Applied Sciences, Volume 11, Issue 21

Malware is a key component of cyber-crime, and its analysis is the first line of defence against cyber-attack. This study proposes two new malware classification frameworks: Deep Feature Space-based Malware classification (DFS-MC) and Deep Boosted Fe...

In laser multiphoton electron extraction spectroscopy (MEES), the photo-charges extracted from a surface by a pulsed laser beam are recorded as a function of laser wavelength. We report the first application of this spectroscopy to banknotes. Various...

Creating effective mechanisms to detect misogyny online automatically represents significant scientific and technological challenges. The complexity of recognizing misogyny through computer models lies in the fact that it is a subtle type of violence...

In order to solve the problem of road dust pollution, an ecological dust suppressant for road surfaces has been developed using monomer, orthogonal, and optimization experiments and based on the dust raising mechanism. A humectant, hygroscopic agent,...

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication. Studies show that people with ASD tend to enjoy using technology, as it provides them with a safe and trustworthy environment. Eval...

The ultimate strength of composite columns is a significant factor for engineers and, therefore, finding a trustworthy and quick method to predict it with a good accuracy is very important. In the previous studies, the gene expression programming (GE...

The potential of hydrates formed from R141b (CH₃CCl₂F), trimethylolethane (TME), and tetra-n-butylammonium bromide/tetra-n-butylammonium chloride (TBAB/TBAC) to be used as working substances for cold storage was investigated to provide a solution for...

In the design stage of energy systems in buildings, accurate load boundary conditions are the key to achieving energy supply and demand balance. Compared with the building cold and heat load, the generation of building electrical load has stronger ra...

Soil structure interaction (SSI) effects have been extensively studied with advanced numerical simulations even if these approaches are time consuming and require much effort to perform. In particular, when SSI models are compared with fixed based on...

In ultracold-atom and ion experiments, flexible control of the direction and amplitude of a uniform magnetic field is necessary. It is achieved almost exclusively by controlling the current flowing through coils surrounding the experimental chamber....

An encoder–decoder with attention has become a popular method to achieve sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) acoustic modeling for speech synthesis. To improve the robustness of the attention mechanism, methods utilizing the monotonic alignment between ph...

Rock masses with a distinct structure may present a transversely isotropic character; thus, the stress state in a transversely isotropic elastic half-plane surface is an important way to assess the behavior of the interaction between the distributed...

[Background] Virtual reality (VR) technology can provide unique immersive experiences for group users, and especially for analytics tasks with visual information in learning. Providing a shared control/view may improve the task performance and enhanc...

Xenobiotic Triclosan (TCS) is of great concern because of its existence in a variety of personal, household and healthcare products and continuous discharge in water worldwide. Excessive use of TCS-containing sanitizers and antiseptic products during...

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes have been extensively applied in water supply network fields. Understanding the mechanical properties and burst pressure of PVC pipes is necessary because a large number of pipes rupture due to excessive internal water...

Starch production is mainly focused on feedstocks such as corn, wheat and potato in the EU, whereas cassava, rice, and other feedstocks are utilised worldwide. In starch production, a high amount of wastewater is generated, which accumulates from dif...

In this study, the skull bone thicknesses of 150 patients ranging in age from 0 to 72 years were calculated using a novel approach (thermal analysis), and thickness changes were analyzed. Unlike conventional thickness calculation approaches (Beam Pro...

Phononic crystals (PCs) are a novel class of artificial periodic structure, and their band gap (BG) attributes provide a new technical approach for vibration reduction in piping systems. In this paper, the vibration suppression performance and natura...

In this paper, we study the global dynamics of a stochastic viral infection model with humoral immunity and Holling type II response functions. The existence and uniqueness of non-negative global solutions are derived. Stationary ergodic distribution...

Minimally invasive decompression is generally employed for treating lumbar spinal stenosis; however, it results in weakened spinal stability. To augment spinal stability, a new interspinous process device (NIPD) was developed in this study. The biome...

This study proposed a design method for forced-vibration subsoiling to reduce resistance and consumption. The vibration digging parameters of the Antlion larvae were obtained by high-speed camera, and a forced-vibration subsoiling shovel handle and s...

End resistance is a dominant variable in the sinking process of super-sized caisson foundation, which is of great importance to the safe sinking of the caisson foundation. Based on soil excavation process of super large caisson foundation of the main...

This pilot study aims to investigate choroidal vascular status in eyes with adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AOFVD), early age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and age-matched controls. In this retrospective study, choroidal thickne...

Additive manufacturing (AM) has a greater potential to construct lighter parts, having complex geometries with no additional cost, by embedding cellular lattice structures within an object. The geometry of lattice structure can be engineered to achie...

The adversarial samples threaten the effectiveness of machine learning (ML) models and algorithms in many applications. In particular, black-box attack methods are quite close to actual scenarios. Research on black-box attack methods and the generati...

Digital panoramic borehole imaging technology has been widely used in the practice of drilling engineering. Based on many high-definition panoramic borehole images obtained by the borehole imaging system, this paper puts forward an automatic recognit...

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are widely used in disaster relief and road exploration in recent years. This paper mainly studied the emergency response of UAVs after disasters. The UAV response system is mainly suitable for the distribution of neces...

For an ultra-shallow buried double-arch tunnel with a large cross-section, the arching effect is difficult to form in surrounding rock, and grouting method is often adopted to reinforce the surrounding rock. Hence, examining the grouting reinforcemen...

The high viscosity and low flow properties of some crude oil make them difficult to extract from oil reservoirs. This study investigated the mechanisms responsible for the enhancement of oil recovery using fractured dolomite core models. Bacterial st...

The traditional Linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control algorithm depends too much on expert experience during the selection of weighting coefficients. To solve this problem, we proposed a Genetic K-means clustering Linear quadratic (GKL) algorithm....

The depolarization field of ferroelectric photovoltaic materials can enhance the separation and transport of photogenerated carriers, which will improve the performance of photovoltaic devices, thus attracting the attention of researchers. In this pa...

Establishing an in vitro–based cell culture system that can realistically simulate in vivo cell dynamics is desirable. It is thus necessary to develop a method for producing a large amount of cell aggregates (i.e., spheroids) that are uniform in size...

Nowadays, people choose to travel in their leisure time more frequently, but fixed predetermined tour routes can barely meet people’s personalized preferences. The needs of tourists are diverse, largely personal, and possibly have multiple constraint...

Piston rings (PR) are known for almost a quarter of the friction losses in internal combustion engines. This research work aims to improve the tribological performance of PR by a recently developed variant of Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) coatings deposi...

The aim of this work is to characterize the rolling and rolling-sliding contact fatigue failure mechanisms on the 32CrMoV13 nitrided steel. During rolling contact fatigue tests (RCF), two general features were observed: specimens presenting short liv...

Thermal energy storage systems open up high potentials for improvements in efficiency and flexibility for power plant and industrial applications. Transferring such technologies as basis for thermal management concepts in battery-electric vehicles al...

As oil exploitation enters its middle and late stages, formation pressure drops, and crude oil degases. In production profile logging, the presence of the gas phase will affect the initial oil–water two-phase flowmeter’s flow measurement results. In...

On-slope pilot testing of snow tubes was conducted at two ski areas in the United States to examine the effects of deceleration mats. Snow tube and rider kinematics were measured using an instrumented bodysuit and a GPS system worn by the rider. For...

In the field of remote sensing, most of the feature indexes are obtained based on expert knowledge or domain analysis. With the rapid development of machine learning and artificial intelligence, this method is time-consuming and lacks flexibility, an...

A modular steel structure building has obvious advantages in reducing construction period and protecting the environment due to its unique construction method, so it is widely used in modern construction. However, the modular building connection desi...

Distributed link-state routing protocols, including Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System–Intermediate System (IS-IS), have successfully provided robust shortest path routing for IP networks. However, shortest path routing is inflex...

Path planning is a fundamental issue in robotic systems because it requires coordination between the environment and an agent. The path-planning generator is composed of two modules: perception and planning. The first module scans the environment to...

With the development of the social economy and the improvement of the consumption concept, a new business model combining offline and online has been promoted. The warehousing system is one of the important links of commodity production and circulati...

Oxytetracycline (OTC) is a tetracycline antibiotic that is widely used in the drug therapy and livestock industry and may threaten human health and ecosystems when released into the environment. In this study, a catalyst was prepared from hand-warmer...

The fourth industrial revolution is promoting the Operator 4.0 paradigm, originating from a renovated attention towards human factors, growingly involved in the design of modern, human-centered processes. New technologies, such as augmented reality o...

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact worldwide, impacting schools, undergraduate, and graduate university education. More than half a million lives have been lost due to COVID-19. Moving towards contactless learning activities has becom...

Magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄-MSNs) were successfully synthesized with a relatively high surface area of 568 m²g⁻¹. Fe₃O₄-MSNs were then modified with poly(2-diethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) brushes using surface-initiated...

Bioactive peptides were successfully produced from fish (Gadidae) and beef skeletal muscles after being hydrolyzed for 8 h with pepsin. Subsequently, they were purified using a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromato...

A great deal of information related to rice cultivation has been published on the web. Conventionally, this information is studied by end-users to identify pests, and to prevent production losses from rice diseases. Despite its benefits, such informa...

A water-in-diesel microwave sensor based on a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) microwave applicator is designed and characterized in this study. The interaction between the microwave electromagnetic field and the diesel fuel contaminated with sma...