Read more.

In addressing the potential anomalies in wind turbine monitoring data, it is essential to note that a single data source cannot independently ascertain the validity of data. This paper proposes a correlation coupling judgment algorithm designed to evaluate the validity of wind turbine monitoring data. By quantitatively analyzing the degree of correlation between various sensor data using the Pearson correlation coefficient, this study reveals that data characteristics significantly influence the correlation coefficient. The analysis also examines the effects of filtering, signal phase differences, and interference signals on correlation. The results indicate that effective data preprocessing, can dramatically enhance correlation, while phase shifts and noise interference significantly degrade it. Identifying and mitigating these interfering signals is thus established as a crucial prerequisite for defining reliable correlation criteria. Therefore, this study demonstrates that effective data preprocessing is a necessary step for any correlation-based validity assessment framework. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Experimental Analysis of Tofu-Drying Kinetics

by Cécile Hanon, Morouge Al Hassan, Soulaimane Nassouh, Salahaldin Abuabdou, Charlotte Van Engeland and Frédéric Debaste

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10319; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910319 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

Drying critically shapes tofu’s texture, structure, and final appearance, whether it occurs during cooking or is applied intentionally in reprocessing. This study aimed to characterize the drying kinetics of tofu through experimental analysis and through modeling. Tofu samples were dried at temperatures ranging [...] Read more.

Drying critically shapes tofu’s texture, structure, and final appearance, whether it occurs during cooking or is applied intentionally in reprocessing. This study aimed to characterize the drying kinetics of tofu through experimental analysis and through modeling. Tofu samples were dried at temperatures ranging from 40 °C to 90 °C using a convective drying tunnel and an oven. Shrinkage and color changes were analyzed. Empirical models, a shrinking-core model and a newly developed oven-cooking model were tested against experimental data. The drying kinetics exhibited a constant and a decreasing rate phase, which were separated by a water content threshold of 2.56

{kg}_{W} / {kg}_{DS}

. Tofu undergoes non-enzymatic browning and exhibited total shrinkage of 0.38. These physical changes were more significant at lower drying temperatures when the product was dried below a water content of 1.39

{kg}_{W} / {kg}_{DS}

. The logarithmic model provided the best fit (

R^{2} \geq 0.9920

) to the experimental data. However, the cooking model shows good results as well (

R^{2} = 0.9678

) and offers physical validity. This study provides evidence that the drying mechanisms of tofu are not temperature-dependent within the studied range. It also emphasizes the importance of drying time over drying temperature in the physical changes of the product. The successful fit of the cooking model highlights the link between drying and cooking processes, suggesting potential applications in both areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Science and Technology)

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Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Ship Design Optimization Framework Integrating a Dual-Mode CFD–Surrogate Mechanism

by Yicun Dong, Lin Du and Guangnian Li

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10318; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910318 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

Reducing hydrodynamic resistance remains a central concern in modern ship design. The Simulation-Based Design technique offers high-fidelity optimization through computational fluid dynamics, but this comes at the cost of computational efficiency. In contrast, surrogate models trained offline can accelerate the process but often [...] Read more.

Reducing hydrodynamic resistance remains a central concern in modern ship design. The Simulation-Based Design technique offers high-fidelity optimization through computational fluid dynamics, but this comes at the cost of computational efficiency. In contrast, surrogate models trained offline can accelerate the process but often compromise on accuracy. To address this issue, this study proposes a hybrid optimization framework connecting a computational fluid dynamics solver and a convolutional neural network surrogate model within a dual-mode mechanism. By comparing selected computational fluid dynamics evaluations with surrogate predictions during each iteration, the system is able to balance the precision and efficiency adaptively. The framework integrates a particle swarm optimizer, a free-form deformation modeler, and a dual-mode solver. Case studies on three benchmark hulls including KCS, KVLCC1, and JBC have shown 3.40%, 3.95%, and 2.74% resistance reduction, respectively, with computation efficiency gains exceeding 44% compared to the traditional Simulation-Based Design process using full computational fluid dynamics. This study provides a practical attempt to enhance the efficiency of hull form optimization while maintaining accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Science and Engineering)

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Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Mechanical Properties, Durability, and Micro-Mechanisms of Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Mortar

by Chunwang Sun, Baoxi Zuo, Zengshui Liu, Yi Si, Hong Wu, Ting Liu and Yong Huang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10316; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910316 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

The search for sustainable and economical alternative materials has become a top priority in response to the increasing scarcity of natural river sand resources; as a result, a new alkali-activated granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS)/fly ash (FA) composite cement material innovatively using Tuokexun Desert [...] Read more.

The search for sustainable and economical alternative materials has become a top priority in response to the increasing scarcity of natural river sand resources; as a result, a new alkali-activated granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS)/fly ash (FA) composite cement material innovatively using Tuokexun Desert sand as aggregate has emerged as a good strategy. In this study, GGBS/FA was used in place of cement; the effects of the water glass modulus, alkali equivalent, and FA content on the material’s properties were systematically studied, and the hydration reaction mechanism and durability characteristics were revealed. The material was found to form a stable calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C-(A)-S-H) gel structure under a specific ratio, which not only displayed excellent mechanical properties (a compressive strength of up to 83.2 MPa), but also showed outstanding resistance to high temperatures (>600 °C) and acid–alkali erosion. Microscopic analysis showed that the phase transition behaviour of C-(A)-S-H was a key factor affecting the material properties under high-temperature and acid–alkali environments. This study provides a new method for the preparation of high-performance building materials using local materials in desert areas, which is of great significance for promoting the construction of sustainable infrastructure in arid areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Construction Material and Its Applications)

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Open AccessReview

The Use of Volume Stable Collagen Matrices (VCMXs) for Soft Tissue Augmentation Around Dental Implants: A Comprehensive Review

by Sepideh Goudarzi, Chiara Cinquini, Rossana Izzetti, Niccolò Baldi, Simonetta Santarelli, Mattia Priami, Elisabetta Carli and Antonio Barone

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10315; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910315 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

Adequate peri-implant hard and soft tissue volume is critical for ensuring implant stability, long-term functionality, and optimal esthetic results. While autogenous connective tissue grafts (CTGs) remain the gold standard for soft tissue augmentation, volume-stable collagen matrices (VCMXs) have emerged as a promising alternative, [...] Read more.

Adequate peri-implant hard and soft tissue volume is critical for ensuring implant stability, long-term functionality, and optimal esthetic results. While autogenous connective tissue grafts (CTGs) remain the gold standard for soft tissue augmentation, volume-stable collagen matrices (VCMXs) have emerged as a promising alternative, offering key advantages such as eliminating donor-site morbidity, reducing postoperative pain, and improving patient acceptance. This review summarizes the evidence on VCMXs from studies published between 1995 and 2024, with a focus on mucosal thickness gain, soft tissue stability, and patient-reported outcomes. To date, the evidence on VCMXs is still conflicting. Randomized controlled trials indicate that VCMXs can effectively increase peri-implant mucosal thickness (ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 mm), although the included clinical studies are very heterogeneous in terms of follow-up time. According to the literature, CTGs demonstrate superior long-term volumetric stability, particularly in highly esthetic zones. On the other hand, VCMXs demonstrated comparable mid-term outcomes while offering reduced postoperative discomfort, as confirmed by multicenter noninferiority trials. While VCMXs may yield slightly inferior clinical outcomes compared to CTGs, their patient-centered benefits make them a viable and often preferable option for soft tissue augmentation in implant dentistry. In conclusion, current evidence supports the use of VCMXs as valuable tools in contemporary implant therapy, particularly for specific indications where their benefits outweigh limitations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Digital Dentistry and Oral Implantology)

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Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Freezing Characteristics of Organic Soils Using Laboratory Experiments and Machine Learning Models

by Sewon Kim, Hyun-Jun Choi, Sangyeong Park and Youngseok Kim

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10314; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910314 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

Frozen ground regions have recently experienced increasing construction activity due to the vast undeveloped resources they contain. However, frozen soils exhibit thermal and mechanical properties that differ substantially from those of temperate soils, leading to a range of engineering challenges. This study investigates [...] Read more.

Frozen ground regions have recently experienced increasing construction activity due to the vast undeveloped resources they contain. However, frozen soils exhibit thermal and mechanical properties that differ substantially from those of temperate soils, leading to a range of engineering challenges. This study investigates the influence of organic matter content on the freezing behavior of soils through a series of laboratory experiments and machine learning (ML) modeling. Soil samples were collected from Alberta, Canada, and Gangwon Province, South Korea, and their organic matter contents were adjusted using the loss-on-ignition method combined with peat moss addition. Standard Proctor compaction tests and uniaxial compression tests under subzero conditions were performed to evaluate compaction characteristics and strength development. The unfrozen water content was measured at different subzero temperatures to assess thermal and hydraulic responses. The resulting experimental dataset was then used to develop ensemble ML models—random forest (RF) and extreme gradient boosting (XGB)—for predicting unfrozen water content. The results indicate that higher organic matter contents reduce compaction efficiency, increase residual unfrozen water content, and influence strength development under freezing conditions. Both RF and XGB achieved high predictive accuracy, demonstrating their potential as reliable tools for evaluating the freezing behavior of organic soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)

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Open AccessArticle

Bearing Capacity Design of Strength Composite Piles Considering Dominant Failure Modes and Calibrated Adjustment Coefficients

by Heng Liu, Xihao Yan, Ning Zhang, Lei Guo, Zhengwei Wang and Feng Zhou

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10313; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910313 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

Significant discrepancies persist between the predicted and measured bearing capacities of Strength Composite (SC) piles in engineering practice, largely due to incomplete consideration of dominant failure modes and the absence of scientifically calibrated adjustment coefficients. Existing design specifications treat side and tip resistance [...] Read more.

Significant discrepancies persist between the predicted and measured bearing capacities of Strength Composite (SC) piles in engineering practice, largely due to incomplete consideration of dominant failure modes and the absence of scientifically calibrated adjustment coefficients. Existing design specifications treat side and tip resistance inconsistently and often neglect failures induced by insufficient pile material strength, which compromises accuracy and reliability. To address these limitations, this study systematically analyzed static load test data from 159 SC piles across 44 projects. Statistical evaluation revealed clear dependencies between soil type, pile–soil interface performance, and failure mechanisms, from which stratified adjustment coefficients of side resistance and the unified adjustment coefficient of tip resistance were derived. On this basis, a new calculation method for pile capacity was developed that, for the first time, explicitly integrates material strength limitations and interface failure mechanisms into design. Validation against 112 additional test piles confirmed that over 50% of predicted-to-measured ratios approximated 1.0, and 82.1% fell within ±20%. The study proposes a calculation method for SC pile bearing capacity that is broadly applicable, simple in form, and explicitly accounts for dominant failure modes, thereby providing both theoretical rigor and engineering practicality. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

3D Convolutional Neural Network Model for Detection of Major Depressive Disorder from Grey Matter Images

by Bindiya A. R., Aditya Adiga, B. S. Mahanand and DIRECT Consortium

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10312; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910312 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

Major depressive disorder is a mental health condition characterized by ongoing feelings of sadness, trouble focusing or making decisions, and a frequent sense of fatigue or hopelessness that lasts for a prolonged period. If left undiagnosed, it can have serious consequences, including suicide. [...] Read more.

Major depressive disorder is a mental health condition characterized by ongoing feelings of sadness, trouble focusing or making decisions, and a frequent sense of fatigue or hopelessness that lasts for a prolonged period. If left undiagnosed, it can have serious consequences, including suicide. This study proposes a 3D convolutional neural network model to detect major depressive disorder using 3D grey matter images from magnetic resonance imaging. The proposed 3D convolutional architecture comprises multiple hierarchical convolutional and pooling layers, designed to automatically learn spatial patterns from magnetic resonance imaging data. The model was optimized via Bayesian hyperparameter tuning, achieving an accuracy of 72.26%, an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.80, and an area under the precision–recall curve of 0.81 on a large multisite dataset comprising 1276 patients and 1104 healthy controls. Gradient-weighted class activation mapping is utilized to find brain regions associated with major depressive disorder. From this study, six regions were identified, namely, the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, thalamus, insular cortex and corpus callosum which may be affected by major depressive disorder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)

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Open AccessArticle

Gamma-Polyglutamic Acid Reduces Heavy Metal Uptake and Stabilize Microbial Biosafety in Edible Mushroom Cultures

by Agata Krakowska, Iwona Skiba-Kurek, Małgorzata Suchanek, Joanna Zontek-Wilkowska, Bożena Muszyńska and Tomasz Skalski

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10311; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910311 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the influence of gamma-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) on the heavy metal sorption efficiency of three edible mushroom species—Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus, and Boletus edulis—exposed to cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and their mixtures (in a 1:1 ratio). The [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the influence of gamma-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) on the heavy metal sorption efficiency of three edible mushroom species—Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus, and Boletus edulis—exposed to cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and their mixtures (in a 1:1 ratio). The experiment presented an innovative approach—combining the natural sorption properties of mushrooms with the addition of γ-PGA, which has strong chelating properties. Sorption assays were performed using escalating γ-PGA concentrations (1, 2, and 5 mL to 250 mL of liquid medium), with data analyzed via generalized linear models employing a gamma distribution and a log link function. Results revealed that sorption efficiency was highest at the lowest γ-PGA concentration and decreased significantly with increasing γ-PGA levels across all species and metal treatments. Notably, P. ostreatus and A. bisporus demonstrated superior and more stable sorption capacities relative to B. edulis, which exhibited greater variability. These findings suggest that while edible mushrooms are effective biosorbents for heavy metals, higher γ-PGA concentrations may inhibit metal uptake by chelating metals in solution and reducing their bioavailability. Additionally, γ-PGA at 1 mM markedly enhanced antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli (with a 20% increase in growth inhibition zone compared to the control group) in mushroom cultures and when applied independently. This dual functionality underscores the potential of γ-PGA–mushroom systems for bioremediation and food safety applications, highlighting the need for the careful optimization of γ-PGA concentration to maximize biosorption efficacy and antimicrobial benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Pollution and Remediation: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives)

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Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Aerobic Capacity, Lactate Clearance, and Heart Rate Recovery in Ice Hockey Players

by Robert Roczniok, Artur Terbalyan, Petr Stastny, Hanna Zielonka, Daria Manilewska, Kajetan Ornowski, Martin Blaha and Przemysław Pietraszewski

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10310; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910310 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the influence of aerobic capacity on lactate clearance rate and heart rate recovery during ice hockey matches. Considering the growing intensity and anaerobic demands of modern ice hockey, the ability to recover quickly between high-intensity shifts is essential for optimal [...] Read more.

This study investigated the influence of aerobic capacity on lactate clearance rate and heart rate recovery during ice hockey matches. Considering the growing intensity and anaerobic demands of modern ice hockey, the ability to recover quickly between high-intensity shifts is essential for optimal performance. Thirty-eight amateur ice hockey players (age: 35 ± 5 years; VO₂max: 48.93 ± 3.88 mL·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹) from the Silesian Amateur Hockey League underwent laboratory ramp tests to determine VO₂max, followed by on-ice repeated sprint tests and heart rate monitoring during matches. The results demonstrated significant positive correlations between VO₂max and lactate clearance (ΔLa4–8min [mmol/L]= 2.55 ± 0.58 mmol·L⁻¹; rho = 0.545; p < 0.001), as well as heart rate recovery (Δ%HRmax = 25.88 ± 2.09%; rho = 0.682; p < 0.001). Players with higher VO₂max exhibited a faster reduction in heart rate during recovery periods between shifts and maintained better sprint performance (rho = –0.877; p < 0.001). These findings confirm that higher aerobic capacity enhances both metabolic and autonomic recovery processes, enabling players to sustain high-intensity efforts more effectively during the game. The study highlights the importance of developing aerobic fitness in hockey training to improve recovery efficiency and match performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Motor Control on Human Movement Analysis: 2nd Edition)

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Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Drought Tolerance in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Through the Application of Olive Pomace Compost

by Mohammed Bouhadi, Qaiser Javed, Tvrtko Karlo Kovačević, Nikola Major, Smiljana Goreta Ban, Dean Ban, David Heath and Marko Černe

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10309; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910309 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

Drought stress, a major abiotic factor, significantly threatens global agricultural productivity and food security. This study evaluated the potential of olive pomace compost to alleviate water stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). A pot experiment compared well-watered (80% FC) and drought-stressed plants [...] Read more.

Drought stress, a major abiotic factor, significantly threatens global agricultural productivity and food security. This study evaluated the potential of olive pomace compost to alleviate water stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). A pot experiment compared well-watered (80% FC) and drought-stressed plants (40% FC), with compost applied at recommended (40 tons/ha) and double doses (80 tons/ha). Water stress reduced growth (fresh (−28.6%) and dry biomass, (−49.9%) shoot length (−20.45%)), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a (−16.9%), chlorophyll b, (−52.16%) and carotenoids (−24.67%)), and water content, while impairing water relations, as shown by lower relative water content and higher water saturation deficit and consumption. Drought-stressed plants also exhibited elevated oxidative stress, indicated by increased malondialdehyde levels (+68.42%), and a modulated antioxidant defense system, with higher DPPH inhibition (+12.30%), with total phenolic content increasing by 220.70% and FRAP and ORAC values increasing by 55.18% and 37.44%, respectively. The application of olive pomace compost effectively mitigated these adverse effects, resulting in improved growth (ranging from 30% to 66%), pigment content (especially with double dose), and water relations; a lowering of oxidative stress (−37.5%); and moderation of the antioxidant response, indicating a reduced overall stress burden. The study findings show that olive pomace compost provides a sustainable and cost-effective strategy for improving crop resilience in water-scarce regions. By using this abundant agricultural waste, farmers can enhance soil health and maintain food security in the face of climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosynthesis and Applications of Natural Products)

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Open AccessArticle

Influence of Tiered Cyclic Shear Stress on Shear Friction and Instability Behavior of Marble Specimens with the Fractures

by Yinghu Li, Ze Xia, Changhao Shan, Qiang Xu, Qiangling Yao and Haitao Li

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10308; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910308 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

Fractured rock masses are susceptible to stress-induced disturbances, which can lead to severe geological disasters. In recent years, the shear deformation and failure characteristics of fractured rock under cyclic shear loading have become a frontier issue in rock mechanics and engineering. A thorough [...] Read more.

Fractured rock masses are susceptible to stress-induced disturbances, which can lead to severe geological disasters. In recent years, the shear deformation and failure characteristics of fractured rock under cyclic shear loading have become a frontier issue in rock mechanics and engineering. A thorough understanding of the failure mechanism of fractured rock masses is of great significance for the scientific evaluation of their long-term stability in engineering applications. In this study, experiments were conducted on marble specimens with artificial fractures under constant normal stress using the RDS-200 rock mechanics shear test system. The results reveal the following three key findings: First, the residual shear displacement increases linearly with cycling numbers, and the fractures demonstrate memory functions under pre-peak tiered cyclic shear loading, with shear displacement exhibiting hysteresis effects. Second, significant differences were observed between tiered cyclic shear (TCS) and direct shear test (DST) outcomes in terms of peak shear stress and failure patterns. The peak shear strength under TCS was 17.76–24.04% lower than under DST, with the strength-weakening effect increasing with normal stress. The fracture surfaces showed more severe damage and debris accumulation under TCS compared to DST, with the contour area ratio decline rate correlating with both normal stress and initial surface conditions. Third, energy evolution analysis indicates that as cyclic shear stress increases, the elastic energy release rate exceeds the dissipation rate, and the elastic energy index progressively rises through the loading cycles. The findings of this research contribute to a better understanding of the shear instability of rock fractures under pre-peak tiered cyclic shear loading with constant normal stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Challenges in Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 7219 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Dental Trauma Splints in Early Permanent Dentition Through Finite Element Analysis

by Sevde Berfu Zaim and Firdevs Kahvecioğlu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10307; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910307 (registering DOI) - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: This study aims to evaluate the stress accumulation and distribution created by three different splint types and lengths in the early permanent dentition teeth, using finite element analysis. Methods: A total of 10 simulations were performed using three different splint materials, three [...] Read more.

Background: This study aims to evaluate the stress accumulation and distribution created by three different splint types and lengths in the early permanent dentition teeth, using finite element analysis. Methods: A total of 10 simulations were performed using three different splint materials, three different splint lengths, and a control group. Using finite element analysis, a vertical and an oblique force with 150 N was applied to the teeth. von Mises stress and its amounts occurring in enamel, dentin, and pulp as a result of the applied forces were evaluated. Results: In the control and operating models, it was determined that the highest von Mises stress values under vertical and oblique forces occurred at the points where the forces were applied. It was determined that the highest von Mises stress value in splint materials under vertical and oblique forces was in the composite orthodontic wire splint group. It was observed that the most negative results in terms of rigidity were observed in the composite orthodontic wire splint, and the most positive results were observed in the nylon fishing line splint. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the results demonstrate that different splint materials and splint lengths showed varying stress distribution patterns. These findings provide useful insight into the biomechanical behavior of dental trauma splints and may help in selecting appropriate splinting approaches. Further studies on this subject are needed to better understand the effects of these materials on enamel, dentin, and pulp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Pediatric Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry)

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18 pages, 4463 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Representation of Garment Fit with Elastane Fibers Across Yoga Poses in 3D Fashion Design Software: A Preliminary Study Using CLO 3D Software

by Jisoo Kim and Youngjoo Chae

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10306; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910306 - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

With the growing adoption of CLO 3D in the fashion industry and educational settings, the need for accurate material representation and fit simulation in virtual environments is increasing. This study aimed to evaluate whether CLO 3D, without the aid of physical samples, can [...] Read more.

With the growing adoption of CLO 3D in the fashion industry and educational settings, the need for accurate material representation and fit simulation in virtual environments is increasing. This study aimed to evaluate whether CLO 3D, without the aid of physical samples, can reliably simulate clothing pressure for compression wear made from different materials. Unlike previous CLO 3D studies that focused on design or pattern accuracy, this study critically examined material-specific simulation limitations and proposed technical enhancements. Two types of leggings with varying spandex content were tested across five yoga poses using the CLO 3D software(version 2024.2.214). The results showed that CLO 3D did not detect differences in clothing pressure caused by variations in spandex content. Furthermore, the pressure values remained constant across different poses for both fabrics, failing to reflect realistic mechanical differences. The highest total clothing pressure was recorded in the Lunge pose (277.02 kPa), and the lowest in the Plow pose (241.37 kPa). These findings suggest that the current simulation engine lacks sensitivity to fabric-specific mechanical properties and movement-based variation. To address these limitations, this study proposes five optimization functions for CLO 3D, including material property input, technical textile databases, environmental condition settings, AI-based comfort prediction, and data management tools. These proposals are expected to strengthen the scientific validity, functional realism, and user-centered applicability of CLO 3D in designing sportswear, medical compression garments, and customized apparel. Full article

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23 pages, 4783 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dependence of Coseismic Landslide Distribution Patterns on Fault Movement

by Wenping Li, Yuming Wu, Xing Gao and Weimin Wang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10305; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910305 - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

Faults are the primary drivers of earthquakes and exert a strong control on rupture mechanisms, earthquake magnitude, and the spatial distribution of coseismic landslides (CLs). However, how CL spatial distribution patterns vary with faulting style remains poorly constrained. Here, we compiled a catalog [...] Read more.

Faults are the primary drivers of earthquakes and exert a strong control on rupture mechanisms, earthquake magnitude, and the spatial distribution of coseismic landslides (CLs). However, how CL spatial distribution patterns vary with faulting style remains poorly constrained. Here, we compiled a catalog of CLs associated with 18 global major earthquakes (M_W > 6.0) within continental regions since 1900 and explored the distribution patterns of CLs associated with the three major earthquake types: oblique-slip, dip-slip, and strike-slip. Our results reveal two distinct spatial distribution patterns of CLs: a hanging-wall distribution for oblique-slip and dip-slip earthquakes and a bell-shaped distribution for strike-slip earthquakes. The orientation of CLs is closely related to fault geometry and slip type. Specifically, in oblique-slip, strike-slip, and dip-slip earthquakes, CLs predominantly develop parallel, perpendicular, or perpendicular to the fault strike, respectively. In terms of slip rake, CLs are mainly aligned perpendicular, parallel, and parallel to the fault slip direction for oblique-slip, strike-slip, and dip-slip events, respectively. Importantly, the distribution patterns of CLs encode information about ground movement during an earthquake. While Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) serves as an indicator of ground motion intensity, a comprehensive characterization of CLs—including their size and predominant movement direction—requires consideration of both the earthquake type and the local slope conditions. Full article

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9 pages, 376 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydration and Fluid Intake in Basketball Players During Training: Comparison of Different Age Categories

by Abdurrahim Kaplan, Bayram Ceylan, Bilgehan Baydil and Jožef Šimenko

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10304; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910304 - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

There are many studies on basketball players’ hydration in the literature. However, no studies have compared the hydration status of basketball players in different age categories. Therefore, this study aims to compare the hydration status and fluid intake of male basketball players of [...] Read more.

There are many studies on basketball players’ hydration in the literature. However, no studies have compared the hydration status of basketball players in different age categories. Therefore, this study aims to compare the hydration status and fluid intake of male basketball players of different age categories during a training session. A total of 70 athletes, actively competing in U14 (n = 30) and U21 (n = 40) teams, voluntarily participated. Urine samples were collected before and after the session to assess hydration status via urine specific gravity (USG). Fluid intake was also individually monitored during the training. Results showed a significant interaction between time and age group in terms of USG (F_(1,68) = 23.72, p < 0.001, η² = 0.083). While dehydration levels increased in U14 players during the session, U21 players showed improved hydration. The U21 group consumed significantly more fluid (1.16 ± 0.65 L) than the U14 group (0.72 ± 0.50 L; p = 0.003). No significant correlation was found between fluid intake and hydration change in either group. These findings suggest that younger athletes may require more guidance and education regarding proper hydration habits during training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Performance in Sports and Training)

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20 pages, 4285 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Stage Stochastic MILP Framework for Renewable Microgrid Dispatch Under High Renewable Penetration: Optimizing Variability and Uncertainty Management

by Olubayo Babatunde, Kunle Fasesin, Adebayo Dosa, Desmond Ighravwe, John Ogbemhe and Oludolapo Olanrewaju

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10303; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910303 - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

The research develops a multi-stage stochastic Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model for managing dispatch schedules in microgrids with significant renewable energy integration. The primary objective is to optimize the integration of renewable energy sources with energy storage systems and grid power, concurrently aiming [...] Read more.

The research develops a multi-stage stochastic Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model for managing dispatch schedules in microgrids with significant renewable energy integration. The primary objective is to optimize the integration of renewable energy sources with energy storage systems and grid power, concurrently aiming to reduce operational costs and address uncertainties associated with renewable energy resources. The model effectively captures the variability inherent in renewable sources through the use of scenarios and implements a multi-stage MILP formulation that incorporates storage and load constraints. The methodology employs stochastic optimization techniques to regulate fluctuations in renewable generation by analyzing diverse energy availability scenarios. The optimization process is designed to minimize grid power consumption while maximizing the utilization of renewable energy via storage and load constraints that guarantee a balanced energy supply. The model achieves optimal operational costs by producing results that amount to 46,600 USD while successfully controlling renewable energy variability. The research demonstrates two main achievements by integrating high renewable penetration levels and providing valuable insights into how energy storage systems and grid independence lower costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Renewable Energy and Power Systems)

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17 pages, 687 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Cold Plasma Treatment on Titanium Implants and Osseointegration: A Systematic Review

by Carlo Barausse, Subhi Tayeb, Gerardo Pellegrino, Martina Sansavini, Edoardo Mancuso, Claudia Mazzitelli and Pietro Felice

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10302; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910302 - 23 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Osseointegration of titanium dental implants is essential for the long-term success of prosthetic treatments. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) has recently emerged as a promising surface modification technique aimed at enhancing early osseointegration by improving implant surface properties and exerting antimicrobial [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Osseointegration of titanium dental implants is essential for the long-term success of prosthetic treatments. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) has recently emerged as a promising surface modification technique aimed at enhancing early osseointegration by improving implant surface properties and exerting antimicrobial effects. This systematic review aims to critically evaluate the in vivo preclinical evidence on the effects of CAP or similar cold plasma treatments on titanium dental implant surfaces with regard to osseointegration outcomes. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus databases for preclinical in vivo studies published between 2005 and 2025 investigating the effects of cold plasma on titanium dental implant surfaces. The primary outcome assessed was the bone-to-implant contact (BIC), followed by secondary outcomes including implant stability quotient (ISQ), removal torque, bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO), peri-implant bone density (PIBD), interfacial bone density (IBD), bone-implant direct weight (BDWT) and bone loss measurements via histology and micro-CT. Risk of bias was evaluated using the SYRCLE Risk of Bias tool. Results: Nine eligible studies involving 310 titanium implants in 71 animal models (dogs, pigs and mice) were included. CAP-treated implants consistently demonstrated significant improvements in early osseointegration parameters compared to controls, with statistically significant increases in BIC (up to +20%), BAFO and biomechanical fixation metrics (removal torque and ISQ). Micro-CT analyses revealed enhanced peri-implant bone density and architecture. No adverse biological events or implant failures related to plasma treatment were reported. However, heterogeneity in plasma protocols, animal species and short follow-up durations (2–12 weeks) limited comparability and long-term interpretation. Conclusions: Preclinical evidence seems to support CAP as a safe and potentially effective surface treatment for enhancing early osseointegration of titanium dental implants. Further standardized long-term studies involving functional loading and clinical trials in humans are needed to confirm clinical efficacy and optimize treatment protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Translational Research in Dentistry: Latest Advancements and Prospects)

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Appl. Sci., Volume 15, Issue 19 (October-1 2025) – 18 articles

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