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Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Earth Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 64993

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Gye-Chun Cho

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Department Civil and Environmental Engineering, 291 Daehak Ro, Daejeon 34141, Korea
Interests: geotechnical engineering; energy geotechnology; bio-soil; rock excavation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ilhan Chang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Systems Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon-si 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
Interests: biopolymer-based soil treatment (BPST); geotechnical engineering; sustainability; bio-chemical soil treatment; ground improvement; environmental geotechnics; urban utilization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recently, we have been facing drastic climate change and the various geotechnical engineering issues that follow with it. Thus, environmentally friendly and sustainable development is now an inevitable challenge for civil and geotechnical engineers, with the world and society asking geotechnical engineering to provide solutions to cope with energy depletion, environmental pollution, land degradation, geohazards, and global warming. This Special Issue welcomes all types of contributions to resolve current challenges in geotechnical engineering, from fundamental research to practical implementation scales.

The aim of this Special Issue is to provide a source of Advances in Geotechnical Engineering that deal with conventional or new fields in geotechnical engineering, including development of new material/methods for sustainable geotechnical engineering practice, geoenvironmental topics and research, renewable energy sources, recent attempts in CO2 and waste reduction, soil erosion and land preservation, and new space (underground, offshore, and planetary) development related to geotechnical engineering.

Prof. Gye-Chun Cho
Prof. Ilhan Chang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering
  • Greenhouse gases and climate change
  • Sustainability
  • Energy depletion and renewable energy
  • Geotechnical engineering hazards
  • Laboratory testing and field application methods
  • Ground improvement and geosynthetics
  • Wastes and recycling
  • Soil erosion and land degradation
  • Bio-mediated and bio-inspired geotechnical engineering
  • New space development

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Published Papers (19 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 7726 KiB  
Article
Land-Streamer vs. Conventional Seismic Data for High-Resolution Near-Surface Surveys
by Sherif M. Hanafy
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(2), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020584 - 7 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3463
Abstract
Near-surface high-resolution seismic mapping is very important in many applications such as engineering and environmental. However, the conventional setup of the seismic technique requires planting geophones, connecting cables, and then collecting all equipment after completing the survey, which is time-consuming. In this study, [...] Read more.
Near-surface high-resolution seismic mapping is very important in many applications such as engineering and environmental. However, the conventional setup of the seismic technique requires planting geophones, connecting cables, and then collecting all equipment after completing the survey, which is time-consuming. In this study, we suggest using a land-streamer setup rather than the conventional setup for fast, accurate, and high-resolution near-surface seismic surveys. Only one field data set is recorded using both the conventional and the land-streamer setups. The recorded data is then compared in terms of time, frequency, wavenumber domains, and acquisition time. Following this, we compared the accuracy of the subsurface mapping of both setups using a synthetic example. The results show that the conventional setup can reach deeper depths but with lower accuracy, where the errors in imaging the local anomalies’ widths and thicknesses are 77% to 145% and 35% to 50%, respectively. The land-streamer setup provides accurate near-surface results but shallower penetration depth, here the errors in the anomalies’ widths and thicknesses are 5% to 12% and 10% to 20%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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32 pages, 8403 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Design Criteria for Light Embankment Piling: Timber Piles in Road and Railway Foundations
by Per Gunnvard, Hans Mattsson and Jan Laue
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010166 - 24 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4130
Abstract
Three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulations were performed to further develop the Swedish design guidelines for geogrid-reinforced timber pile-supported embankments, also known as lightly piled embankments. Lightly piled embankments are constructed mainly in areas which typically have highly compressible soils, and the method utilises [...] Read more.
Three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulations were performed to further develop the Swedish design guidelines for geogrid-reinforced timber pile-supported embankments, also known as lightly piled embankments. Lightly piled embankments are constructed mainly in areas which typically have highly compressible soils, and the method utilises untreated timber piles as its key feature. The timber piles are installed in a triangular arrangement instead of the more common square arrangement, with a centre-to-centre distance of 0.8–1.2 m. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current standard using FE modelling setups with square and triangular pile arrangements with varying centre-to-centre distances, based on a typical road foundation case. The evaluation mainly focused on comparing the embankment settlements, as well as the load and stress distribution in the embankment, the piles and the geosynthetic reinforcement. As part of the evaluation, a state-of-the-art study was done on international design guidelines and analytical models. From the FE simulations, no evident difference in mechanical behaviour was found between the triangular and square piling patterns. The maximum allowed centre-to-centre distance between piles can potentially be increased to 1.4 m, decreasing the number of piles by as much as one third. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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12 pages, 3921 KiB  
Article
Settlement and Bearing Capacity of Rectangular Footing in Reliance on the Pre-Overburden Pressure of Soil Foundation
by Zaven G. Ter-Martirosyan, Armen Z. Ter-Martirosyan and Huu H. Dam
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 12124; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112412124 - 20 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3588
Abstract
This article presents a solution for the quantitative evaluation of the stress–strain state (SSS) and the bearing capacity of rectangular foundations, factoring in the unit weight of the soil mass and different values of pre-overburden pressure (POP). In order to assess the SSS [...] Read more.
This article presents a solution for the quantitative evaluation of the stress–strain state (SSS) and the bearing capacity of rectangular foundations, factoring in the unit weight of the soil mass and different values of pre-overburden pressure (POP). In order to assess the SSS of the soil subgrade below a rigid rectangular footing under a uniformly distributed load, the authors applied the Boussinesq basic solution for an elastic half-space subjected to a vertical point load on its surface. As a result, the formulas for vertical stress, mean stress, shear strain, and volumetric strain for any point in Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) and foundation settlement were determined. Additionally, the application of Hencky’s system of physical equations, with non-linear dependencies between mean stress and volumetric strain as well as deviator stress and shear strain, along with the experimental curves, depicts the relationships between bulk modulus and volume stress, and shear modulus and shear stress. The authors point out the non-linear behavior of the subgrade soil and propose a method for estimating the bearing capacity of a rigid rectangular foundation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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19 pages, 6225 KiB  
Article
Study on the Earth Pressure during Sinking Stage of Super Large Caisson Foundation
by Mingwei Guo, Xuechao Dong and Jiahang Li
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 10488; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112110488 - 8 Nov 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2953
Abstract
End resistance is a dominant variable in the sinking process of super-sized caisson foundation, which is of great importance to the safe sinking of the caisson foundation. Based on soil excavation process of super large caisson foundation of the main tower of Changtai [...] Read more.
End resistance is a dominant variable in the sinking process of super-sized caisson foundation, which is of great importance to the safe sinking of the caisson foundation. Based on soil excavation process of super large caisson foundation of the main tower of Changtai Yangtze River Bridge, the distribution characteristics and variation of earth pressure under the foot blade was analyzed using 3D finite element method at the first stage of soil excavation. Furthermore, the earth pressure was monitored in real time during soil excavation in order to analyze the influence of soil excavation process on the distribution of earth pressure. The analysis results of engineering practice showed that in the process of soil excavation from inner area to outer area, the end resistance of inner bulkhead and inner partition walls decreased, while the end resistance of outer bulkhead and outer partition walls gradually increased till the soil reached the failure state in the outer bulkhead area. The distribution characteristics and variation of the earth pressure can really reflect overall stress state of caisson foundation, which helps guide the safe sinking by soil excavation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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13 pages, 5872 KiB  
Article
An Equivalent Radial Stiffness Method of Laboratory SEPT on Anchorage Performance Prediction of Rockbolts under Different Field Geoconditions
by Ming Zhang, Jun Han, Zuoqing Bi, Chen Cao, Tao Wu and Shuangwen Ma
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 8041; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178041 - 30 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2688
Abstract
The short encapsulation pull-out test (SEPT) is extensively used in rockbolting research or engineering. The field SEPT is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and its result is only applicable to the tested in situ. The laboratory SEPT is usually employed in theoretical rockbolting research due [...] Read more.
The short encapsulation pull-out test (SEPT) is extensively used in rockbolting research or engineering. The field SEPT is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and its result is only applicable to the tested in situ. The laboratory SEPT is usually employed in theoretical rockbolting research due to its easily controlled variables. However, the design of laboratory SEPT is quite different, as there is no standard testing method, resulting in the applicability and limitations of each study not being clear. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to bridge the gap between laboratory SEPT research and field application. On the basis of thick-walled cylinder theory, a mechanical model of a rock bolt subjected to axial load was established under consideration of the deformational behavior of confining materials around the bolt. Plane stress analysis was introduced to derive the analytical relationship between the axial force of the bolt and the deformation of the confining materials. A new approach of laboratory SEPT sample design was established, namely, equivalent radial stiffness theory, to simulate anchorage performance in a specific in-situ geocondition. Consequently, the field SETP could be replaced by laboratory testing using properly designed bolting samples with a certain level of accuracy. In addition, the application scope of previous laboratory SEPT research could be accurately defined. Laboratory SEPT was carried out to study the anchoring performance of right spiral rebar bolts under different confining materials. Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) tubes with a thickness of 31 mm, #60 aluminum (Al) tubes with a thickness of 5.8 mm, and #20 steel tubes with a thickness of 5.5, 7.0 mm were used in sample preparation to simulate soft, medium, and hard surrounding rocks in the field. The anchorage performance of the bolt under different geoconditions was systematically proposed, which provides a technical approach for similar research using different anchoring materials. A negative exponential expression formulating the axial load capacity of the right spiral bolts for the full spectrum of the surrounding rocks’ strength was derived on the basis of theoretical analysis and data regression. It can be used for preliminary reinforcement design, as well as the accurate key parameter setting in the numerical calculation of roadway deformation using right spiral bolts. The theoretical prediction is highly consistent with the testing results in the literature, which confirms the validity and reliability of this research. This study contributes to the establishment of a laboratory SEPT standard in rock mechanics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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15 pages, 2795 KiB  
Article
Nickel (Ni2+) Removal from Water Using Gellan Gum–Sand Mixture as a Filter Material
by Thi Phuong An Tran, Hoon Cho, Gye-Chun Cho, Jong-In Han and Ilhan Chang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 7884; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11177884 - 26 Aug 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3060
Abstract
Microbial biopolymers have been introduced as materials for soil treatment and ground improvement purposes because of their ability to enhance soil strength enhancement and to reduce hydraulic conductivity. Several studies in the field of environmental engineering have reported heavy metal adsorption and removal [...] Read more.
Microbial biopolymers have been introduced as materials for soil treatment and ground improvement purposes because of their ability to enhance soil strength enhancement and to reduce hydraulic conductivity. Several studies in the field of environmental engineering have reported heavy metal adsorption and removal from contaminated water using common biopolymers. In particular, gellan gum biopolymers have drawn significant attention for use in metal ion adsorption. This study aims to investigate the heavy metal adsorption capacity of a gellan gum biopolymer–sand mixture when nickel-contaminated water is pumped upward through a uniform gellan gum–sand mixture column. The main aims of this study are (1) to clarify the Ni2+ adsorption phenomenon of gellan gum-treated sand, (2) to assess the Ni2+ adsorbability of gellan gum–sand mixtures with different gellan gum content, and (3) to examine the gellan gum–sand filter thickness and flow rate effects on Ni2+ adsorption. The results of this experiment demonstrate the effectiveness of gellan gum in terms of Ni2+ adsorption and water flow rate control, which are essential criteria of a filter material for contaminated water treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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21 pages, 10332 KiB  
Article
Study on Bidirectional Blasting Technology for Composite Sandstone Roof in Gob-Side Entry-Retaining Mining Method
by Hainan Gao, Yubing Gao, Jiong Wang, Qiang Fu, Bowen Qiao, Xingjian Wei and Xingyu Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7524; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167524 - 17 Aug 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2311
Abstract
The traditional gob-side entry-retaining mining method has problems such as difficulty in roof collapse and large deformation of the entry, which may affect the safety of mine production. In this study, we introduced a bidirectional blasting technology (BBT) to make the roof collapse [...] Read more.
The traditional gob-side entry-retaining mining method has problems such as difficulty in roof collapse and large deformation of the entry, which may affect the safety of mine production. In this study, we introduced a bidirectional blasting technology (BBT) to make the roof collapse smoothly and to improve the traditional gob-side entry-retaining mining method. A theoretical model of the BBT was established and the stress propagation of the BBT was analyzed by numerical simulation. The gob-side entry-retaining mining method was then applied in a composite sandstone roof condition. Compared with ordinary blasting, the concentrated stress and directional cracks can be generated in the set direction after using the BBT technology. Field monitoring data suggested that the deformation of the retained entry met the requirements of mining, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed technology for composite sandstone roof. The results of the study have an important significance in solving the high pressure and large deformation problems in the coal mine roadway and saving coal resources, which also provided a reference for similar geotechnical mines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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18 pages, 4825 KiB  
Article
3D In Situ Stress Estimation by Inverse Analysis of Tectonic Strains
by Mingwei Guo, Shunde Yin, Chunguang Li and Shuilin Wang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 5284; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115284 - 7 Jun 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2811
Abstract
The determination of a 3D engineering-scale in situ stress field is essential in underground rock mechanics and engineering. The inverse analysis method is a useful technique to determine the in situ stress around the zone of interest. This paper presents a new approach [...] Read more.
The determination of a 3D engineering-scale in situ stress field is essential in underground rock mechanics and engineering. The inverse analysis method is a useful technique to determine the in situ stress around the zone of interest. This paper presents a new approach with tectonic strains based on traditional stress-based or displacement-based inverse analysis. In this approach, there are only six tectonic strain variables at the boundary to be optimized, which does not need to select the stress or displacement boundary conditions as the traditional inverse analysis. Therefore, the proposed approach has a better clarity. The proposed approach is applied to the determination of the engineering-scale in situ stress of the underground powerhouses of the Three Gorges Project, and the results are compared with those obtained by traditional approaches. The comparison further shows that the proposed method has better accuracy than traditional methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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18 pages, 5880 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Water Shielding Performance of a Capillary Barrier System through a Small-Scale Model Test
by Byeong-Su Kim
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 5231; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115231 - 4 Jun 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2719
Abstract
Capillary barrier (CB) systems consisting of a fine-grained soil layer placed over a coarse-grained soil layer can generally provide a water-shielding effect, increasing the slope stability of soil structures during rainfall. In order to improve the water-shielding performance of CB systems, laboratory model [...] Read more.
Capillary barrier (CB) systems consisting of a fine-grained soil layer placed over a coarse-grained soil layer can generally provide a water-shielding effect, increasing the slope stability of soil structures during rainfall. In order to improve the water-shielding performance of CB systems, laboratory model tests have been previously conducted under various conditions; notably, large-scale model tests are especially required. The inefficiency in increasing the production time of CB models until now explains their high cost. In this paper, we propose a laboratory small-scale CB (SSCB) model test for a quick and efficient evaluation of the function of a CB system. In this model test, differently from previous studies, a side drainage flow in the direction of the inclined sand layer was set as the no-flow condition; moreover, the laboratory SSCB model tests were performed by considering three rainfall intensities (i.e., 20, 50, and 100 mm/h) under the lateral no-flow condition. The results showed that the larger the rainfall intensity, the shorter the diversion length was of the CB system. To evaluate the effectiveness of the SSCB model test proposed in this study, the diversion length was estimated by an empirical equation under the lateral flow condition based on hydraulic conductivity functions and the soil water characteristic curves of sand and gravel and then compared to the results of the SSCB model tests. It was hence demonstrated that the water-shielding performance of the CB system can be efficiently evaluated through SSCB model tests under the lateral no-flow condition, rather than through large-scale model tests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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22 pages, 6286 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Slope Stability in an Urban Area as a Basis for Territorial Planning: A Case Study
by Paúl Carrión-Mero, Josué Briones-Bitar, Fernando Morante-Carballo, David Stay-Coello, Roberto Blanco-Torrens and Edgar Berrezueta
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(11), 5013; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115013 - 28 May 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5535
Abstract
Slope stability is determined by pre-conditioning and triggering factors. The evaluation of the stability by scientific criteria provides crucial input into land-use planning and development. This work aimed to evaluate the slope stability of “Las Cabras” hill (Duran, Ecuador) through geological and geotechnical [...] Read more.
Slope stability is determined by pre-conditioning and triggering factors. The evaluation of the stability by scientific criteria provides crucial input into land-use planning and development. This work aimed to evaluate the slope stability of “Las Cabras” hill (Duran, Ecuador) through geological and geotechnical analysis and a susceptibility assessment that allowed the definition of areas potentially susceptible to landslide and detachment for land planning recommendations. The methodology included (i) analysis of background information about the study area; (ii) fieldwork, sampling and laboratory tests; (iii) assessment of susceptibility to landslides and detachment through a theoretical–practical evaluation (using suggestions by various authors); (iv) a safety factor assessment employing the simplified Bishop method; and (v) analysis of the relationship between susceptibility and stability. Sixteen geomechanical stations were evaluated. Of these, seven stations are characterised as category III (medium susceptibility), six stations as category IV (high susceptibility) and three stations as category V (very high susceptibility). According to the susceptibility zoning map, 58.09% of the total area (36.36 Ha) is in the high to very high susceptibility category. The stability analysis based on 16 critical profiles shows that three of these profiles have safety factor values of less than one (0.86, 0.82 and 0.76, respectively), and two profiles have values close to one (1.02 and 1.00). The northern area is conditioned mainly by a vertical slope with an outcrop of fractured and weathered sandstones, thereby favouring rockfall. The landslide vulnerability in the case of the southern zone is principally conditioned by the fact that the slope and dip are parallel. The described characterisation and susceptibility analysis provide a basis for security measures and territorial planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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16 pages, 17716 KiB  
Article
Ensemble Learning Approach for the Prediction of Quantitative Rock Damage Using Various Acoustic Emission Parameters
by Hang-Lo Lee, Jin-Seop Kim, Chang-Ho Hong and Dong-Keun Cho
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 4008; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094008 - 28 Apr 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3109
Abstract
Monitoring rock damage subjected to cracks is an important stage in underground spaces such as radioactive waste disposal repository, civil tunnel, and mining industries. Acoustic emission (AE) technique is one of the methods for monitoring rock damage and has been used by many [...] Read more.
Monitoring rock damage subjected to cracks is an important stage in underground spaces such as radioactive waste disposal repository, civil tunnel, and mining industries. Acoustic emission (AE) technique is one of the methods for monitoring rock damage and has been used by many researchers. To increase the accuracy of the evaluation and prediction of rock damage, it is required to consider various AE parameters, but this work is a difficult problem due to the complexity of the relationship between several AE parameters and rock damage. The purpose of this study is to propose a machine learning (ML)-based prediction model of the quantitative rock damage taking into account of combined features between several AE parameters. To achieve the goal, 10 granite samples from KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) in Daejeon were prepared, and a uniaxial compression test was conducted. To construct a model, random forest (RF) was employed and compared with support vector regression (SVR). The result showed that the generalization performance of RF is higher than that of SVRRBF. The R2, RMSE, and MAPE of the RF for testing data are 0.989, 0.032, and 0.014, respectively, which are acceptable results for application in laboratory scale. As a complementary work, parameter analysis was conducted by means of the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) for model interpretability. It was confirmed that the cumulative absolute energy and initiation frequency were selected as the main parameter in both high and low-level degrees of the damage. This study suggests the possibility of extension to in-situ application, as subsequent research. Additionally, it provides information that the RF algorithm is a suitable technique and which parameters should be considered for predicting the degree of damage. In future work, we will extend the research to the engineering scale and consider the attenuation characteristics of rocks for practical application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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15 pages, 4861 KiB  
Article
Strength Development and Microstructural Behavior of Soils Stabilized with Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)-Based Geopolymer
by Isam Adnan Khasib, Nik Norsyahariati Nik Daud and Noor Azline Mohd Nasir
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(8), 3572; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083572 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3878
Abstract
Using geopolymer in soil stabilization has gained much attention recently due to its efficiency in improving soil properties and being environmentally friendly at the same time. This research aims to investigate the effect of palm oil fuel ash (POFA)-based geopolymer on soft soil [...] Read more.
Using geopolymer in soil stabilization has gained much attention recently due to its efficiency in improving soil properties and being environmentally friendly at the same time. This research aims to investigate the effect of palm oil fuel ash (POFA)-based geopolymer on soft soil stabilization. The mechanical and microstructural performance of two types of clay soil treated with geopolymer produce from POFA material was the focus of this study. In this respect, a series of unconfined compression and direct shear tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of soils treated with POFA-based geopolymer. Furthermore, the microstructural changes in the treated samples were analyzed using field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). In accordance with the results, it was indicated that the shear strength of both soils soared by increasing the dosage of POFA-based geopolymer. Geopolymer with 40% POFA of the dry weight of soils yielded the highest UCS value at both curing periods, 7 and 28 days. Furthermore, the microstructural analysis revealed material modifications (N-A-S-H gel formation) related to strength enhancement. These results suggest the potentiality of using a POFA-based geopolymer binder to stabilize soft soil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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9 pages, 4632 KiB  
Article
Real-Time Prediction of Operating Parameter of TBM during Tunneling
by Hang-Lo Lee, Ki-Il Song, Chongchong Qi, Jin-Seop Kim and Kyoung-Su Kim
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(7), 2967; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11072967 - 26 Mar 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2970
Abstract
With the increasing use of the tunnel boring machine (TBM), attempts have been made to predict TBM operating parameters. Prediction of operating parameters is still an important step in the adaptability of the TBM for the future. In this study, we employ a [...] Read more.
With the increasing use of the tunnel boring machine (TBM), attempts have been made to predict TBM operating parameters. Prediction of operating parameters is still an important step in the adaptability of the TBM for the future. In this study, we employ a walk forward (WF) prediction method based on ARIMAX, which can consider time-varying features and geological conditions. This method is applied to two different TBM projects to evaluate its performance, and is then compared with WF based on ordinary least squares (OLS). The simulation results show that the ARIMAX predictor outperforms the OLS predictor in both projects. For practical applications, an additional analysis is carried out according to the real-time prediction distance. The results show that time series-based ARIMAX provides meaningful results in 8 rings (11 m) or less of real-time prediction distance. The WF based on ARIMAX can provide reasonable TBM operating conditions with time-varying data and can be utilized in decision-making to improve excavation performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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16 pages, 2831 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on the Pullout Resistance of Smooth Steel Strip Reinforcement with Transverse Members
by Jung-Geun Han, Kwang-Wu Lee, Jong-Young Lee, Gigwon Hong and Jeongjun Park
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(6), 2776; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062776 - 19 Mar 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2139
Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study on the pullout resistance of a newly improved reinforcement. The applied reinforcement was a smooth steel strip reinforcement with transverse members used to improve the pullout-resistance problems of the smooth steel strip reinforcement. The pullout and bearing [...] Read more.
This paper presents an experimental study on the pullout resistance of a newly improved reinforcement. The applied reinforcement was a smooth steel strip reinforcement with transverse members used to improve the pullout-resistance problems of the smooth steel strip reinforcement. The pullout and bearing resistance of the improved reinforcement were evaluated using results of large-scale pullout tests. The evaluation result confirmed that the bearing resistance of the improved reinforcement was about 33–66% of the total pullout resistance, and it had an evenly distributed friction and bearing resistance. The bearing bond coefficient, considering the interference effect, gradually converged when normal stress was higher than a certain value. This result confirmed that the increment of interference effect is caused by the increment of the transverse member and normal stress. In the pullout-resistance evaluation of the improved reinforcement, a number of transverse members can be predicted using the relationship between bearing-resistance stress and the bearing bond coefficient due to normal stress, which can be applied as a reasonable prediction method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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12 pages, 952 KiB  
Article
A Novel Approach to the Analysis of the Soil Consolidation Problem by Using Non-Classical Rheological Schemes
by Kazimierz Józefiak, Artur Zbiciak, Karol Brzeziński and Maciej Maślakowski
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(5), 1980; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11051980 - 24 Feb 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2588
Abstract
The paper presents classical and non-classical rheological schemes used to formulate constitutive models of the one-dimensional consolidation problem. The authors paid special attention to the secondary consolidation effects in organic soils as well as the soil over-consolidation phenomenon. The systems of partial differential [...] Read more.
The paper presents classical and non-classical rheological schemes used to formulate constitutive models of the one-dimensional consolidation problem. The authors paid special attention to the secondary consolidation effects in organic soils as well as the soil over-consolidation phenomenon. The systems of partial differential equations were formulated for every model and solved numerically to obtain settlement curves. Selected numerical results were compared with standard oedometer laboratory test data carried out by the authors on organic soil samples. Additionally, plasticity phenomenon and non-classical rheological elements were included in order to take into account soil over-consolidation behaviour in the one-dimensional settlement model. A new way of formulating constitutive equations for the soil skeleton and predicting the relationship between the effective stress and strain or void ratio was presented. Rheological structures provide a flexible tool for creating complex constitutive relationships of soil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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13 pages, 5270 KiB  
Article
Use of Reservoir Sediments to Improve Engineering Properties of Dune Sand in Oman
by Mohsin Usman Qureshi, Maryam Alsaidi, Mubashir Aziz, Ilhan Chang, Ali Murtaza Rasool and Zaheer Abbas Kazmi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041620 - 10 Feb 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4035
Abstract
Managing sediments dredged from reservoirs of recharge dams is an environmental issue, however, these sediments can be an abundant and economical source of fine-grained fill soil. This experimental investigation quantifies the geotechnical properties of a reservoir sediment used to improve engineering properties of [...] Read more.
Managing sediments dredged from reservoirs of recharge dams is an environmental issue, however, these sediments can be an abundant and economical source of fine-grained fill soil. This experimental investigation quantifies the geotechnical properties of a reservoir sediment used to improve engineering properties of a poorly graded dune sand in Oman. The binary mixes were prepared with different percentages (5, 10, 20, 50, 75, 90, 95%) of sediment with sand. Laboratory tests such as gradation, consistency limits, compaction, and unconfined compression tests were performed to measure the engineering characteristics of the binary mixtures. The results showed that the maximum dry density increases up to a sediment content of 50% and then decreases with further increase in the sediment content. The optimum water content increases with the increase in sediment content from 17% for pure sand to 22.5% for pure sediment. The optimum moisture content shows a good correlation with the plastic limit of the binary mixture of sand and sediment. The unconfined compressive strength substantially increases with sediment content up to 75% and then decreases with further increase in the sediment content. The binary mixture of sand sediment is sensitive to moisture, however, the order of strength stability against moisture is dune sand mixed with 75, 50, and 20% sediments. The addition of sediment to dune sand improved the uniformity coefficient to some extent with an increase in the maximum and minimum void ratios as well. The elemental analysis of the sediment confirms that the material is non-contaminated and can be employed in geotechnical engineering applications as a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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16 pages, 3170 KiB  
Article
One-Dimensional Consolidation of Viscoelastic Soils Incorporating Caputo-Fabrizio Fractional Derivative
by Minghua Huang, Chang Lv, Suhua Zhou, Shuaikang Zhou and Jiatao Kang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(3), 927; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11030927 - 20 Jan 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2651
Abstract
In this paper, the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative is introduced to investigate the one-dimensional consolidation behavior of viscoelastic soils. Using the Caputo-Fabrizio operator, a novel four-element fractional-derivative model is proposed to capture the viscoelastic properties of the soils, and further the one-dimensional consolidation equation [...] Read more.
In this paper, the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative is introduced to investigate the one-dimensional consolidation behavior of viscoelastic soils. Using the Caputo-Fabrizio operator, a novel four-element fractional-derivative model is proposed to capture the viscoelastic properties of the soils, and further the one-dimensional consolidation equation is derived to simulate the consolidation behavior of the soils. Using the techniques of eigenfunction expansion and Laplace transform, a series of analytical solutions are derived to calculate the excess pore-water pressure and the average degree of consolidation of the soils. The total vertical stress in the soil is assumed to change linearly with depth, and its distribution patterns are classified to rectangular pattern, trapezoidal pattern and inverse trapezoidal pattern. Four loading types including instantaneous loading, ramp loading, sinusoidal loading and general cyclic loading are considered. Then, a comparison for several special cases is presented to verify the correctness of the proposed solutions through comparing with existing theories. Moreover, two examples considering ramp and sinusoidal loadings are given to study the consolidation behavior of the viscoelastic soils incorporating the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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14 pages, 4563 KiB  
Article
One-Dimensional Consolidation of Multi-Layered Unsaturated Soil with Impeded Drainage Boundaries
by Suhua Zhou, Jiatao Kang, Chang Lv and Minghua Huang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(1), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010133 - 25 Dec 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2133
Abstract
In geotechnical engineering, the consolidation of unsaturated soil is a common issue of great interest. Considering the multi-layered property and impeded drainage boundary condition of the soil stratum in real engineering, this study aimed to develop a general semi-analytical solution for assessing the [...] Read more.
In geotechnical engineering, the consolidation of unsaturated soil is a common issue of great interest. Considering the multi-layered property and impeded drainage boundary condition of the soil stratum in real engineering, this study aimed to develop a general semi-analytical solution for assessing the one-dimensional (1D) consolidation behavior of multi-layered unsaturated soil that is subjected to a general impeded drainage boundary condition and a time-dependent loading. To achieve the final solution, the proposed consolidation system is firstly decoupled and solved in the Laplace domain. Then, the semi-analytical solutions for the excess pore-air pressure and excess pore-water pressures as well as the soil settlement are formulated. The Crump method is employed to provide their final results in the time domain. The correctness of the derived solutions was verified against the available analytical and numerical solutions, and excellent agreements were found for the two comparisons. Moreover, two studied examples are presented to illustrate the 1D consolidation behavior of multi-layered unsaturated soil and the influences stemming from the impeded drainage parameters are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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16 pages, 7508 KiB  
Article
An Integrated Approach to Real-Time Acoustic Emission Damage Source Localization in Piled Raft Foundations
by Yong-Min Kim, Gyeol Han, Hyunwoo Kim, Tae-Min Oh, Jin-Seop Kim and Tae-Hyuk Kwon
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(23), 8727; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238727 - 5 Dec 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5186
Abstract
Acoustic emission (AE) has garnered significant interest as a promising way to detect the early-stage development of internal cracks and damage in underground and geotechnical structures, associated with natural disasters. Meanwhile, AE source localization techniques that can identify the damage location in a [...] Read more.
Acoustic emission (AE) has garnered significant interest as a promising way to detect the early-stage development of internal cracks and damage in underground and geotechnical structures, associated with natural disasters. Meanwhile, AE source localization techniques that can identify the damage location in a piled-raft foundation (PRF) are premature because of its complex geometry, although the PRF is a widely used deep foundation type for high-rise buildings. In this study, we propose an integrated approach to localize AE sources in the PRF by using the modified Akaike information criterion (AIC) method and examine its accuracy to mark with pile zones. We performed a series of experiments on a scaled PRF model at a ratio of 1:50, composed of one raft and 25 piles. The results demonstrate that the combined approach with the modified AIC method and the Simplex method can localize the AE source zones with good accuracy, greater than 95% on average. The suggested two-stage AIC picker shows accurate onset time determination, and hence, it significantly improves the accuracy, particularly effective for the signals with low signal-to-noise ratios. The approach exploiting the two-stage AIC picker can be readily used for automated real-time AE monitoring to detect crack generation and its location in buried foundations that cannot be inspected visually. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Geotechnical Engineering Ⅱ)
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